cppcheck/man/writing-rules-3.docbook

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<info>
<title>Writing Cppcheck rules</title>
<subtitle>Part 3 - Introduction to writing rules with C++</subtitle>
<author>
<personname><firstname>Daniel</firstname><surname>Marjamäki</surname></personname>
<affiliation>
<orgname>Cppcheck</orgname>
</affiliation>
</author>
<pubdate>2011</pubdate>
</info>
<section>
<title>Introduction</title>
<para>The goal for this article is to introduce how
<literal>Cppcheck</literal> rules are written with C++. With C++ it is
possible to write more complex rules than is possible with regular
expressions.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Basics</title>
<para>A C++ rule is written in a C++ function.</para>
<para>Rules are organized into Check classes. For instance there is a
class with the name <literal>CheckStl</literal> that contains various stl
rules. The <literal>CheckOther</literal> can always be used if no other
class suits you.</para>
<para>When you have added your rule you must recompile Cppcheck before you
can test it.</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Division by zero</title>
<para>This simple regular expression will check for division by
zero:</para>
<programlisting>cppcheck --rule="/ 0"</programlisting>
<para>Here is the corresponding C++ check:</para>
<programlisting>// Detect division by zero
void CheckOther::divisionByZero()
{
// Loop through all tokens
for (const Token *tok = _tokenizer-&gt;tokens(); tok; tok = tok-&gt;next())
{
// check if there is a division by zero
if (Token::Match(tok, "/ 0"))
{
// report error
divisionByZeroError(tok);
}
}
}
// Report error
void CheckOther::divisionByZeroError()
{
reportError(tok, // location
Severity::error, // severity
"divisionByZero", // id
"Division by zero"); // message
}</programlisting>
<para>The <literal>Token::Match</literal> matches tokens against
expressions. A few rules about Token::Match expressions are:</para>
<itemizedlist>
<listitem>
<para>tokens are either completely matched or not matched at all. The
token "abc" is not matched by "ab".</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>Spaces are used as separators.</para>
</listitem>
<listitem>
<para>With normal regular expressions there are special meanings for +
* ? ( ). These are just normal characters in
<literal>Token::Match</literal> patterns.</para>
</listitem>
</itemizedlist>
</section>
<section>
<title>Condition before deallocation</title>
<para>In the first <literal>Writing rules</literal> article I described a
rule that looks for redundant conditions. Here is the regular expression
that was shown:</para>
<programlisting>if \( p \) { free \( p \) ; }</programlisting>
<para>The corresponding <literal>Token::Match</literal> expression
is:</para>
<programlisting>if ( %var% ) { free ( %var% ) ; }</programlisting>
<para>The <literal>%var%</literal> pattern match any variable name. Here
is a C++ function:</para>
<programlisting>// Find redundant condition before deallocation
void CheckOther::dealloc()
{
// Loop through all tokens
for (const Token *tok = _tokenizer-&gt;tokens(); tok; tok = tok-&gt;next())
{
// Is there a condition and a deallocation?
if (Token::Match(tok, "if ( %var% ) { free ( %var% ) ; }"))
{
// Get variable name used in condition:
const std::string varname1 = tok-&gt;strAt(2);
// Get variable name used in deallocation:
const std::string varname2 = tok-&gt;strAt(7);
// Is the same variable used?
if (varname1 == varname2)
{
// report warning
deallocWarning(tok);
}
}
}
}
// Report warning
void CheckOther::deallocWarning()
{
reportError(tok, // location
Severity::warning, // severity
"dealloc", // id
"Redundant condition"); // message
}</programlisting>
<para>The strAt function is used to fetch strings from the token list. The
parameter specifies the token offset. The result for "tok-&gt;tokAt(1)" is
the same as for "tok-&gt;next()".</para>
</section>
<section>
<title>Validate function parameters</title>
<para>Sometimes it is known that a function can't handle certain
parameters. Here is an example rule that checks that the parameters for
strtol or strtoul are valid:</para>
<programlisting>//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// strtol(str, 0, radix) &lt;- radix must be 0 or 2-36
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CheckOther::invalidFunctionUsage()
{
// Loop through all tokens
for (const Token *tok = _tokenizer-&gt;tokens(); tok; tok = tok-&gt;next())
{
// Is there a function call for strtol or strtoul?
if (!Token::Match(tok, "strtol|strtoul ("))
continue;
// Locate the third parameter of the function call..
// Counter that counts the parameters.
int param = 1;
// Scan the function call tokens. The "tok-&gt;tokAt(2)" returns
// the token after the "("
for (const Token *tok2 = tok-&gt;tokAt(2); tok2; tok2 = tok2-&gt;next())
{
// If a "(" is found then jump to the corresponding ")"
if (tok2-&gt;str() == "(")
tok2 = tok2-&gt;link();
// End of function call.
else if (tok2-&gt;str() == ")")
break;
// Found a ",". increment param counter
else if (tok2-&gt;str() == ",")
{
++param;
// If the param is 3 then check if the parameter is valid
if (param == 3)
{
if (Token::Match(tok2, ", %num% )"))
{
// convert next token into a number
MathLib::bigint radix;
radix = MathLib::toLongNumber(tok2-&gt;strAt(1));
// invalid radix?
if (!(radix == 0 || (radix &gt;= 2 &amp;&amp; radix &lt;= 36)))
{
dangerousUsageStrtolError(tok2);
}
}
break;
}
}
}
}
}
void CheckOther::dangerousUsageStrtolError(const Token *tok)
{
reportError(tok, // location
Severity::error, // severity
"dangerousUsageStrtol", // id
"Invalid radix"); // message
}</programlisting>
<para>The link() member function is used to find the corresponding ( ) [ ]
or { } token.</para>
<para>The inner loop is not necessary if you just want to get the last
parameter. This code will check if the last parameter is
numerical..</para>
<programlisting>..
// Is there a function call?
if (!Token::Match(tok, "do_something ("))
continue;
if (Token::Match(tok-&gt;next()-&gt;link()-&gt;tokAt(-2), "(|, %num% )"))
...</programlisting>
<para>The pattern <literal>(|,</literal> can also be written as
<literal>[(,]</literal>.</para>
</section>
</article>