/*
* Cppcheck - A tool for static C/C++ code analysis
* Copyright (C) 2007-2020 Cppcheck team.
*
* This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
* the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
* (at your option) any later version.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program. If not, see .
*/
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Auto variables checks
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
#include "checkautovariables.h"
#include "astutils.h"
#include "library.h"
#include "settings.h"
#include "symboldatabase.h"
#include "token.h"
#include "tokenize.h"
#include "valueflow.h"
#include
#include
#include
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Register this check class into cppcheck by creating a static instance of it..
namespace {
CheckAutoVariables instance;
}
static const CWE CWE398(398U); // Indicator of Poor Code Quality
static const CWE CWE562(562U); // Return of Stack Variable Address
static const CWE CWE590(590U); // Free of Memory not on the Heap
static bool isPtrArg(const Token *tok)
{
const Variable *var = tok->variable();
return (var && var->isArgument() && var->isPointer());
}
static bool isArrayArg(const Token *tok)
{
const Variable *var = tok->variable();
return (var && var->isArgument() && var->isArray());
}
static bool isArrayVar(const Token *tok)
{
const Variable *var = tok->variable();
return (var && var->isArray());
}
static bool isRefPtrArg(const Token *tok)
{
const Variable *var = tok->variable();
return (var && var->isArgument() && var->isReference() && var->isPointer());
}
static bool isNonReferenceArg(const Token *tok)
{
const Variable *var = tok->variable();
return (var && var->isArgument() && !var->isReference() && (var->isPointer() || (var->valueType() && var->valueType()->type >= ValueType::Type::CONTAINER) || var->type()));
}
static bool isAutoVar(const Token *tok)
{
const Variable *var = tok->variable();
if (!var || !var->isLocal() || var->isStatic())
return false;
if (var->isReference()) {
// address of reference variable can be taken if the address
// of the variable it points at is not a auto-var
// TODO: check what the reference variable references.
return false;
}
if (Token::Match(tok, "%name% .|::")) {
do {
tok = tok->tokAt(2);
} while (Token::Match(tok, "%name% .|::"));
if (Token::Match(tok, "%name% ("))
return false;
}
return true;
}
static bool isAutoVarArray(const Token *tok)
{
if (!tok)
return false;
// &x[..]
if (tok->isUnaryOp("&") && Token::simpleMatch(tok->astOperand1(), "["))
return isAutoVarArray(tok->astOperand1()->astOperand1());
// x+y
if (tok->str() == "+")
return isAutoVarArray(tok->astOperand1()) || isAutoVarArray(tok->astOperand2());
// x-intexpr
if (tok->str() == "-")
return isAutoVarArray(tok->astOperand1()) &&
tok->astOperand2() &&
tok->astOperand2()->valueType() &&
tok->astOperand2()->valueType()->isIntegral();
const Variable *var = tok->variable();
if (!var)
return false;
// Variable
if (var->isLocal() && !var->isStatic() && var->isArray() && !var->isPointer())
return true;
// ValueFlow
if (var->isPointer() && !var->isArgument()) {
for (std::list::const_iterator it = tok->values().begin(); it != tok->values().end(); ++it) {
const ValueFlow::Value &val = *it;
if (val.isTokValue() && isAutoVarArray(val.tokvalue))
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
// Verification that we really take the address of a local variable
static bool checkRvalueExpression(const Token * const vartok)
{
const Variable * const var = vartok->variable();
if (var == nullptr)
return false;
if (Token::Match(vartok->previous(), "& %name% [") && var->isPointer())
return false;
const Token * const next = vartok->next();
// &a.b[0]
if (Token::Match(vartok, "%name% . %var% [") && !var->isPointer()) {
const Variable *var2 = next->next()->variable();
return var2 && !var2->isPointer();
}
return ((next->str() != "." || (!var->isPointer() && (!var->isClass() || var->type()))) && next->strAt(2) != ".");
}
static bool isAddressOfLocalVariable(const Token *expr)
{
if (!expr)
return false;
if (Token::Match(expr, "+|-"))
return isAddressOfLocalVariable(expr->astOperand1()) || isAddressOfLocalVariable(expr->astOperand2());
if (expr->isCast())
return isAddressOfLocalVariable(expr->astOperand2() ? expr->astOperand2() : expr->astOperand1());
if (expr->isUnaryOp("&")) {
const Token *op = expr->astOperand1();
bool deref = false;
while (Token::Match(op, ".|[")) {
if (op->originalName() == "->")
return false;
if (op->str() == "[")
deref = true;
op = op->astOperand1();
}
return op && isAutoVar(op) && (!deref || !op->variable()->isPointer());
}
return false;
}
static bool variableIsUsedInScope(const Token* start, nonneg int varId, const Scope *scope)
{
if (!start) // Ticket #5024
return false;
for (const Token *tok = start; tok && tok != scope->bodyEnd; tok = tok->next()) {
if (tok->varId() == varId)
return true;
const Scope::ScopeType scopeType = tok->scope()->type;
if (scopeType == Scope::eFor || scopeType == Scope::eDo || scopeType == Scope::eWhile) // In case of loops, better checking would be necessary
return true;
if (Token::simpleMatch(tok, "asm ("))
return true;
}
return false;
}
void CheckAutoVariables::assignFunctionArg()
{
const bool printStyle = mSettings->isEnabled(Settings::STYLE);
const bool printWarning = mSettings->isEnabled(Settings::WARNING);
if (!printStyle && !printWarning)
return;
const SymbolDatabase *symbolDatabase = mTokenizer->getSymbolDatabase();
for (const Scope * scope : symbolDatabase->functionScopes) {
for (const Token *tok = scope->bodyStart; tok && tok != scope->bodyEnd; tok = tok->next()) {
// TODO: What happens if this is removed?
if (tok->astParent())
continue;
if (!(tok->isAssignmentOp() || Token::Match(tok, "++|--")) || !Token::Match(tok->astOperand1(), "%var%"))
continue;
const Token* const vartok = tok->astOperand1();
if (isNonReferenceArg(vartok) &&
!Token::Match(vartok->next(), "= %varid% ;", vartok->varId()) &&
!variableIsUsedInScope(Token::findsimplematch(vartok->next(), ";"), vartok->varId(), scope) &&
!Token::findsimplematch(vartok, "goto", scope->bodyEnd)) {
if (vartok->variable()->isPointer() && printWarning)
errorUselessAssignmentPtrArg(vartok);
else if (printStyle)
errorUselessAssignmentArg(vartok);
}
}
}
}
void CheckAutoVariables::autoVariables()
{
const bool printInconclusive = mSettings->inconclusive;
const SymbolDatabase *symbolDatabase = mTokenizer->getSymbolDatabase();
for (const Scope * scope : symbolDatabase->functionScopes) {
for (const Token *tok = scope->bodyStart; tok && tok != scope->bodyEnd; tok = tok->next()) {
// Skip lambda..
if (const Token *lambdaEndToken = findLambdaEndToken(tok)) {
tok = lambdaEndToken;
continue;
}
// Critical assignment
if (Token::Match(tok, "[;{}] %var% = & %var%") && isRefPtrArg(tok->next()) && isAutoVar(tok->tokAt(4))) {
if (checkRvalueExpression(tok->tokAt(4)))
errorAutoVariableAssignment(tok->next(), false);
} else if (Token::Match(tok, "[;{}] * %var% =") && isPtrArg(tok->tokAt(2)) && isAddressOfLocalVariable(tok->tokAt(3)->astOperand2())) {
errorAutoVariableAssignment(tok->next(), false);
} else if (Token::Match(tok, "[;{}] %var% . %var% =") && isPtrArg(tok->next()) && isAddressOfLocalVariable(tok->tokAt(4)->astOperand2())) {
errorAutoVariableAssignment(tok->next(), false);
} else if (Token::Match(tok, "[;{}] %var% . %var% = %var% ;")) {
// TODO: check if the parameter is only changed temporarily (#2969)
if (printInconclusive && isPtrArg(tok->next())) {
if (isAutoVarArray(tok->tokAt(5)))
errorAutoVariableAssignment(tok->next(), true);
}
tok = tok->tokAt(5);
} else if (Token::Match(tok, "[;{}] * %var% = %var% ;")) {
const Variable * var1 = tok->tokAt(2)->variable();
if (var1 && var1->isArgument() && Token::Match(var1->nameToken()->tokAt(-3), "%type% * *")) {
if (isAutoVarArray(tok->tokAt(4)))
errorAutoVariableAssignment(tok->next(), false);
}
tok = tok->tokAt(4);
} else if (Token::Match(tok, "[;{}] %var% [") && Token::simpleMatch(tok->linkAt(2), "] =") &&
(isPtrArg(tok->next()) || isArrayArg(tok->next())) && isAddressOfLocalVariable(tok->linkAt(2)->next()->astOperand2())) {
errorAutoVariableAssignment(tok->next(), false);
}
// Invalid pointer deallocation
else if ((Token::Match(tok, "%name% ( %var% ) ;") && mSettings->library.getDeallocFuncInfo(tok)) ||
(mTokenizer->isCPP() && Token::Match(tok, "delete [| ]| (| %var% !!["))) {
tok = Token::findmatch(tok->next(), "%var%");
if (isArrayVar(tok))
errorInvalidDeallocation(tok, nullptr);
else if (tok && tok->variable() && tok->variable()->isPointer()) {
for (const ValueFlow::Value &v : tok->values()) {
if (!(v.isTokValue()))
continue;
if (isArrayVar(v.tokvalue)) {
errorInvalidDeallocation(tok, &v);
break;
}
}
}
} else if ((Token::Match(tok, "%name% ( & %var% ) ;") && mSettings->library.getDeallocFuncInfo(tok)) ||
(mTokenizer->isCPP() && Token::Match(tok, "delete [| ]| (| & %var% !!["))) {
tok = Token::findmatch(tok->next(), "%var%");
if (isAutoVar(tok))
errorInvalidDeallocation(tok, nullptr);
}
}
}
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
void CheckAutoVariables::errorReturnAddressToAutoVariable(const Token *tok)
{
reportError(tok, Severity::error, "returnAddressOfAutoVariable", "Address of an auto-variable returned.", CWE562, false);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorReturnAddressToAutoVariable(const Token *tok, const ValueFlow::Value *value)
{
reportError(tok, Severity::error, "returnAddressOfAutoVariable", "Address of auto-variable '" + value->tokvalue->astOperand1()->expressionString() + "' returned", CWE562, false);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorReturnPointerToLocalArray(const Token *tok)
{
reportError(tok, Severity::error, "returnLocalVariable", "Pointer to local array variable returned.", CWE562, false);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorAutoVariableAssignment(const Token *tok, bool inconclusive)
{
if (!inconclusive) {
reportError(tok, Severity::error, "autoVariables",
"Address of local auto-variable assigned to a function parameter.\n"
"Dangerous assignment - the function parameter is assigned the address of a local "
"auto-variable. Local auto-variables are reserved from the stack which "
"is freed when the function ends. So the pointer to a local variable "
"is invalid after the function ends.", CWE562, false);
} else {
reportError(tok, Severity::error, "autoVariables",
"Address of local auto-variable assigned to a function parameter.\n"
"Function parameter is assigned the address of a local auto-variable. "
"Local auto-variables are reserved from the stack which is freed when "
"the function ends. The address is invalid after the function ends and it "
"might 'leak' from the function through the parameter.",
CWE562,
true);
}
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorReturnAddressOfFunctionParameter(const Token *tok, const std::string &varname)
{
reportError(tok, Severity::error, "returnAddressOfFunctionParameter",
"$symbol:" + varname + "\n"
"Address of function parameter '$symbol' returned.\n"
"Address of the function parameter '$symbol' becomes invalid after the function exits because "
"function parameters are stored on the stack which is freed when the function exits. Thus the returned "
"value is invalid.", CWE562, false);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorUselessAssignmentArg(const Token *tok)
{
reportError(tok,
Severity::style,
"uselessAssignmentArg",
"Assignment of function parameter has no effect outside the function.", CWE398, false);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorUselessAssignmentPtrArg(const Token *tok)
{
reportError(tok,
Severity::warning,
"uselessAssignmentPtrArg",
"Assignment of function parameter has no effect outside the function. Did you forget dereferencing it?", CWE398, false);
}
//---------------------------------------------------------------------------
static bool astHasAutoResult(const Token *tok)
{
if (tok->astOperand1() && !astHasAutoResult(tok->astOperand1()))
return false;
if (tok->astOperand2() && !astHasAutoResult(tok->astOperand2()))
return false;
if (tok->isOp()) {
if (tok->tokType() == Token::eIncDecOp)
return false;
if ((tok->str() == "<<" || tok->str() == ">>") && tok->astOperand1()) {
const Token* tok2 = tok->astOperand1();
while (tok2 && tok2->isUnaryOp("*"))
tok2 = tok2->astOperand1();
return tok2 && tok2->variable() && !tok2->variable()->isClass() && !tok2->variable()->isStlType(); // Class or unknown type on LHS: Assume it is a stream
}
return true;
}
if (tok->isLiteral())
return true;
if (tok->isName()) {
// TODO: check function calls, struct members, arrays, etc also
if (!tok->variable())
return false;
if (tok->variable()->isStlType())
return true;
if (tok->variable()->isClass() || tok->variable()->isPointer() || tok->variable()->isReference()) // TODO: Properly handle pointers/references to classes in symbol database
return false;
return true;
}
return false;
}
static bool isInScope(const Token * tok, const Scope * scope)
{
if (!tok)
return false;
if (!scope)
return false;
const Variable * var = tok->variable();
if (var && (var->isGlobal() || var->isStatic() || var->isExtern()))
return false;
if (tok->scope() && tok->scope()->isNestedIn(scope))
return true;
if (!var)
return false;
if (var->isArgument() && !var->isReference()) {
const Scope * tokScope = tok->scope();
if (!tokScope)
return false;
for (const Scope * argScope:tokScope->nestedList) {
if (argScope && argScope->isNestedIn(scope))
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
static bool isDeadScope(const Token * tok, const Scope * scope)
{
if (!tok)
return false;
if (!scope)
return false;
const Variable * var = tok->variable();
if (var && (!var->isLocal() || var->isStatic() || var->isExtern()))
return false;
if (tok->scope() && tok->scope()->bodyEnd != scope->bodyEnd && precedes(tok->scope()->bodyEnd, scope->bodyEnd))
return true;
return false;
}
static int getPointerDepth(const Token *tok)
{
if (!tok)
return 0;
return tok->valueType() ? tok->valueType()->pointer : 0;
}
static bool isDeadTemporary(bool cpp, const Token* tok, const Token* expr, const Library* library)
{
if (!isTemporary(cpp, tok, library))
return false;
if (expr) {
if (!precedes(nextAfterAstRightmostLeaf(tok->astTop()), nextAfterAstRightmostLeaf(expr->astTop())))
return false;
const Token* parent = tok->astParent();
// Is in a for loop
if (astIsRHS(tok) && Token::simpleMatch(parent, ":") && Token::simpleMatch(parent->astParent(), "(") && Token::simpleMatch(parent->astParent()->previous(), "for (")) {
const Token* braces = parent->astParent()->link()->next();
if (precedes(braces, expr) && precedes(expr, braces->link()))
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
static bool isEscapedReference(const Variable* var)
{
if (!var)
return false;
if (!var->isReference())
return false;
if (!var->declEndToken())
return false;
if (!Token::simpleMatch(var->declEndToken(), "="))
return false;
const Token* vartok = var->declEndToken()->astOperand2();
return !isTemporary(true, vartok, nullptr, false);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::checkVarLifetimeScope(const Token * start, const Token * end)
{
if (!start)
return;
const Scope * scope = start->scope();
if (!scope)
return;
// If the scope is not set correctly then skip checking it
if (scope->bodyStart != start)
return;
bool returnRef = Function::returnsReference(scope->function);
for (const Token *tok = start; tok && tok != end; tok = tok->next()) {
// Return reference from function
if (returnRef && Token::simpleMatch(tok->astParent(), "return")) {
for (const LifetimeToken& lt : getLifetimeTokens(tok, true)) {
const Variable* var = lt.token->variable();
if (var && !var->isGlobal() && !var->isStatic() && !var->isReference() && !var->isRValueReference() &&
isInScope(var->nameToken(), tok->scope())) {
errorReturnReference(tok, lt.errorPath, lt.inconclusive);
break;
} else if (isDeadTemporary(mTokenizer->isCPP(), lt.token, nullptr, &mSettings->library)) {
errorReturnTempReference(tok, lt.errorPath, lt.inconclusive);
break;
}
}
// Assign reference to non-local variable
} else if (Token::Match(tok->previous(), "&|&& %var% =") && tok->astParent() == tok->next() &&
tok->variable() && tok->variable()->nameToken() == tok &&
tok->variable()->declarationId() == tok->varId() && tok->variable()->isStatic() &&
!tok->variable()->isArgument()) {
ErrorPath errorPath;
const Variable *var = getLifetimeVariable(tok, errorPath);
if (var && isInScope(var->nameToken(), tok->scope())) {
errorDanglingReference(tok, var, errorPath);
continue;
}
}
for (const ValueFlow::Value& val:tok->values()) {
if (!val.isLocalLifetimeValue())
continue;
const bool escape = Token::Match(tok->astParent(), "return|throw");
for (const LifetimeToken& lt : getLifetimeTokens(getParentLifetime(val.tokvalue), escape)) {
const Token * tokvalue = lt.token;
if (escape) {
if (getPointerDepth(tok) < getPointerDepth(tokvalue))
continue;
if (!isLifetimeBorrowed(tok, mSettings))
continue;
if ((tokvalue->variable() && !isEscapedReference(tokvalue->variable()) &&
isInScope(tokvalue->variable()->nameToken(), scope)) ||
isDeadTemporary(mTokenizer->isCPP(), tokvalue, tok, &mSettings->library)) {
errorReturnDanglingLifetime(tok, &val);
break;
}
} else if (tokvalue->variable() && isDeadScope(tokvalue->variable()->nameToken(), tok->scope())) {
errorInvalidLifetime(tok, &val);
break;
} else if (!tokvalue->variable() &&
isDeadTemporary(mTokenizer->isCPP(), tokvalue, tok, &mSettings->library)) {
errorDanglingTemporaryLifetime(tok, &val);
break;
} else if (tokvalue->variable() && isInScope(tokvalue->variable()->nameToken(), tok->scope())) {
const Variable * var = nullptr;
const Token * tok2 = tok;
if (Token::simpleMatch(tok->astParent(), "=")) {
if (tok->astParent()->astOperand2() == tok) {
var = getLHSVariable(tok->astParent());
tok2 = tok->astParent()->astOperand1();
}
} else if (tok->variable() && tok->variable()->declarationId() == tok->varId()) {
var = tok->variable();
}
if (!isLifetimeBorrowed(tok, mSettings))
continue;
if (var && !var->isLocal() && !var->isArgument() && !isVariableChanged(tok->next(), tok->scope()->bodyEnd, var->declarationId(), var->isGlobal(), mSettings, mTokenizer->isCPP())) {
errorDanglngLifetime(tok2, &val);
break;
}
}
}
}
const Token *lambdaEndToken = findLambdaEndToken(tok);
if (lambdaEndToken) {
checkVarLifetimeScope(lambdaEndToken->link(), lambdaEndToken);
tok = lambdaEndToken;
}
if (tok->str() == "{" && tok->scope()) {
// Check functions in local classes
if (tok->scope()->type == Scope::eClass ||
tok->scope()->type == Scope::eStruct ||
tok->scope()->type == Scope::eUnion) {
for (const Function& f:tok->scope()->functionList) {
if (f.functionScope)
checkVarLifetimeScope(f.functionScope->bodyStart, f.functionScope->bodyEnd);
}
tok = tok->link();
}
}
}
}
void CheckAutoVariables::checkVarLifetime()
{
const SymbolDatabase *symbolDatabase = mTokenizer->getSymbolDatabase();
for (const Scope * scope : symbolDatabase->functionScopes) {
if (!scope->function)
continue;
checkVarLifetimeScope(scope->bodyStart, scope->bodyEnd);
}
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorReturnDanglingLifetime(const Token *tok, const ValueFlow::Value *val)
{
const bool inconclusive = val ? val->isInconclusive() : false;
ErrorPath errorPath = val ? val->errorPath : ErrorPath();
std::string msg = "Returning " + lifetimeMessage(tok, val, errorPath);
errorPath.emplace_back(tok, "");
reportError(errorPath, Severity::error, "returnDanglingLifetime", msg + " that will be invalid when returning.", CWE562, inconclusive);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorInvalidLifetime(const Token *tok, const ValueFlow::Value* val)
{
const bool inconclusive = val ? val->isInconclusive() : false;
ErrorPath errorPath = val ? val->errorPath : ErrorPath();
std::string msg = "Using " + lifetimeMessage(tok, val, errorPath);
errorPath.emplace_back(tok, "");
reportError(errorPath, Severity::error, "invalidLifetime", msg + " that is out of scope.", CWE562, inconclusive);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorDanglingTemporaryLifetime(const Token* tok, const ValueFlow::Value* val)
{
const bool inconclusive = val ? val->isInconclusive() : false;
ErrorPath errorPath = val ? val->errorPath : ErrorPath();
std::string msg = "Using " + lifetimeMessage(tok, val, errorPath);
errorPath.emplace_back(tok, "");
reportError(errorPath, Severity::error, "danglingTemporaryLifetime", msg + " to temporary.", CWE562, inconclusive);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorDanglngLifetime(const Token *tok, const ValueFlow::Value *val)
{
const bool inconclusive = val ? val->isInconclusive() : false;
ErrorPath errorPath = val ? val->errorPath : ErrorPath();
std::string tokName = tok ? tok->expressionString() : "x";
std::string msg = "Non-local variable '" + tokName + "' will use " + lifetimeMessage(tok, val, errorPath);
errorPath.emplace_back(tok, "");
reportError(errorPath, Severity::error, "danglingLifetime", msg + ".", CWE562, inconclusive);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorReturnReference(const Token* tok, ErrorPath errorPath, bool inconclusive)
{
errorPath.emplace_back(tok, "");
reportError(
errorPath, Severity::error, "returnReference", "Reference to local variable returned.", CWE562, inconclusive);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorDanglingReference(const Token *tok, const Variable *var, ErrorPath errorPath)
{
std::string tokName = tok ? tok->str() : "x";
std::string varName = var ? var->name() : "y";
std::string msg = "Non-local reference variable '" + tokName + "' to local variable '" + varName + "'";
errorPath.emplace_back(tok, "");
reportError(errorPath, Severity::error, "danglingReference", msg, CWE562, false);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorReturnTempReference(const Token* tok, ErrorPath errorPath, bool inconclusive)
{
errorPath.emplace_back(tok, "");
reportError(
errorPath, Severity::error, "returnTempReference", "Reference to temporary returned.", CWE562, inconclusive);
}
void CheckAutoVariables::errorInvalidDeallocation(const Token *tok, const ValueFlow::Value *val)
{
const Variable *var = val ? val->tokvalue->variable() : (tok ? tok->variable() : nullptr);
std::string type = "auto-variable";
if (var) {
if (var->isGlobal())
type = "global variable";
else if (var->isStatic())
type = "static variable";
}
if (val)
type += " (" + val->tokvalue->str() + ")";
reportError(getErrorPath(tok, val, "Deallocating memory that was not dynamically allocated"),
Severity::error,
"autovarInvalidDeallocation",
"Deallocation of an " + type + " results in undefined behaviour.\n"
"The deallocation of an " + type + " results in undefined behaviour. You should only free memory "
"that has been allocated dynamically.", CWE590, false);
}