cppcheck/test/testuninitvar.cpp

/*
 * Cppcheck - A tool for static C/C++ code analysis
 * Copyright (C) 2007-2015 Daniel Marjamäki and Cppcheck team.
 *
 * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */

#include "tokenize.h"
#include "checkuninitvar.h"
#include "testsuite.h"
#include <sstream>

extern std::ostringstream errout;

class TestUninitVar : public TestFixture {
public:
    TestUninitVar() : TestFixture("TestUninitVar") {
    }

private:
    Settings settings;

    void run() {
        LOAD_LIB_2(settings.library, "std.cfg");

        TEST_CASE(uninitvar1);
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_bitop);     // using uninitialized operand in bit operation
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_alloc);     // data is allocated but not initialized
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_arrays);    // arrays
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_class);     // class/struct
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_enum);      // enum variables
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_if);        // handling if
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_loops);     // handling for/while
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_switch);    // handling switch
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_references); // references
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_return);    // return
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_strncpy);   // strncpy doesn't always null-terminate
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_memset);    // not null-terminated
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_memset_nonchar);
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_memset_char_access);
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_func);      // analyse functions
        TEST_CASE(func_uninit_var);     // analyse function calls for: 'int a(int x) { return x+x; }'
        TEST_CASE(func_uninit_pointer); // analyse function calls for: 'void a(int *p) { *p = 0; }'
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_typeof);    // typeof

        // checking for uninitialized variables without using the
        // ExecutionPath functionality
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar2);
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar3);          // #3844
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar4);          // #3869 (reference)
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar5);          // #3861
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar6);          // handling unknown types in C and C++ files
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar2_func);     // function calls
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar2_value);    // value flow
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar2_structmembers); // struct members
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar2_while);
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar2_4494);      // #4494
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar2_malloc);    // malloc returns uninitialized data
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar7); // ticket #5971
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar8); // ticket #6230
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar9); // ticket #6424
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_unconditionalTry);

        TEST_CASE(syntax_error); // Ticket #5073

        // Test that the functions from std.cfg are configured correctly
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_clearerr);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_fclose);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_fopen);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_feof);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_ferror);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_fflush);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_fgetc);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_fgetpos);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_fsetpos);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_fgets);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_fputc);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_fputs);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_ftell);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_puts);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_putchar);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_wcstombs);
        TEST_CASE(stdcfg_tmpnam);

        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_posix_write);
        TEST_CASE(uninitvar_posix_types);

        // dead pointer
        TEST_CASE(deadPointer);
    }

    void checkUninitVar(const char code[], const char filename[] = "test.cpp") {
        // Clear the error buffer..
        errout.str("");

        // Tokenize..
        Tokenizer tokenizer(&settings, this);
        std::istringstream istr(code);
        tokenizer.tokenize(istr, filename);
        tokenizer.simplifyTokenList2();

        // Check code..
        CheckUninitVar check(&tokenizer, &settings, this);
        check.executionPaths();
    }


    /** New checking that doesn't rely on ExecutionPath */
    void checkUninitVar2(const char code[], const char fname[] = "test.cpp", bool verify = true, bool debugwarnings = false) {
        // Clear the error buffer..
        errout.str("");

        // Tokenize..
        settings.experimental = true;
        settings.debugwarnings = debugwarnings;
        Tokenizer tokenizer(&settings, this);
        std::istringstream istr(code);
        tokenizer.tokenize(istr, fname);

        const std::string str1(tokenizer.tokens()->stringifyList(0, true));
        tokenizer.simplifyTokenList2();
        const std::string str2(tokenizer.tokens()->stringifyList(0, true));
        if (verify && str1 != str2)
            warnUnsimplified(str1, str2);

        // Check for redundant code..
        CheckUninitVar checkuninitvar(&tokenizer, &settings, this);
        checkuninitvar.testrunner = true;
        checkuninitvar.check();

        settings.debugwarnings = false;
        settings.experimental = true;
    }

    void checkUninitVarB(const char code[], const char filename[] = "test.cpp") {
        // Clear the error buffer..
        errout.str("");

        // Tokenize..
        Tokenizer tokenizer(&settings, this);
        std::istringstream istr(code);
        tokenizer.tokenize(istr, filename);
        tokenizer.simplifyTokenList2();

        // Check code..
        CheckUninitVar check(&tokenizer, &settings, this);
        check.check();
        check.executionPaths();
    }

    void uninitvar1() {
        // Ticket #2207 - False negative
        checkUninitVar("void foo() {\n"
                       "    int a;\n"
                       "    b = c - a;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void foo() {\n"
                       "    int a;\n"
                       "    b = a - c;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void foo() {\n"
                       "    int *p;\n"
                       "    realloc(p,10);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo() {\n" // #5240
                        "    char *p = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    char *tmp = realloc(p,1000);\n"
                        "    if (!tmp) free(p);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo() {\n"
                        "    int *p = NULL;\n"
                        "    realloc(p,10);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // dereferencing uninitialized pointer..
        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    Foo *p;\n"
                       "    p->abcd();\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    Foo<int> *p;\n"
                       "    p->abcd();\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f(Foo *p)\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int a;\n"
                       "    p->a = malloc(4 * a);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int *p;\n"
                       "    delete p;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int *p;\n"
                       "    delete [] p;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int *p;\n"
                       "    *p = 135;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int *p;\n"
                       "    p[0] = 135;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int *x;\n"
                       "    int y = *x;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int *x;\n"
                       "    int &y(*x);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    int *y = &x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int *x;\n"
                        "    int *&y = x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int x = xyz::x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int a;\n"
                       "    a = 5 + a;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int a;\n"
                       "    a++;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    extern int a;\n"
                        "    a++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int a;\n"
                       "    bar(4 * a);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int i;\n"
                       "    if (i);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int i;\n"
                       "    for (int x = 0; i < 10; x++);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int i;\n"
                       "    for (int x = 0; x < 10; i++);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static int foo(int x)\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int i;\n"
                       "    if (x)\n"
                       "        i = 0;\n"
                       "    i++;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:6]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int ar[10];\n"
                       "    int i;\n"
                       "    ar[i] = 0;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("static void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int x, y;\n"
                        "    x = (y = 10);\n"
                        "    int z = y * 2;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("static void foo() {\n"
                        "    int x, y;\n"
                        "    x = ((y) = 10);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Ticket #3597
        checkUninitVar("int f() {\n"
                       "    int a;\n"
                       "    int b = 1;\n"
                       "    (b += a) = 1;\n"
                       "}");
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n","", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("int f() {\n"
                       "    int a,b,c;\n"
                       "    a = b = c;\n"
                       "}");
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", "", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("static void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    Foo p;\n"
                        "    p.abcd();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("static void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    Foo p;\n"
                        "    int x = p.abcd();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Unknown types
        {
            checkUninitVarB("void a()\n"
                            "{\n"
                            "    A ret;\n"
                            "    return ret;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar2("void a()\n"
                            "{\n"
                            "    A ret;\n"
                            "    return ret;\n"
                            "}\n",
                            "test.c");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ret\n", errout.str());

            // #3916 - avoid false positive
            checkUninitVarB("void f(float x) {\n"
                            "  union lf { long l; float f; } u_lf;\n"
                            "  float hx = (u_lf.f = (x), u_lf.l);\n"
                            "}\n",
                            "test.c");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
        }

        checkUninitVarB("void a()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int x[10];\n"
                        "    int *y = x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void a()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    int *y = &x;\n"
                        "    *y = 0;\n"
                        "    x++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void a()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char x[10], y[10];\n"
                        "    char *z = x;\n"
                        "    memset(z, 0, sizeof(x));\n"
                        "    memcpy(y, x, sizeof(x));\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Handling >> and <<
        {
            checkUninitVarB("int a() {\n"
                            "    int ret;\n"
                            "    std::cin >> ret;\n"
                            "    ret++;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            checkUninitVarB("void f(int b) {\n"
                            "    int a;\n"
                            "    std::cin >> b >> a;\n"
                            "    return a;"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar2("void f(int i) {\n"
                            "    int a;\n"
                            "    i >> a;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar("int a() {\n"
                           "    int ret;\n"
                           "    int a = value >> ret;\n"
                           "    ret++;\n"
                           "}\n",
                           "test.c");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ret\n", errout.str());

            checkUninitVarB("void foo() {\n"   // #3707
                            "    Node node;\n"
                            "    int x;\n"
                            "    node[\"abcd\"] >> x;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            checkUninitVarB("int a(FArchive &arc) {\n"   // #3060 (initialization through operator<<)
                            "    int *p;\n"
                            "    arc << p;\n"
                            "    return *p;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar("int a() {\n"
                           "    int ret;\n"
                           "    int a = value << ret;\n"
                           "    return ret;\n"
                           "}\n",
                           "test.c");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ret\n", errout.str());

            // #4320
            checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                            "    int a;\n"
                            "    a << 1;\n"
                            "    return a;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            // #4673
            checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                            "    int a;\n"
                            "    std::cout << a;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar2("void f(std::ostringstream& os) {\n"
                            "    int a;\n"
                            "    os << a;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                            "    int a;\n"
                            "    std::cout << 1 << a;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar2("void f(std::ostringstream& os) {\n"
                            "    int a;\n"
                            "    os << 1 << a;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());
        }

        checkUninitVarB("void a() {\n"   // asm
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    asm();\n"
                        "    x++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void a()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int x[10];\n"
                        "    struct xyz xyz1 = { .x = x };\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void a()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    struct S *s;\n"
                       "    s->x = 0;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: s\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void a()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    struct S *s;\n"
                       "    FOREACH() { }\n"
                       "    s->x = 0;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: s\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void a()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    struct S *s1;\n"
                       "    struct S *s2;\n"
                       "    FOREACH(s1) { }\n"
                       "    s2->x = 0;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:6]: (error) Uninitialized variable: s2\n", errout.str());

        // #1533
        checkUninitVarB("char a()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char key;\n"
                        "    struct A msg = { .buf = {&key} };\n"
                        "    init(&msg);\n"
                        "    key++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "   char *buf = malloc(100);\n"
                        "   struct ABC *abc = buf;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("class Fred {\n"
                        "public:\n"
                        "    FILE *f;\n"
                        "    ~Fred();\n"
                        "}\n"
                        "Fred::~Fred()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    fclose(f);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int c;\n"
                        "    ab(sizeof(xyz), &c);\n"
                        "    if (c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int c;\n"
                        "    a = (f2(&c));\n"
                        "    c++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f(int a)\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    if (a) {\n"
                       "        char *p;\n"
                       "        *p = 0;\n"
                       "    }\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        // +=
        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int c;\n"
                       "    c += 2;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char *s = malloc(100);\n"
                       "    *s += 10;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: s\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int a[10];\n"
                       "    a[0] = 10 - a[1];\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        // goto/setjmp/longjmp..
        checkUninitVarB("void foo(int x)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    long b;\n"
                        "    if (g()) {\n"
                        "        b =2;\n"
                        "        goto found;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "\n"
                        "    return;\n"
                        "\n"
                        "found:\n"
                        "    int a = b;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    jmp_buf env;\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    int val = setjmp(env);\n"
                        "    if(val)\n"
                        "        return a;\n"
                        "    a = 1;\n"
                        "    longjmp(env, 1);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // macro_for..
        checkUninitVarB("int foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "  int retval;\n"
                        "  if (condition) {\n"
                        "    for12(1,2) { }\n"
                        "    retval = 1;\n"
                        "  }\n"
                        "  else\n"
                        "    retval = 2;\n"
                        "  return retval;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    goto exit;\n"
                        "    i++;\n"
                        "exit:\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Ticket #3873 (false positive)
        checkUninitVarB("MachineLoopRange *MachineLoopRanges::getLoopRange(const MachineLoop *Loop) {\n"
                        "  MachineLoopRange *&Range = Cache[Loop];\n"
                        "  if (!Range)\n"
                        "    Range = new MachineLoopRange(Loop, Allocator, *Indexes);\n"
                        "  return Range;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // #4040 - False positive
        checkUninitVarB("int f(int x)  {\n"
                        "    int iter;\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "        union\n"
                        "        {\n"
                        "            int asInt;\n"
                        "            double asDouble;\n"
                        "        };\n"
                        "\n"
                        "        iter = x;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    return 1 + iter;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // C++11 style initialization
        checkUninitVarB("int f() {\n"
                        "    int i = 0;\n"
                        "    int j{ i };\n"
                        "    return j;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar3() { // #3844
        // avoid false positive
        checkUninitVarB("namespace std _GLIBCXX_VISIBILITY(default)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "_GLIBCXX_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_CONTAINER\n"
                        "    typedef unsigned long _Bit_type;\n"
                        "    struct _Bit_reference\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "        _Bit_type * _M_p;\n"
                        "        _Bit_type _M_mask;\n"
                        "        _Bit_reference(_Bit_type * __x, _Bit_type __y)\n"
                        "         : _M_p(__x), _M_mask(__y) { }\n"
                        "    };\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar_bitop() {
        checkUninitVar2("void foo() {\n"
                        "    int b;\n"
                        "    c = a | b;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: b\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void foo() {\n"
                        "    int b;\n"
                        "    c = b | a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: b\n", errout.str());
    }

    // if..
    void uninitvar_if() {
        checkUninitVar2("static void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    Foo *p;\n"
                        "    if (x)\n"
                        "        p = new Foo;\n"
                        "    p->abcd();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:6]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("static void foo(int x)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    if (x==1);\n"
                        "    if (x==2);\n"
                        "    x = a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:6]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (x)\n"
                        "        i = 22;\n"
                        "    else\n"
                        "        i = 33;\n"
                        "    return i;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (x)\n"
                        "        i = 22;\n"
                        "    else\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "        char *y = {0};\n"
                        "        i = 33;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    return i;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (x)\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "        struct abc abc1 = (struct abc) { .a=0, .b=0, .c=0 };\n"
                        "        i = 22;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    else\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "        i = 33;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    return i;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("static void foo(int x)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    Foo *p;\n"
                        "    if (x)\n"
                        "        p = new Foo;\n"
                        "    if (x)\n"
                        "        p->abcd();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo(int a)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int n;\n"
                        "    int condition;\n"
                        "    if(a == 1) {\n"
                        "        n=0;\n"
                        "        condition=0;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    else {\n"
                        "        n=1;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "\n"
                        "    if( n == 0) {\n"
                        "        a=condition;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    C *c;\n"
                        "    if (fun(&c));\n"
                        "    c->Release();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "   char a[10];\n"
                        "   if (a[0] = x){}\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int foo(int x)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (one())\n"
                        "        i = 1;\n"
                        "    else\n"
                        "        return 3;\n"
                        "    return i;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Ticket #2207 - False positive
        checkUninitVarB("void foo(int x) {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    if (x)\n"
                        "        a = 1;\n"
                        "    if (!x)\n"
                        "        return;\n"
                        "    b = (c - a);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int ret;\n"
                        "    if (one())\n"
                        "        ret = 1;\n"
                        "    else\n"
                        "        throw 3;\n"
                        "    return ret;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("int f(int a)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int ret;\n"
                        "    if (a == 1)\n"
                        "        ret = 1;\n"
                        "    else\n"
                        "        XYZ ret = 2;\n"  // XYZ may be an unexpanded macro so bailout the checking of "ret".
                        "    return ret;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:8]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ret\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f(int a, int b)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "   int x;\n"
                        "   if (a)\n"
                        "      x = a;\n"
                        "   else {\n"
                        "      do { } while (f2());\n"
                        "      x = b;\n"
                        "   }\n"
                        "   return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo(long verbose,bool bFlag)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "  double t;\n"
                        "  if (bFlag)\n"
                        "  {\n"
                        "    if (verbose)\n"
                        "      t = 1;\n"
                        "    if (verbose)\n"
                        "      std::cout << (12-t);\n"
                        "  }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int test(int cond1, int cond2) {\n"
                        "  int foo;\n"
                        "  if (cond1 || cond2) {\n"
                        "     if (cond2)\n"
                        "        foo = 0;\n"
                        "  }\n"
                        "  if (cond2) {\n"
                        "    int t = foo*foo;\n"
                        "  }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // ? :
        checkUninitVar("static void foo(int v)\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int x;\n"
                       "    x = v <= 0 ? -1 : x;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    const char *msgid1, *msgid2;\n"
                        "    int ret = bar(&msgid1);\n"
                        "    if (ret > 0) {\n"
                        "        ret = bar(&msgid2);\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    ret = ret <= 0 ? -1 :\n"
                        "          strcmp(msgid1, msgid2) == 0;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void foo(int a, int b)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int x; x = (a<b) ? 1 : 0;\n"
                        "    int y = y;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: y\n", errout.str());

        // ; { .. }
        checkUninitVarB("int foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "  int retval;\n"
                        "  if (condition) {\n"
                        "    { }\n"
                        "    retval = 1; }\n"
                        "  else\n"
                        "    retval = 2;\n"
                        "  return retval;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "  {\n"
                        "    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)\n"
                        "    { }\n"
                        "  }\n"
                        "\n"
                        "  { }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // ({ .. })
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    if (abc) { x = 123; }\n"
                        "    else { a = ({b=c;}); x = 456; }\n"
                        "    ++x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Ticket #3098 - False negative uninitialized variable
        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char *c1,*c2;\n"
                       "    if(strcoll(c1,c2))\n"
                       "    {\n"
                       "    }\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c1\n"
                      "[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c2\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(char *c1, char *c2)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    if(strcoll(c1,c2))\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char *c1;\n"
                        "    c1=strcpy(c1,\"test\");\n"
                        "}");
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c1\n","", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(char *c1)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    c1=strcpy(c1,\"test\");\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

    }


    // handling for/while loops..
    void uninitvar_loops() {
        // for..
        checkUninitVar2("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {\n"
                        "        int a;\n"
                        "        b(4*a);\n"
                        "    }"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int k;\n"
                        "    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {\n"
                        "        k = k + 2;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: k\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    gchar sel[10];\n"
                        "    for (int i = 0; i < 4; ++i) {\n"
                        "        int sz = sizeof(sel);\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("enum ABCD { A, B, C, D };\n"
                        "\n"
                        "static void f(char *str ) {\n"
                        "    enum ABCD i;\n"
                        "    for (i = 0; i < D; i++) {\n"
                        "        str[i] = 0;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void x() {\n"
                        "    do  {\n"
                        "        Token * tok;\n"
                        "        for (tok = a; tok; tok = tok->next())\n"
                        "        {\n"
                        "        }\n"
                        "    } while (tok2);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // while..
        checkUninitVar("int f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int i;\n"
                       "    while (fgets())\n"
                       "        i = 1;\n"
                       "    return i;"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:6]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f(int i)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    while (i < 10)\n"
                        "        i++;\n"
                        "    a++;"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:6]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        // Ticket #2226: C++0x loop
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    container c;\n"
                        "    for (iterator it : c) {\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Ticket #2345: False positive in sub-condition in if inside a loop
        checkUninitVarB("void f(int x) {\n"
                        "    const PoolItem* pItem;\n"
                        "    while (x > 0) {\n"
                        "        if (GetItem(&pItem) && (*pItem != rPool))\n"
                        "        { }\n"
                        "        x--;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
        checkUninitVar2("void f(int x) {\n"
                        "    const PoolItem* pItem;\n"
                        "    while (x > 0) {\n"
                        "        if (*pItem != rPool)\n"
                        "        { }\n"
                        "        x--;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: pItem\n", errout.str());

        // #2231 - conditional initialization in loop..
        checkUninitVar("int foo(char *a) {\n"
                       "    int x;\n"
                       "\n"
                       "    for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {\n"
                       "        if (a[i] == 'x') {\n"
                       "            x = i;\n"
                       "            break;\n"
                       "        }\n"
                       "    }\n"
                       "\n"
                       "    return x;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:11]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        // Ticket #2796
        checkUninitVarB("void foo() {\n"
                        "    while (true) {\n"
                        "        int x;\n"
                        "        if (y) x = 0;\n"
                        "        else break;\n"
                        "        return x;\n"   // <- x is initialized
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Assignment in for. Ticket #3287
        checkUninitVarB("int foo(char* in, bool b) {\n"
                        "    char* c;\n"
                        "    if (b) for (c = in; *c == 0; ++c) {}\n"
                        "    else c = in + strlen(in) - 1;\n"
                        "    *c = 0;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // switch..
    void uninitvar_switch() {
        checkUninitVar("void f(int x)\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    short c;\n"
                       "    switch(x) {\n"
                       "    case 1:\n"
                       "        c++;\n"
                       "        break;\n"
                       "    };\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:6]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("char * f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    static char ret[200];\n"
                        "    memset(ret, 0, 200);\n"
                        "    switch (x)\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "        case 1: return ret;\n"
                        "        case 2: return ret;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    return 0;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int foo(const int iVar, unsigned int slot, unsigned int pin)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (iVar == 0)\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "        switch (slot)\n"
                        "        {\n"
                        "            case 4:  return 5;\n"
                        "            default: return -1;\n"
                        "        }\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    else\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "        switch (pin)\n"
                        "        {\n"
                        "            case 0:   i =  2; break;\n"
                        "            default:  i = -1; break;\n"
                        "        }\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    return i;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // No segmentation fault
        checkUninitVar("void a() try\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    {\n"
                       "        while (1) {\n"
                       "            switch (1) {\n"
                       "                case 1: {\n"
                       "                    int i;\n"
                       "                }\n"
                       "            }\n"
                       "        }\n"
                       "    } catch (...) {\n"
                       "    }\n"
                       "}");

        // #1855 - switch(foo(&x))
        checkUninitVarB("int a()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    switch (foo(&x))\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "        case 1:\n"
                        "            return x;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // #3231 - ({ switch .. })
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    ({\n"
                        "    switch(sizeof(int)) {\n"
                        "    case 4:\n"
                        "    default:\n"
                        "        (a)=0;\n"
                        "        break;\n"
                        "    };\n"
                        "    })\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // arrays..
    void uninitvar_arrays() {
        checkUninitVar("int f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char a[10];\n"
                       "    a[a[0]] = 0;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("int f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char a[10];\n"
                       "    char c = *a;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("int f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char a[SIZE+10];\n"
                       "    char c = *a;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char a[10];\n"
                        "    *a = '\\0';\n"
                        "    int i = strlen(a);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char a, b[10];\n"
                        "    a = b[0] = 0;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char a[10], b[10];\n"
                        "    a[0] = b[0] = 0;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char a[10], *p;\n"
                        "    *(p = a) = 0;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    char a[10], *p;\n"
                        "    p = &(a[10]);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char c[50] = \"\";\n"
                        "    strcat(c, \"test\");\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char s[20];\n"
                       "    strcpy(s2, s);\n"
                       "};");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: s\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char s[20];\n"
                       "    strcat(s, \"abc\");\n"
                       "};");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: s\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char s[20];\n"
                       "    strchr(s, ' ');\n"
                       "};");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: s\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "        int y[2];\n"
                        "        int s;\n"
                        "        GetField( y + 0, y + 1 );\n"
                        "        s = y[0]*y[1];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "        int a[2];\n"
                        "        init(a - 1);\n"
                        "        int b = a[0];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "        Fred a[2];\n"
                        "        Fred b = a[0];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Ticket #2320
        checkUninitVarB("void foo() {\n"
                        "        char a[2];\n"
                        "        char *b = (a+2) & 7;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"   // Ticket #3050
                       "    char a[2];\n"
                       "    printf(\"%s\", a);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"   // Ticket #5108 (fp)
                        "    const char *a;\n"
                        "    printf(\"%s\", a=\"abc\");\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"    // Ticket #3497
                        "    char header[1];\n"
                        "    *((unsigned char*)(header)) = 0xff;\n"
                        "    return header[0];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"    // Ticket #3497
                        "    char header[1];\n"
                        "    *((unsigned char*)((unsigned char *)(header))) = 0xff;\n"
                        "    return header[0];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    ABC abc;\n"
                        "    int a[1];\n"
                        "\n"
                        "    abc.a = a;\n"
                        "    init(&abc);\n"
                        "    return a[0];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // ticket #3344
        checkUninitVar("void f(){\n"
                       "   char *strMsg = \"This is a message\";\n"
                       "   char *buffer=(char*)malloc(128*sizeof(char));\n"
                       "   strcpy(strMsg,buffer);\n"
                       "   free(buffer);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: buffer\n", errout.str());

        // #3845
        checkUninitVarB("int foo() {\n"
                        "    int a[1] = {5};\n"
                        "    return a[0];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int foo() {\n"
                        "    int a[2][2] = {{3,4}, {5,6}};\n"
                        "    return a[0][1];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("int foo() {\n"
                       "    int a[1];\n"
                       "    return a[0];\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("int foo() {\n"
                        "    int a[2][2];\n"
                        "    return a[0][1];\n"
                        "}");
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", "", errout.str());

        // # 4740
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int *a[2][19];\n"
                        "    int **b = a[0];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // alloc..
    void uninitvar_alloc() {
        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char *s = malloc(100);\n"
                       "    strcat(s, \"abc\");\n"
                       "};");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: s\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char *s = malloc(100);\n"
                       "    perror(s);\n"
                       "};");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: s\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char *s1 = new char[10];\n"
                       "    char *s2 = new char[strlen(s1)];\n"
                       "};");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: s1\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char *p = malloc(64);\n"
                       "    int x = p[0];\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char *p = malloc(64);\n"
                       "    if (p[0]) { }\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char *p = malloc(64);\n"
                       "    return p[0];\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    Fred *fred = new Fred;\n"
                        "    fred->foo();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct Fred { int i; Fred(int, float); };\n"
                        "void f() {\n"
                        "    Fred *fred = new Fred(1, 2);\n"
                        "    fred->foo();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    Fred *fred = malloc(sizeof(Fred));\n"
                        "    x(&fred->f);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    Fred *fred = malloc(sizeof(Fred));\n"
                        "    x(fred->f);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo(char *s)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char *a = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    *a = *s;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char *a;\n"
                       "    if (a);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char *a = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    if (a);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    ABC *abc = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    abc->a = 123;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    ABC *abc = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    abc->a.word = 123;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    ABC *abc = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    abc->a = 123;\n"
                        "    abc->a += 123;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    ABC *abc = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    free(abc);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char *s = malloc(100);\n"
                       "    if (!s)\n"
                       "        return;\n"
                       "    char c = *s;\n"
                       "};");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:6]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: s\n", errout.str());

        // #3708 - false positive when using ptr typedef
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    uintptr_t x = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    uintptr_t y = x + 10;\n"  // <- not bad usage
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "  z_stream strm;\n"
                        "  char* buf = malloc(10);\n"
                        "  strm.next_out = buf;\n"
                        "  deflate(&strm, Z_FINISH);\n"
                        "  memcpy(body, buf, 10);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // #6451 - allocation in subscope
        checkUninitVarB("struct StgStrm {\n"
                        "    StgIo& rIo;\n"
                        "    StgStrm(StgIo&);\n"
                        "    virtual sal_Int32 Write();\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void Tmp2Strm() {\n"
                        "    StgStrm* pNewStrm;\n"
                        "    if (someflag)\n"
                        "        pNewStrm = new StgStrm(rIo);\n"
                        "    else\n"
                        "        pNewStrm = new StgStrm(rIo);\n"
                        "    pNewStrm->Write();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct StgStrm {\n"
                        "    StgIo& rIo;\n"
                        "    StgStrm(StgIo&);\n"
                        "    virtual sal_Int32 Write();\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void Tmp2Strm() {\n"
                        "    StgStrm* pNewStrm;\n"
                        "    if (someflag)\n"
                        "        pNewStrm = new StgStrm(rIo);\n"
                        "    pNewStrm->Write();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:10]: (error) Uninitialized variable: pNewStrm\n", errout.str());

        // #6450 - calling a member function is allowed if memory was allocated by new
        checkUninitVarB("struct EMFPFont {\n"
                        "    bool family;\n"
                        "    void Initialize();\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void processObjectRecord() {\n"
                        "    EMFPFont *font = new EMFPFont();\n"
                        "    font->Initialize();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // class / struct..
    void uninitvar_class() {
        checkUninitVarB("class Fred\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    int a() { return i; }\n"
                        "};");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    struct Relative {\n"
                        "        Surface *surface;\n"
                        "        void MoveTo(int x, int y) {\n"
                        "            surface->MoveTo();\n"
                        "        }\n"
                        "    };\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    static const struct ab {\n"
                        "        int a,b;\n"
                        "        int get_a() { return a; }"
                        "    } = { 0, 0 };\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "        union ab {\n"
                        "            int a,b;\n"
                        "        }\n"
                        "        i = 0;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    return i;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(int x) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    x = ab.x = 12;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // enum..
    void uninitvar_enum() {
        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    enum AB { a, b };\n"
                       "    AB ab;\n"
                       "    if (ab);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ab\n", errout.str());
    }

    // references..
    void uninitvar_references() {
        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    int &b = a;\n"
                        "    b = 0;\n"
                        "    int x = a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(struct blame_entry *ent)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    struct origin *suspect = ent->suspect;\n"
                        "    char hex[41];\n"
                        "    strcpy(hex, sha1_to_hex(suspect->commit->object.sha1));\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    const std::string s(x());\n"
                        "    strchr(s.c_str(), ',');\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar_return() {

        checkUninitVar("static int foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int ret;\n"
                       "    return ret;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ret\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("static int foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int ret;\n"
                       "    return ret+5;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ret\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("static int foo() {\n"
                        "    int ret;\n"
                        "    return ret = 5;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        {
            checkUninitVarB("static int foo() {\n"
                            "    int ret;\n"
                            "    return cin >> ret;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar("static int foo() {\n"
                           "    int ret;\n"
                           "    return cin >> ret;\n"
                           "}\n", "test.c");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ret\n", errout.str());
        }

        // Ticket #6341- False negative
        {
            checkUninitVarB("wchar_t f() { int i; return btowc(i); }");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:1]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());

            checkUninitVarB("wchar_t f(int i) { return btowc(i); }");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            // Avoid a potential false positive (#6341)
            checkUninitVarB(
                "void setvalue(int &x) {\n"
                "  x = 0;\n"
                "  return 123;\n"
                "}\n"
                "int f() {\n"
                "  int x;\n"
                "  return setvalue(x);\n"
                "}\n");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
        }

        // Ticket #5412 - False negative
        {
            checkUninitVarB("void f(bool b)\n"
                            "{\n"
                            "    double f;\n"
                            "    if (b)   {  }\n"
                            "    else  {\n"
                            "        f = 0.0;\n"
                            "    }\n"
                            "    printf (\"%f\",f);\n"
                            "}\n");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:8]: (error) Uninitialized variable: f\n", errout.str());

            // Check for potential FP
            checkUninitVarB("void f(bool b)\n"
                            "{\n"
                            "    double f;\n"
                            "    if (b)   { f = 1.0 }\n"
                            "    else  {\n"
                            "        f = 0.0;\n"
                            "    }\n"
                            "    printf (\"%f\",f);\n"
                            "}\n");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
        }

        // Ticket #2146 - False negative
        checkUninitVar("int f(int x) {\n"
                       "    int y;\n"
                       "    return x ? 1 : y;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: y\n", errout.str());

        // Ticket #3106 - False positive
        {
            checkUninitVarB("int f() {\n"
                            "    int i;\n"
                            "    return x(&i) ? i : 0;\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar("int f() {\n"
                           "    int i;\n"
                           "    return x() ? i : 0;\n"
                           "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());
        }

        // Ticket #5660 - False positive
        checkUninitVarB("int f() {\n"
                        "    int result;\n"
                        "    int *res[] = {&result};\n"
                        "    foo(res);\n"
                        "    return result;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // strncpy doesn't always null-terminate..
    void uninitvar_strncpy() {
        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char a[100];\n"
                       "    strncpy(a, s, 20);\n"
                       "    strncat(a, s, 20);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Dangerous usage of 'a' (strncpy doesn't always null-terminate it).\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char a[100];\n"
                       "    strncpy(a, \"hello\", 3);\n"
                       "    strncat(a, \"world\", 20);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Dangerous usage of 'a' (strncpy doesn't always null-terminate it).\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char a[100];\n"
                        "    strncpy(a, \"hello\", sizeof(a));\n"
                        "    strncat(a, \"world\", 20);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // #3245 - false positive
        {
            checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                            "    char a[100];\n"
                            "    strncpy(a,p,10);\n"
                            "    memcmp(a,q,10);\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                            "    char a[100];\n"
                            "    strncpy(a,p,10);\n"
                            "    if (memcmp(a,q,10)==0);\n"
                            "}");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
        }

        // Using strncpy isn't necessarily dangerous usage
        checkUninitVarB("void f(const char dev[], char *str) {\n"
                        "    char buf[10];\n"
                        "    strncpy(buf, dev, 10);\n"
                        "    strncpy(str, buf, 10);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "  char dst[4];\n"
                        "  const char* source = \"You\";\n"
                        "  strncpy(dst, source, sizeof(dst));\n"
                        "  char value = dst[2];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // initialization with memset (not 0-terminating string)..
    void uninitvar_memset() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "    char a[20];\n"
                       "    memset(a, 'a', 20);\n"
                       "    strcat(a, s);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Dangerous usage of 'a' (not null-terminated).\n", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar_memset_nonchar() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "    int a[20];\n"
                       "    memset(a, 1, 20);\n"
                       "    a[0] |= 2;\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS(errout.str(), "");
    }

    void uninitvar_memset_char_access() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "    unsigned char c[10];\n"
                       "    memset(c, 32, 10);\n"
                       "    unsigned char value = c[3];\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS(errout.str(), "");
    }

    std::string analyseFunctions(const char code[]) {
        // Clear the error buffer..
        errout.str("");

        // Tokenize..
        Tokenizer tokenizer(&settings, this);
        std::istringstream istr(code);
        tokenizer.tokenize(istr, "test.cpp");

        std::set<std::string> f;
        const CheckUninitVar check((const Tokenizer *)0, (const Settings *)0, (ErrorLogger *)0);
        check.analyseFunctions(&tokenizer, f);

        std::string ret;
        for (std::set<std::string>::const_iterator it = f.begin(); it != f.end(); ++it)
            ret += (ret.empty() ? "" : " ") + *it;
        return ret;
    }

    void uninitvar_func() {
        // function analysis..
        ASSERT_EQUALS("foo", analyseFunctions("void foo(int x) { }"));
        ASSERT_EQUALS("foo", analyseFunctions("void foo(int x);"));
        ASSERT_EQUALS("foo", analyseFunctions("void foo(const int &x) { }"));
        ASSERT_EQUALS("foo", analyseFunctions("void foo(int &x) { ++x; }"));
        ASSERT_EQUALS("rename", analyseFunctions("int rename (const char* oldname, const char* newname);")); // Ticket #914
        ASSERT_EQUALS("rename", analyseFunctions("int rename (const char oldname[], const char newname[]);"));
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", analyseFunctions("void foo(int &x) { x = 0; }"));
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", analyseFunctions("void foo(s x) { }"));
        // TODO: it's ok to pass a valid pointer to "foo". See #2775 and #2946
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("foo", "", analyseFunctions("void foo(Fred *fred) { fred->x = 0; }"));
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", analyseFunctions("void foo(int *x) { x[0] = 0; }"));

        // function calls..
        checkUninitVarB("void assignOne(int &x)\n"
                        "{ x = 1; }\n"
                        "\n"
                        "int f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    assignOne(i);\n"
                        "    return i;\n"
                        "};");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f(int (*assign)(int *p))\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    (*assign)(&i);\n"
                        "    return i;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char s[10];\n"
                        "    return bar(s);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    FILE *f;\n"
                       "    fflush(f);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: f\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    x(i+2);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char *p = malloc(10);\n"
                        "    read(p + 1);\n"
                        "    return p;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    Abc *p;\n"
                        "    int sz = sizeof(*p);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    Foo *p;\n"
                        "    x = bar(sizeof(*p));\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    Foo *p;\n"
                       "    x = bar(p->begin());\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("int foo(int x) { return x; }\n"
                        "void f2()\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    foo(x);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void foo(const char *s)\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    char *p;\n"
                       "    memcpy(p, s, 100);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo(const char *s)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    char *p = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    memcpy(p, s, 100);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("int calc(const int *p, int n);\n"
                       "void f() {\n"
                       "    int x[10];\n"
                       "    calc(x,10);\n"
                       "}");
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n",
                           "", errout.str());

        // #2401 - unknown function/macro might init the variable
        checkUninitVarB("int f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    INIT(x);\n"
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // #3222 - calling function through function pointer
        checkUninitVarB("char f() {\n"
                        "    char buffer[100];\n"
                        "    (foo.init)(buffer);\n"
                        "    return buffer[0];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n" // #3586 - calling template function
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    a::b<int>(i);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void test() {\n"
                        "  double d;\n"
                        "  double x = dostuff<int>(d);\n"
                        "  return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("template <class T> double dostuff(int x, T &y);\n"
                        "void test() {\n"
                        "  double d;\n"
                        "  a = dostuff<double>(0, d);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // using uninitialized function pointer..
        checkUninitVar("void foo()\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    void (*f)();\n"
                       "    f();\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: f\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void foo() {\n"
                        "    int f = 1 + f();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // calling noreturn function..
        checkUninitVarB("int foo(int a) {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    if (a==1)\n"
                        "        g();\n"    // might be a noreturn function
                        "    else\n"
                        "        x = 3;\n"
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int foo(int a) {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    if (a==1)\n"
                        "        g(1);\n"    // might be a noreturn function
                        "    else\n"
                        "        x = 3;\n"
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void (*init)(char *str);\n"
                        "\n"
                        "char x() {\n"
                        "    char cmd[10];\n"
                        "    init(cmd);\n"
                        "    return cmd[0];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("char fn(FILE *f) {\n"
                        "    char buf[10];\n"
                        "    fread(buf, 1, 10, f);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // #2775 - uninitialized struct pointer in subfunction
        checkUninitVar2("void a(struct Fred *fred) {\n"
                        "    fred->x = 0;\n"
                        "}\n"
                        "\n"
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    struct Fred *p;\n"
                        "    a(p);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:7]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        // #2946 - FP array is initialized in subfunction
        checkUninitVarB("void a(char *buf) {\n"
                        "    buf[0] = 0;\n"
                        "}\n"
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char buf[10];\n"
                        "    a(buf);\n"
                        "    buf[1] = buf[0];\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // #3159 - initialization by function
        checkUninitVarB("static int isnumber(const char *arg) {\n"
                        "    char *p;\n"
                        "    return strtod(arg, &p) != 0 || p != arg;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("static int isnumber(const char *arg) {\n"
                        "    char *p;\n"
                        "    return strtod(&arg) != 0 || p != arg;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());
    }

    // valid and invalid use of 'int a(int x) { return x + x; }'
    void func_uninit_var() {
        const std::string funca("int a(int x) { return x + x; }");

        checkUninitVar2((funca +
                         "void b() {\n"
                         "    int x;\n"
                         "    a(x);\n"
                         "}").c_str());
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar((funca +
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    int *p;\n"
                        "    a(*p);\n"
                        "}").c_str());
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());
    }


    // valid and invalid use of 'void a(int *p) { *p = 0; }'
    void func_uninit_pointer() {
        const std::string funca("void a(int *p) { *p = 0; }");

        // ok - initialized pointer
        checkUninitVarB((funca +
                         "void b() {\n"
                         "    int buf[10];\n"
                         "    a(buf);\n"
                         "}").c_str());
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // not ok - uninitialized pointer
        checkUninitVar2((funca +
                         "void b() {\n"
                         "    int *p;\n"
                         "    a(p);\n"
                         "}").c_str());
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar_typeof() {
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    struct Fred *fred;\n"
                        "    typeof(fred->x);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    struct SData * s;\n"
                        "    ab(typeof(s->status));\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    struct SData * s;\n"
                        "    TYPEOF(s->status);\n"
                        "}");
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("", "[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: s\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    #define w(x) ({ x z;  (x*)z; })\n"
                        "    int *n = w(typeof(*n));\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar2() {
        // using uninit var
        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    x++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    str[x] = 0;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    int y = x & 3;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    int y = 3 & x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    x = 3 + x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("int f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    x = x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    struct ABC *abc;\n"
                        "    abc->a = 0;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: abc\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f() {\n"
                        "    static int x;\n"
                        "    return ++x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f() {\n"
                        "    extern int x;\n"
                        "    return ++x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"  // #3926 - weird cast.
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    *(((char *)&x) + 0) = 0;\n"
                        "}", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n" // #4737 - weird cast.
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    do_something(&((char*)&x)[0], 1);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    char *p = (char*)&x + 1;\n"
                        "}", "test.cpp");  // verify=false (the cast is removed but we don't care)
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    i=f(), i!=2;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // using uninit var in condition
        checkUninitVar2("void f(void) {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    if (x) { }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    if (1 == (3 & x)) { }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        // ?:
        checkUninitVarB("int f(int *ptr) {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    int *p = ptr ? ptr : &a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f(int a) {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    if (a==3) { x=2; }\n"
                        "    y = (a==3) ? x : a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f(int a) {\n"
                        "    int result;\n"
                        "    foo() ? result = 1 : result = 0;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // = { .. }
        checkUninitVarB("int f() {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    int *p[] = { &a };\n"
                        "    *p[0] = 0;\n"
                        "    return a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // = ({ .. })
        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x = ({ 1 + 2; });\n"
                        "    int y = 1 + (x ? y : y);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: y\n", errout.str());

        // >> => initialization / usage
        {
            const char code[] = "void f() {\n"
                                "    int x;\n"
                                "    if (i >> x) { }\n"
                                "}";

            checkUninitVarB(code, "test.cpp");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar2(code, "test.c");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());
        }

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int i, i2;\n"
                        "    strm >> i >> i2;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // unconditional initialization
        checkUninitVarB("int f() {\n"
                        "    int ret;\n"
                        "    if (a) { ret = 1; }\n"
                        "    else { {} ret = 2; }\n"
                        "    return ret;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // conditional initialization
        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    if (y == 1) { x = 1; }\n"
                        "    else { if (y == 2) { x = 1; } }\n"
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    if (y == 1) { x = 1; }\n"
                        "    else { if (y == 2) { x = 1; } }\n"
                        "    if (y == 3) { }\n"   // <- ignore condition
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:6]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        // initialization in condition
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    if (init(&a)) { }\n"
                        "    a++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // return, break, continue, goto
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    if (y == 1) { return; }\n"
                        "    else { x = 1; }\n"
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    if (y == 1) { return; }\n"
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f(int x) {\n"
                        "    int ret;\n"
                        "    if (!x) {\n"
                        "        ret = -123;\n"
                        "        goto out1;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    return 0;\n"
                        "out1:\n"
                        "out2:\n"
                        "    return ret;\n"
                        "}", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (x) {\n"
                        "        i = 1;\n"
                        "    } else {\n"
                        "        goto out;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    i++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("int f() {\n"
                        "    int i,x;\n"
                        "    for (i=0;i<9;++i)\n"
                        "        if (foo) break;\n"
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("int f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    while (foo)\n"
                        "        if (bar) break;\n"
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        // try/catch : don't warn about exception variable
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    try {\n"
                        "    } catch (CException* e) {\n"
                        "        trace();\n"
                        "        e->Delete();\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n" // #5347
                        "    try {\n"
                        "    } catch (const char* e) {\n"
                        "        A a = e;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // exit
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    if (y == 1) { exit(0); }\n"
                        "    else { x = 1; }\n"
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // strange code.. don't crash (#3415)
        checkUninitVarB("void foo() {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    ({ if (0); });\n"
                        "    for_each(i) { }\n"
                        "}", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // if, if
        checkUninitVarB("void f(int a) {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (a) i = 0;\n"
                        "    if (a) i++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int a,b=0;\n"
                        "    if (x) {\n"
                        "        if (y) {\n"
                        "            a = 0;\n"
                        "            b = 1;\n"
                        "        }\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "    if (b) a++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int a=0, b;\n"
                        "    if (x) { }\n"
                        "    else { if (y==2) { a=1; b=2; } }\n"
                        "    if (a) { ++b; }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("static void f(int x, int y) {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    if (x == 0) { a = y; }\n"
                        "    if (x == 0 && (a == 1)) { }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("static void f() {\n"
                        "    int a=0, b;\n"
                        "    if (something) { a = dostuff(&b); }\n"
                        "    if (!a || b) { }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("static void f(int x, int y) {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    if (x == 0 && (a == 1)) { }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    if (x) { a = 0; }\n"
                        "    if (x) { if (y) { a++; } }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    if (x) { a = 0; }\n"
                        "    if (x) { if (y) { } else { a++; } }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    if (x) ab = getAB();\n"
                        "    else ab.a = 0;\n"
                        "    if (ab.a == 1) b = ab.b;\n"
                        "}", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f(void) {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (x) { noreturn(); }\n"
                        "    else { i = 0; }\n"
                        "    if (i==1) { a = 0; }\n"
                        "    else { a = 1; }\n"
                        "    return a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f(int a) {\n" // #4560
                        "    int x = 0, y;\n"
                        "    if (a) x = 1;\n"
                        "    else return 0;\n"
                        "    if (x) y = 123;\n" // <- y is always initialized
                        "    else {}\n"
                        "    return y;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f(int a) {\n" // #4560
                        "    int x = 1, y;\n"
                        "    if (a) x = 0;\n"
                        "    else return 0;\n"
                        "    if (x) {}\n"
                        "    else y = 123;\n" // <- y is always initialized
                        "    return y;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("static int x;" // #4773
                        "int f() {\n"
                        "    int y;\n"
                        "    if (x) g();\n"
                        "    if (x) y = 123;\n"
                        "    else y = 456;\n"
                        "    return y;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("static int x;" // #4773
                        "int f() {\n"
                        "    int y;\n"
                        "    if (!x) g();\n"
                        "    if (x) y = 123;\n"
                        "    else y = 456;\n"
                        "    return y;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // asm
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    asm();\n"
                        "    x++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // sizeof / typeof / offsetof / etc
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    sizeof(i+1);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (100 == sizeof(i+1));\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    struct ABC *abc;\n"
                        "    int i = ARRAY_SIZE(abc.a);"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int *abc;\n"
                        "    typeof(*abc);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    struct ABC *abc;\n"
                        "    return do_something(typeof(*abc));\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    A *a;\n"
                        "    a = malloc(sizeof(*a));\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Ticket #3890 - False positive for std::map
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    std::map<int,bool> x;\n"
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Ticket #3906 - False positive for std::vector pointer
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    std::vector<int> *x = NULL;\n"
                        "    return x;\n"
                        "}", "test.cpp");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // &
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"  // #4426 - address of uninitialized variable
                        "    int a,b;\n"
                        "    if (&a == &b);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"  // #4439 - cast address of uninitialized variable
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    x((A)(B)&a);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n" // #4778 - cast address of uninitialized variable
                        "    long a;\n"
                        "    &a;\n"
                        "}\n");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n" // #4717 - ({})
                        "    int a = ({ long b = (long)(123); 2 + b; });\n"
                        "}", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // #3869 - reference variable
    void uninitvar4() {
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int buf[10];\n"
                        "    int &x = buf[0];\n"
                        "    buf[0] = 0;\n"
                        "    x++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // #3861
    void uninitvar5() {
        // ensure there is no false positive
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    x<char> c;\n"
                        "    c << 2345;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // ensure there is no false negative
        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    char c;\n"
                        "    char a = c << 2;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        // #4320
        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    a << 1;\n"  // there might be a operator<<
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Handling of unknown types. Assume they are POD in C.
    void uninitvar6() {
        const char code[] = "void f() {\n"
                            "    dfs a;\n"
                            "    return a;\n"
                            "}";

        // Assume dfs is a non POD type if file is C++
        checkUninitVarB(code, "test.cpp");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Assume dfs is a POD type if file is C
        checkUninitVar2(code, "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: a\n", errout.str());

        const char code2[] = "struct AB { int a,b; };\n"
                             "void f() {\n"
                             "    struct AB ab;\n"
                             "    return ab;\n"
                             "}";
        checkUninitVarB(code2, "test.cpp");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
        checkUninitVar2(code2, "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ab\n", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar7() {
        const char code[] = "void eDBauth_user()  {\n"
                            "   char *blid_cert;\n"
                            "   if(  ) {\n"
                            "        blid_cert   = ;\n"
                            "   } \n"
                            "}\n";

        // Assume dfs is a non POD type if file is C++
        checkUninitVar2(code, "test.cpp");
    }

    void uninitvar8() {
        const char code[] = "struct Fred {\n"
                            "    void Sync(dsmp_t& type, int& len, int limit = 123);\n"
                            "    void Sync(int& syncpos, dsmp_t& type, int& len, int limit = 123);\n"
                            "    void FindSyncPoint();\n"
                            "};\n"
                            "void Fred::FindSyncPoint() {\n"
                            "    dsmp_t type;\n"
                            "    int syncpos, len;\n"
                            "    Sync(syncpos, type, len);\n"
                            "}";
        checkUninitVarB(code, "test.cpp");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar9() { // 6424
        const char code[] = "namespace Ns { class C; }\n"
                            "void f1() { char *p; *p = 0; }\n"
                            "class Ns::C* p;\n"
                            "void f2() { char *p; *p = 0; }";
        checkUninitVar2(code, "test.cpp");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:2]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n"
                      "[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar_unconditionalTry() {
        // Unconditional scopes and try{} scopes
        checkUninitVar2("int f() {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    {\n"
                        "        return i;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("int f() {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    try {\n"
                        "        return i;\n"
                        "    } catch(...) {}\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());
    }

    // Handling of function calls
    void uninitvar2_func() {
        // non-pointer variable
        checkUninitVar2("void a(char);\n"  // value => error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char c;\n"
                        "    a(c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void a(char c);\n"  // value => error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char c;\n"
                        "    a(c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void a(const char c);\n"  // const value => error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char c;\n"
                        "    a(c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void a(char *c);\n"  // address => no error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char c;\n"
                        "    a(&c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void a(pstr s);\n"  // address => no error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char c;\n"
                        "    a(&c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void a(const char *c);\n"  // const address => error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char c;\n"
                        "    a(&c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        // pointer variable
        checkUninitVar2("void a(char c);\n"  // value => error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char *c;\n"
                        "    a(*c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void a(const char c);\n"  // const value => error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char c;\n"
                        "    a(*c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());


        checkUninitVar2("void a(char *c);\n"  // address => error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char *c;\n"
                        "    a(c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("typedef struct { int a; int b; } AB;\n"
                        "void a(AB *ab);\n"
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    AB *ab;\n"
                        "    a(ab);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ab\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void a(const char *c);\n"  // const address => error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char *c;\n"
                        "    a(c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void a(const char c[]);\n"  // const address => error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char *c;\n"
                        "    a(c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void a(char **c);\n"  // address of pointer => no error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char *c;\n"
                        "    a(&c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void a(char *c);\n"  // address of pointer (suspicious cast to pointer) => no error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    char *c;\n"
                        "    a(&c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void a(const char **c);\n"  // const address of pointer => no error
                        "void b() {\n"
                        "    const char *c;\n"
                        "    a(&c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct ABC { int a; };\n"  // struct initialization
                        "void clear(struct ABC &abc);\n"
                        "int f() {\n"
                        "    struct ABC abc;\n"
                        "    clear(abc);\n"
                        "    return abc.a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void write_packet() {\n"
                        "    time_t now0;\n"
                        "    time(&now0);\n"
                        "}", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void write_packet() {\n"
                        "    time_t* now0;\n"
                        "    time(now0);\n"
                        "}", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: now0\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void write_packet() {\n"
                        "    char now0;\n"
                        "    strcmp(&now0, sth);\n"
                        "}", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: now0\n", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar2_value() {
        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (x) {\n"
                        "        int y = -ENOMEM;\n"  // assume constant ENOMEM is nonzero since it's negated
                        "        if (y != 0) return;\n"
                        "        i++;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int i, y;\n"
                        "    if (x) {\n"
                        "        y = -ENOMEM;\n"  // assume constant ENOMEM is nonzero since it's negated
                        "        if (y != 0) return;\n"
                        "        i++;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int i, y;\n"
                        "    if (x) y = -ENOMEM;\n"  // assume constant ENOMEM is nonzero since it's negated
                        "    else y = get_value(i);\n"
                        "    if (y != 0) return;\n" // <- condition is always true if i is uninitialized
                        "    i++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f(int x) {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (!x) i = 0;\n"
                        "    if (!x || i>0) {}\n" // <- error
                        "}");
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", "", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(int x) {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (x) i = 0;\n"
                        "    if (!x || i>0) {}\n" // <- no error
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f(int x) {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (!x) { }\n"
                        "    else i = 0;\n"
                        "    if (x || i>0) {}\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: i\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(int x) {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (x) { }\n"
                        "    else i = 0;\n"
                        "    if (x || i>0) {}\n" // <- no error
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f(int x) {\n"
                        "    int y;\n"
                        "    if (x) y = do_something();\n"
                        "    if (!x) return 0;\n"
                        "    return y;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("int f(int x) {\n" // FP with ?:
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    if (x)\n"
                        "        a = p;\n"
                        "    return x ? 2*a : 0;\n"
                        "}\n");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // TODO: False negative when "?:" is used
        // This should probably be fixed in the tokenizer by changing
        // "return x?y:z;" to "if(x)return y;return z;"
        checkUninitVar2("int f(int x) {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    if (x)\n"
                        "        a = p;\n"
                        "    return y ? 2*a : 3*a;\n"
                        "}\n");
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("error", "", errout.str());

        // Unknown => bail out..
        checkUninitVarB("void f(int x) {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (a(x)) i = 0;\n"
                        "    if (b(x)) return;\n"
                        "    i++;\n" // <- no error if b(x) is always true when a(x) is false
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(int x) {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (x) i = 0;\n"
                        "    while (condition) {\n"
                        "        if (x) i++;\n" // <- no error
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f(int x) {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    if (x) i = 0;\n"
                        "    while (condition) {\n"
                        "        i++;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("error", "", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar2_structmembers() { // struct members
        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    int a = ab.a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    AB ab;\n"
                        "    int a = ab.a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    ab.a = ab.a + 1;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void do_something(const struct AB ab);\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    ab.a = 0;\n"
                        "    do_something(ab);\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:6]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.b\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    int a = ab.a;\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:4]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    buf[ab.a] = 0;\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:4]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    ab.a = 1;\n"
                        "    x = ab;\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:5]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.b\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    ab.a = 1;\n"
                        "    x = *(&ab);\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:5]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.b\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("class Element {\n"
                        "    static void f() { }\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void test() {\n"
                        "    Element *element; element->f();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: element\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("class Element {\n"
                        "    static void f() { }\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void test() {\n"
                        "    Element *element; (*element).f();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: element\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("class Element {\n"
                        "    static int v;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void test() {\n"
                        "    Element *element; element->v;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: element\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("class Element {\n"
                        "    static int v;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void test() {\n"
                        "    Element *element; (*element).v;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: element\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("class Element {\n"
                        "    void f() { }\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void test() {\n"
                        "    Element *element; element->f();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: element\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("class Element {\n"
                        "    void f() { }\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void test() {\n"
                        "    Element *element; (*element).f();\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: element\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("class Element {\n"
                        "    int v;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void test() {\n"
                        "    Element *element; element->v;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: element\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("class Element {\n"
                        "    int v;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void test() {\n"
                        "    Element *element; (*element).v;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: element\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"  // pass struct member by address
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    assign(&ab.a, 0);\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void do_something(const struct AB ab);\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    ab.a = 0;\n"
                        "    ab.b = 0;\n"
                        "    do_something(ab);\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        {
            checkUninitVarB("void f(void) {\n"
                            "    struct AB ab;\n"
                            "    strcpy(ab.a, STR);\n"
                            "}\n", "test.c");
            ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar2("void f(void) {\n"
                            "    struct AB ab;\n"
                            "    strcpy(x, ab.a);\n"
                            "}\n", "test.c");
            TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("error", "", errout.str());

            checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; };\n"
                            "void f(void) {\n"
                            "    struct AB ab;\n"
                            "    dosomething(ab.a);\n"
                            "}\n", "test.c");
            TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("error","", errout.str());
        }

        checkUninitVarB("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void do_something(const struct AB ab);\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    ab = getAB();\n"
                        "    do_something(ab);\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct AB { int a; struct { int b; int c; } s; };\n"
                        "void do_something(const struct AB ab);\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    ab.a = 1;\n"
                        "    ab.s.b = 2;\n"
                        "    ab.s.c = 3;\n"
                        "    do_something(ab);\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct conf {\n"
                        "    char x;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "\n"
                        "void do_something(struct conf ant_conf);\n"
                        "\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "   struct conf c;\n"
                        "   initdata(&c);\n"
                        "   do_something(c);\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct PIXEL {\n"
                        "    union  {\n"
                        "        struct { unsigned char red,green,blue,alpha; };\n"
                        "        unsigned int color;\n"
                        "    };\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "\n"
                        "unsigned char f() {\n"
                        "    struct PIXEL p1;\n"
                        "    p1.color = 255;\n"
                        "    return p1.red;\n"
                        "}\n");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "int f() {\n"
                        "  struct AB *ab;\n"
                        "  for (i = 1; i < 10; i++) {\n"
                        "    if (condition && (ab = getab()) != NULL) {\n"
                        "      a = ab->a;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "  }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "int f(int x) {\n"
                        "  struct AB *ab;\n"
                        "  if (x == 0) {\n"
                        "    ab = getab();\n"
                        "  }\n"
                        "  if (x == 0 && (ab != NULL || ab->a == 0)) { }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct A { int *x; };\n" // declarationId is 0 for "delete"
                        "void foo(void *info, void*p);\n"
                        "void bar(void) {\n"
                        "  struct A *delete = 0;\n"
                        "  foo( info, NULL );\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct ABC { int a; int b; int c; };\n"
                        "void foo(int x, const struct ABC *abc);\n"
                        "void bar(void) {\n"
                        "  struct ABC abc;\n"
                        "  foo(123, &abc);\n"
                        "  return abc.b;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: abc.a\n"
                      "[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: abc.b\n"
                      "[test.cpp:6]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: abc.b\n"
                      "[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: abc.c\n", errout.str());

        // return
        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    ab.a = 0;\n"
                        "    return ab.b;\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:5]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.b\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    ab.a = 0;\n"
                        "    return ab.a;\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // checkIfForWhileHead
        checkUninitVarB("struct FRED {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    int b;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "   struct FRED fred;\n"
                        "   fred.a = do_something();\n"
                        "   if (fred.a == 0) { }\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct FRED {\n"
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    int b;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "   struct FRED fred;\n"
                        "   fred.a = do_something();\n"
                        "   if (fred.b == 0) { }\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:9]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: fred.b\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct Fred { int a; };\n"
                        "void f() {\n"
                        "    struct Fred fred;\n"
                        "    if (fred.a==1) {}\n"
                        "}", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:4]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: fred.a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct S { int n; int m; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        " struct S s;\n"
                        " for (s.n = 0; s.n <= 10; s.n++) { }\n"
                        "}", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void test2() {\n"
                        "  struct { char type; } s_d;\n"
                        "  if (foo(&s_d.type)){}\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // for
        checkUninitVarB("struct AB { int a; };\n"
                        "void f() {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    while (x) { clear(ab); z = ab.a; }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; };\n"
                        "void f() {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    while (x) { ab.a = ab.a + 1; }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.a\n", errout.str());

        // address of member
        checkUninitVarB("struct AB { int a[10]; int b; };\n"
                        "void f() {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    int *p = ab.a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // non static data-member initialization
        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a=1; int b; };\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct AB ab;\n"
                        "    int a = ab.a;\n"
                        "    int b = ab.b;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.b\n", errout.str());

        // STL class member
        checkUninitVarB("struct A {\n"
                        "    std::map<int, int> m;\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void foo() {\n"
                        "    A a;\n"
                        "    x = a.m;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Unknown type (C++)
        checkUninitVarB("struct A {\n"
                        "    C m;\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void foo() {\n"
                        "    A a;\n"
                        "    x = a.m;\n"
                        "}", "test.cpp");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // Unknown type (C)
        checkUninitVar2("struct A {\n"
                        "    C m;\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void foo() {\n"
                        "    A a;\n"
                        "    x = a.m;\n"
                        "}", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:7]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: a.m\n", errout.str());

        // Type with constructor
        checkUninitVarB("class C { C(); }\n"
                        "struct A {\n"
                        "    C m;\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "void foo() {\n"
                        "    A a;\n"
                        "    x = a.m;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar2_while() {
        // for, while
        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    while (a) {\n"
                        "        x = x + 1;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    do {\n"
                        "        x = x + 1;\n"
                        "    } while (a);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    for (int x = x; x < 10; x++) {}\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:2]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    for (Element *ptr3 = ptr3->Next(); ptr3; ptr3 = ptr3->Next()) {}\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:2]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ptr3\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n" // #4911 - bad simplification => don't crash
                        "    int a;\n"
                        "    do { a=do_something() } while (a);\n"
                        "}\n", "test.cpp", /*verify=*/true, /*debugwarnings=*/true);
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (debug) ValueFlow bailout: variable a stopping on }\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    while (a) {\n"
                        "        init(&x);\n"
                        "        x++;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    while (a) {\n"
                        "        if (b) x++;\n"
                        "        else x = 0;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i += x) {\n"
                        "        x = y;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i += x) { }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f() {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    for (i=0;i<9;++i)\n"
                        "        if (foo()) return i;\n"
                        "    return 9;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    do {} while (!getvalue(&i));\n"
                        "    i++;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2(">{ x while (y) z int = }"); // #4175 : don't crash

        checkUninitVar2("int f(void) {\n"
                        "   int x;\n"
                        "   while (a()) {\n"  // <- condition must always be true or there will be problem
                        "       if (b()) {\n"
                        "           x = 1;\n"
                        "           break;"
                        "       }\n"
                        "   }\n"
                        "   return x;\n"
                        "}\n");
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("error", "", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("int f(void) {\n"
                        "   int x;\n"
                        "   while (a()) {\n"
                        "       if (b() && (x=1)) {\n"
                        "           return x;\n"
                        "       }\n"
                        "   }\n"
                        "   return 0;\n"
                        "}\n");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f(void) {\n"
                        "   int x;\n"
                        "   for (;;) {\n"
                        "       int a = x+1;\n"
                        "       do_something(a);\n"
                        "   }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: x\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct AB {int a; int b;};\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "   struct AB ab;\n"
                        "   while (true) {\n"
                        "       int a = 1+ab.a;\n"
                        "       do_something(a);\n"
                        "   }\n"
                        "}\n", "test.c");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.c:5]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ab\n"
                      "[test.c:5]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(int i) {\n" // #4569 fp
                        "    float *buffer;\n"
                        "    if(i>10) buffer = f;\n"
                        "    if(i>10) {\n"
                        "        for (int i=0;i<10;i++)\n"
                        "            buffer[i] = 0;\n" // <- fp
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(){\n" // #4519 - fp: inline assembler in loop
                        "    int x;\n"
                        "    for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {\n"
                        "        asm(\"foo\");\n"
                        "        if (x & 0xf1) { }\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("static void f(void) {\n"
                        "    struct ABC *abc;\n"
                        "    for (i = 0; i < 10; i++)\n"
                        "        x += sizeof(*abc);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(void) {\n" // #4879
                        "    int i;\n"
                        "    while (x) {\n"
                        "        for (i = 0; i < 5; i++)\n"
                        "            a[i] = b[i];\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(void) {\n" // #5658
                        "    struct Foo *foo;\n"
                        "    while (true) {\n"
                        "            foo = malloc(sizeof(*foo));\n"
                        "            foo->x = 0;\n"
                        "    }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(void) {\n"
                        "  int i;\n"
                        "  while (x) {\n"
                        "    for (i=0,y=i;;){}\n"
                        "  }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar2_4494() {
        checkUninitVar2("namespace N1 {\n"
                        "    class Fred {\n"
                        "    public:\n"
                        "        static void f1(char *p) { *p = 0; }\n"
                        "    };\n"
                        "    void fa(void) { char *p; Fred::f1(p); }\n"
                        "    void fb(void) { char *p; Fred::f2(p); }\n"
                        "    void fc(void) { char *p; ::N1::Fred::f1(p); }\n"
                        "    void fd(void) { char *p; ::N1::Fred::f2(p); }\n"
                        "}\n"
                        "namespace N2 {\n"
                        "    static void f1(char *p) { *p = 0; }\n"
                        "    void fa(void) { char *p; f1(p); }\n"
                        "    void fb(void) { char *p; f2(p); }\n"
                        "    void fc(void) { char *p; N1::Fred::f1(p); }\n"
                        "    void fd(void) { char *p; N1::Fred::f2(p); }\n"
                        "    void fe(void) { char *p; ::N1::Fred::f1(p); }\n"
                        "    void ff(void) { char *p; ::N1::Fred::f2(p); }\n"
                        "    void fg(void) { char *p; Foo::f1(p); }\n"
                        "    void fh(void) { char *p; Foo::f2(p); }\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:6]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n"
                      "[test.cpp:8]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n"
                      "[test.cpp:13]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n"
                      "[test.cpp:15]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n"
                      "[test.cpp:17]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("class Fred {\n"
                        "public:\n"
                        "    void f1(char *p) { *p = 0; }\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "Fred fred;\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    char *p;\n"
                        "    fred.f1(p);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:8]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("class Fred {\n"
                        "public:\n"
                        "    class Wilma {\n"
                        "    public:\n"
                        "        class Barney {\n"
                        "        public:\n"
                        "            class Betty {\n"
                        "            public:\n"
                        "                void f1(char *p) { *p = 0; }\n"
                        "            };\n"
                        "            Betty betty;\n"
                        "        };\n"
                        "        Barney barney;\n"
                        "    };\n"
                        "    Wilma wilma;\n"
                        "};\n"
                        "Fred fred;\n"
                        "void f(void) {\n"
                        "    char *p;\n"
                        "    fred.wilma.barney.betty.f1(p);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:20]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar2_malloc() {
        checkUninitVar2("int f() {\n"
                        "    int *p = malloc(40);\n"
                        "    return *p;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("int f() {\n"
                        "    int *p = malloc(40);\n"
                        "    var = *p;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "int f() {\n"
                        "    struct AB *ab = malloc(sizeof(struct AB));\n"
                        "    return ab->a;\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: ab\n"
                      "[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.a\n",
                      errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct t_udf_file {  int dir_left; };\n"
                        "\n"
                        "void f() {\n"
                        "  struct t_udf_file *newf;\n"
                        "  newf = malloc(sizeof(*newf));\n"
                        "  if (!newf) return 0;\n"
                        "}\n");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    char *s = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    if (s != NULL) { }\n"
                        "}\n");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    char *s = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    *s = x;\n"
                        "}\n");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    char *p = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    p || assert_failed();\n"
                        "}\n");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f() {\n"
                        "    char *p = malloc(100);\n"
                        "    x = p;\n"
                        "}\n");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // function parameter (treat it as initialized until malloc is used)
        checkUninitVar2("int f(int *p) {\n"
                        "    if (*p == 1) {}\n" // no error
                        "    p = malloc(256);\n"
                        "    return *p;\n" // error
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Memory is allocated but not initialized: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "int f(struct AB *ab) {\n"
                        "    if (ab->a == 1) {}\n" // no error
                        "    ab = malloc(sizeof(struct AB));\n"
                        "    return ab->a;\n" // error
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:5]: (error) Uninitialized struct member: ab.a\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("struct AB { int a; int b; };\n"
                        "void do_something(struct AB *ab);\n" // unknown function
                        "int f() {\n"
                        "    struct AB *ab = malloc(sizeof(struct AB));\n"
                        "    do_something(ab);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // analysis failed. varid 0.
        checkUninitVarB("void *vlc_custom_create (vlc_object_t *parent, size_t length, const char *typename) {\n"
                        "  assert (length >= sizeof (vlc_object_t));\n"
                        "}\n");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    void syntax_error() { // Ticket #5073
        // Nominal mode => No output
        checkUninitVar2("struct flex_array {};\n"
                        "struct cgroup_taskset {};\n"
                        "void cgroup_attach_task() {\n"
                        "  struct flex_array *group;\n"
                        "  struct cgroup_taskset tset = { };\n"
                        "  do { } while_each_thread(leader, tsk);\n"
                        "}", "test.cpp", /*verify=*/true, /*debugwarnings=*/false);
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        // --debug-warnings mode => Debug warning
        checkUninitVar2("struct flex_array {};\n"
                        "struct cgroup_taskset {};\n"
                        "void cgroup_attach_task() {\n"
                        "  struct flex_array *group;\n"
                        "  struct cgroup_taskset tset = { };\n"
                        "  do { } while_each_thread(leader, tsk);\n"
                        "}", "test.cpp", /*verify=*/true, /*debugwarnings=*/true);
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:6]: (debug) assertion failed '} while ('\n", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the clearerr function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_clearerr() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  FILE * pFile;\n"
                       "  clearerr (pFile);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: pFile\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(FILE * pFile) {\n"
                        "  clearerr (pFile);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the fclose function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_fclose() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  FILE * pFile;\n"
                       "  fclose (pFile);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: pFile\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(FILE * pFile) {\n"
                        "  fclose (pFile);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the fopen function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_fopen() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  char * filename;\n"
                       "  fopen (filename, \"w\");\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: filename\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  char * filename;\n"
                       "  char * mode;\n"
                       "  fopen (filename, mode);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: filename\n"
                      "[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: mode\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(FILE * name, char *mode) {\n"
                        "  fopen (name, mode);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the feof function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_feof() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  FILE * pFile;\n"
                       "  feof (pFile);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: pFile\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(FILE * pFile) {\n"
                        "  feof (pFile);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the ferror function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_ferror() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  FILE * pFile;\n"
                       "  ferror (pFile);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: pFile\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(FILE * pFile) {\n"
                        "  ferror (pFile);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the fflush function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_fflush() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  FILE * pFile;\n"
                       "  fflush (pFile);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: pFile\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(FILE * pFile) {\n"
                        "  fflush (pFile);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the fgetc function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_fgetc() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  FILE * pFile;\n"
                       "  fgetc (pFile);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: pFile\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(FILE * pFile) {\n"
                        "  fgetc (pFile);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the fgetpos function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_fgetpos() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  FILE * f;\n"
                       "  fpos_t * p;\n"
                       "  fgetpos (f, p);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: f\n"
                      "[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(FILE * f) {\n"
                        "  fpos_t p;"
                        "  fgetpos (f, &p);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(FILE * f, fpos_t *p) {\n"
                        "  fgetpos (f, p);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the fsetpos function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_fsetpos() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  FILE * f;\n"
                       "  fpos_t * p;\n"
                       "  fsetpos (f, p);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: f\n"
                      "[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void f(FILE * f) {\n"
                       "  fpos_t *p;"
                       "  fsetpos (f, p);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:2]: (error) Uninitialized variable: p\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(FILE * f, fpos_t *p) {\n"
                        "  fsetpos (f, p);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the fgets function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_fgets() {
        checkUninitVar("void f(FILE *f) {\n"
                       "  char *s;\n"
                       "  int n;\n"
                       "  fgets (s, n, f);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: n\n"
                      "[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: s\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar2("void f(char * s, int n) {\n"
                        "  FILE *f;\n"
                        "  fgets (s, n, f);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: f\n",errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(char * s, int n, FILE *f) {\n"
                        "  fgets (s, n, f);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the fputc function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_fputc() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  int c;\n"
                       "  FILE *f;"
                       "  fputc (c, f);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n"
                      "[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: f\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(int c, FILE *f) {\n"
                        "  fputc (c, f);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the fputs function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_fputs() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  char *c;\n"
                       "  FILE *f;"
                       "  fputs (c, f);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n"
                      "[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: f\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f(char *c, FILE *f) {\n"
                        "  fputs (c, f);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the ftell function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_ftell() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  FILE *f;"
                       "  ftell (f);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:2]: (error) Uninitialized variable: f\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f( FILE *f) {\n"
                        "  ftell (f);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the puts function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_puts() {
        checkUninitVar("void f() {\n"
                       "  char *c;"
                       "  puts (c);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:2]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f( char *c) {\n"
                        "  puts (c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the puts function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_putchar() {
        checkUninitVar2("void f() {\n"
                        "  char *c;"
                        "  putchar (*c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:2]: (error) Uninitialized variable: c\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void f( char *c) {\n"
                        "  putchar (*c);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the wcstombs function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_wcstombs() {
        // #6116 False positive uninitvar - first argument to wcstombs()
        checkUninitVarB("void f( wchar_t *wstr) {\n"
                        "  char buf[10];\n"
                        "  wcstombs (buf, wstr, 3);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
        checkUninitVarB("void f( char *str) {\n"
                        "  wchar_t wbuf[10];\n"
                        "  mbstowcs (wbuf, str, 3);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    // Test that the tmpnam function, defined in std.cfg is configured correctly.
    void stdcfg_tmpnam() {
        checkUninitVarB("void foo() {\n"
                        "  char buf[10];\n"
                        "  tmpnam(buf);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
        checkUninitVar2("void foo() {\n"
                        "  char *ptr;\n"
                        "  tmpnam(ptr);\n"
                        "}");
        TODO_ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: ptr\n", "", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar_posix_write() { // #6325
        // Load posix library file
        LOAD_LIB_2(settings.library, "posix.cfg");

        // check the first parameter of write
        checkUninitVar("void uninitvar(char *buf)\n"
                       "{\n"
                       "    int fd;\n"
                       "    write(fd, buf, sizeof(buf));\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:4]: (error) Uninitialized variable: fd\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void no_uninitvar(int fd, char *buf)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    write(fd, buf, 8);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());


        // check the second parameter of the posix function write
        checkUninitVar("void uninitvar() {\n"
                       "    char *buf;\n"
                       "    write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, sizeof(buf));\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: buf\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVar("void uninitvar() {\n"
                       "    char buf[2];\n"
                       "    write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, 2);\n"
                       "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: buf\n", errout.str());

        // avoid false positives
        checkUninitVarB("void no_uninitvar(char *buf) {\n"
                        "    write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, 8);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void no_uninitvar() {\n"
                        "    char buf[1] = {'c'};\n"
                        "    write(STDOUT_FILENO, &buf, 1);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());


        // check the third parameter of the posix function write
        checkUninitVar2("void uninitvar(char *buf) {\n"
                        "    int nbytes;\n"
                        "    write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, nbytes);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:3]: (error) Uninitialized variable: nbytes\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("void no_uninitvar(char *buf, int nbytes)\n"
                        "{\n"
                        "    write(STDOUT_FILENO, buf, nbytes);\n"
                        "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    void checkDeadPointer(const char code[]) {
        // Clear the error buffer..
        errout.str("");

        // Tokenize..
        Tokenizer tokenizer(&settings, this);
        std::istringstream istr(code);
        tokenizer.tokenize(istr, "test.cpp");
        tokenizer.simplifyTokenList2();

        // Check code..
        CheckUninitVar check(&tokenizer, &settings, this);
        check.deadPointer();
    }

    void deadPointer() {
        checkDeadPointer("void f() {\n"
                         "  int *p = p1;\n"
                         "  if (cond) {\n"
                         "    int x;\n"
                         "    p = &x;\n"
                         "  }\n"
                         "  *p = 0;\n"
                         "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:7]: (error) Dead pointer usage. Pointer 'p' is dead if it has been assigned '&x' at line 5.\n", errout.str());

        // FP: don't warn in subfunction
        checkDeadPointer("void f(struct KEY *key) {\n"
                         "  key->x = 0;\n"
                         "}\n"
                         "\n"
                         "int main() {\n"
                         "  struct KEY *tmp = 0;\n"
                         "  struct KEY k;\n"
                         "\n"
                         "  if (condition) {\n"
                         "    tmp = &k;\n"
                         "  } else {\n"
                         "  }\n"
                         "  f(tmp);\n"
                         "}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("", errout.str());
    }

    void uninitvar_posix_types() {
        checkUninitVarB("blkcnt_t* f() {blkcnt_t *b; return b;}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:1]: (error) Uninitialized variable: b\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("blkcnt_t f() {blkcnt_t b; return b;}");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:1]: (error) Uninitialized variable: b\n", errout.str());

        // dirent
        checkUninitVarB("char f()  { dirent d; return d.d_name[0]; }");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:1]: (error) Uninitialized variable: d\n", errout.str());

        checkUninitVarB("ino_t f2() { dirent d; return d.d_ino; }");
        ASSERT_EQUALS("[test.cpp:1]: (error) Uninitialized variable: d\n", errout.str());
    }
};

REGISTER_TEST(TestUninitVar)