diff --git a/src/hb-ft-colr.hh b/src/hb-ft-colr.hh
index 6af0cdbd0..4ae4412b8 100644
--- a/src/hb-ft-colr.hh
+++ b/src/hb-ft-colr.hh
@@ -334,78 +334,59 @@ _hb_ft_paint (hb_ft_paint_context_t *c,
     break;
     case FT_COLR_PAINTFORMAT_TRANSLATE:
     {
-      c->funcs->push_transform (c->data,
-				0.f, 0.f, 0.f, 0.f,
-				paint.u.translate.dx / 65536.f,
-				paint.u.translate.dy / 65536.f);
+      float dx = paint.u.translate.dx / 65536.f;
+      float dy = paint.u.translate.dy / 65536.f;
+
+      c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, dx, dy);
       c->recurse (paint.u.translate.paint);
-      c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+      c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, dx, dy);
     }
     break;
     case FT_COLR_PAINTFORMAT_SCALE:
     {
-      bool has_translate = paint.u.scale.center_x != 0 || paint.u.scale.center_y != 0;
-      if (has_translate)
-        c->funcs->push_transform (c->data,
-				  1.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f,
-				  +paint.u.scale.center_x / 65536.f,
-				  +paint.u.scale.center_y / 65536.f);
-      c->funcs->push_transform (c->data,
-				paint.u.scale.scale_x / 65536.f,
-				0.f, 0.f,
-				paint.u.scale.scale_y / 65536.f,
-				0.f, 0.f);
-      if (has_translate)
-        c->funcs->push_transform (c->data,
-				  1.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f,
-				  -paint.u.scale.center_x / 65536.f,
-				  -paint.u.scale.center_y / 65536.f);
+      float dx = paint.u.scale.center_x / 65536.f;
+      float dy = paint.u.scale.center_y / 65536.f;
+      float sx = paint.u.scale.scale_x / 65536.f;
+      float sy = paint.u.scale.scale_y / 65536.f;
+
+      c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, +dx, +dy);
+      c->funcs->push_scale (c->data, sx, sy);
+      c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, -dx, -dy);
       c->recurse (paint.u.scale.paint);
-      c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-      if (has_translate)
-      {
-        c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-        c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-      }
+      c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, -dx, -dy);
+      c->funcs->pop_scale (c->data, sx, sy);
+      c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, +dx, +dy);
     }
     break;
     case FT_COLR_PAINTFORMAT_ROTATE:
     {
+      float dx = paint.u.rotate.center_x / 65536.f;
+      float dy = paint.u.rotate.center_y / 65536.f;
       float a = paint.u.rotate.angle / 65536.f;
-      float cc = cosf (a * (float) M_PI);
-      float ss = sinf (a * (float) M_PI);
-      c->funcs->push_transform (c->data,
-				1.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f,
-				+paint.u.rotate.center_x / 65536.f,
-				+paint.u.rotate.center_y / 65536.f);
-      c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, cc, ss, -ss, cc, 0., 0.);
-      c->funcs->push_transform (c->data,
-				1.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f,
-				-paint.u.rotate.center_x / 65536.f,
-				-paint.u.rotate.center_y / 65536.f);
+
+      c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, +dx, +dy);
+      c->funcs->push_rotate (c->data, a);
+      c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, -dx, -dy);
       c->recurse (paint.u.rotate.paint);
-      c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-      c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-      c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+      c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, -dx, -dy);
+      c->funcs->pop_rotate (c->data, a);
+      c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, +dx, +dy);
     }
     break;
     case FT_COLR_PAINTFORMAT_SKEW:
     {
-      float x = +tanf (paint.u.skew.x_skew_angle / 65536.f * (float) M_PI);
-      float y = -tanf (paint.u.skew.y_skew_angle / 65536.f * (float) M_PI);
-      c->funcs->push_transform (c->data,
-				1.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f,
-				+paint.u.skew.center_x / 65536.f,
-				+paint.u.skew.center_y / 65536.f);
-      c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, 1., y, x, 1., 0., 0.);
-      c->funcs->push_transform (c->data,
-				1.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f,
-				-paint.u.skew.center_x / 65536.f,
-				-paint.u.skew.center_y / 65536.f);
+      float dx = paint.u.skew.center_x / 65536.f;
+      float dy = paint.u.skew.center_y / 65536.f;
+      float sx = paint.u.skew.x_skew_angle / 65536.f;
+      float sy = paint.u.skew.y_skew_angle / 65536.f;
+
+      c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, +dx, +dy);
+      c->funcs->push_skew (c->data, sx, sy);
+      c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, -dx, -dy);
       c->recurse (paint.u.skew.paint);
-      c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-      c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-      c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+      c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, -dx, -dy);
+      c->funcs->pop_skew (c->data, sx, sy);
+      c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, +dx, +dy);
     }
     break;
     case FT_COLR_PAINTFORMAT_COMPOSITE:
diff --git a/src/hb-ot-color-colr-table.hh b/src/hb-ot-color-colr-table.hh
index dc590e3da..e26e0db51 100644
--- a/src/hb-ot-color-colr-table.hh
+++ b/src/hb-ot-color-colr-table.hh
@@ -885,12 +885,12 @@ struct PaintTranslate
 
   void paint_glyph (hb_paint_context_t *c, uint32_t varIdxBase) const
   {
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data,
-			      1., 0., 0., 1.,
-			      dx + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0),
-			      dy + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0));
+    float ddx = dx + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0);
+    float ddy = dy + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 1);
+
+    c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, ddx, ddy);
     c->recurse (this+src);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+    c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, ddx, ddy);
   }
 
   HBUINT8		format; /* format = 14(noVar) or 15 (Var) */
@@ -922,13 +922,12 @@ struct PaintScale
 
   void paint_glyph (hb_paint_context_t *c, uint32_t varIdxBase) const
   {
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data,
-			      scaleX.to_float (c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0)),
-			      0., 0.,
-			      scaleY.to_float (c->instancer (varIdxBase, 1)),
-			      0., 0.);
+    float sx = scaleX.to_float (c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0));
+    float sy = scaleY.to_float (c->instancer (varIdxBase, 1));
+
+    c->funcs->push_scale (c->data, sx, sy);
     c->recurse (this+src);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+    c->funcs->pop_scale (c->data, sx, sy);
   }
 
   HBUINT8		format; /* format = 16 (noVar) or 17(Var) */
@@ -960,19 +959,18 @@ struct PaintScaleAroundCenter
 
   void paint_glyph (hb_paint_context_t *c, uint32_t varIdxBase) const
   {
+    float sx = scaleX.to_float (c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0));
+    float sy = scaleY.to_float (c->instancer (varIdxBase, 1));
     float tCenterX = centerX + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 2);
     float tCenterY = centerY + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 3);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, 0., 0., 0., 0., +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data,
-			      scaleX.to_float (c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0)),
-			      0., 0.,
-			      scaleY.to_float (c->instancer (varIdxBase, 1)),
-			      0., 0.);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, 0., 0., 0., 0., -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
+
+    c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
+    c->funcs->push_scale (c->data, sx, sy);
+    c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
     c->recurse (this+src);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+    c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
+    c->funcs->pop_scale (c->data, sx, sy);
+    c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
   }
 
   HBUINT8		format; /* format = 18 (noVar) or 19(Var) */
@@ -1007,9 +1005,10 @@ struct PaintScaleUniform
   void paint_glyph (hb_paint_context_t *c, uint32_t varIdxBase) const
   {
     float s = scale + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, s, 0., 0., s, 0., 0.);
+
+    c->funcs->push_scale (c->data, s, s);
     c->recurse (this+src);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+    c->funcs->pop_scale (c->data, s, s);
   }
 
   HBUINT8		format; /* format = 20 (noVar) or 21(Var) */
@@ -1043,13 +1042,14 @@ struct PaintScaleUniformAroundCenter
     float s = scale + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0);
     float tCenterX = centerX + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 1);
     float tCenterY = centerY + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 2);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, 0., 0., 0., 0., +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, s, 0., 0., s, 0., 0.);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, 0., 0., 0., 0., -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
+
+    c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
+    c->funcs->push_scale (c->data, s, s);
+    c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
     c->recurse (this+src);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+    c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
+    c->funcs->pop_scale (c->data, s, s);
+    c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
   }
 
   HBUINT8		format; /* format = 22 (noVar) or 23(Var) */
@@ -1083,11 +1083,10 @@ struct PaintRotate
   void paint_glyph (hb_paint_context_t *c, uint32_t varIdxBase) const
   {
     float a = angle.to_float (c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0));
-    float cc = cosf (a * (float) M_PI);
-    float ss = sinf (a * (float) M_PI);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, cc, ss, -ss, cc, 0., 0.);
+
+    c->funcs->push_rotate (c->data, a);
     c->recurse (this+src);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+    c->funcs->pop_rotate (c->data, a);
   }
 
   HBUINT8		format; /* format = 24 (noVar) or 25(Var) */
@@ -1119,17 +1118,16 @@ struct PaintRotateAroundCenter
   void paint_glyph (hb_paint_context_t *c, uint32_t varIdxBase) const
   {
     float a = angle.to_float (c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0));
-    float cc = cosf (a * (float) M_PI);
-    float ss = sinf (a * (float) M_PI);
     float tCenterX = centerX + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 1);
     float tCenterY = centerY + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 2);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, 0., 0., 0., 0., +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, cc, ss, -ss, cc, 0., 0.);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, 0., 0., 0., 0., -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
+
+    c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
+    c->funcs->push_rotate (c->data, a);
+    c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
     c->recurse (this+src);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+    c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
+    c->funcs->pop_rotate (c->data, a);
+    c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
   }
 
   HBUINT8		format; /* format = 26 (noVar) or 27(Var) */
@@ -1162,11 +1160,12 @@ struct PaintSkew
 
   void paint_glyph (hb_paint_context_t *c, uint32_t varIdxBase) const
   {
-    float x = +tanf (xSkewAngle.to_float(c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0)) * (float) M_PI);
-    float y = -tanf (ySkewAngle.to_float(c->instancer (varIdxBase, 1)) * (float) M_PI);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, 1., y, x, 1., 0., 0.);
+    float sx = xSkewAngle.to_float(c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0));
+    float sy = ySkewAngle.to_float(c->instancer (varIdxBase, 1));
+
+    c->funcs->push_skew (c->data, sx, sy);
     c->recurse (this+src);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+    c->funcs->pop_skew (c->data, sx, sy);
   }
 
   HBUINT8		format; /* format = 28(noVar) or 29 (Var) */
@@ -1198,17 +1197,18 @@ struct PaintSkewAroundCenter
 
   void paint_glyph (hb_paint_context_t *c, uint32_t varIdxBase) const
   {
-    float x = +tanf (xSkewAngle.to_float(c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0)) * (float) M_PI);
-    float y = -tanf (ySkewAngle.to_float(c->instancer (varIdxBase, 1)) * (float) M_PI);
+    float sx = xSkewAngle.to_float(c->instancer (varIdxBase, 0));
+    float sy = ySkewAngle.to_float(c->instancer (varIdxBase, 1));
     float tCenterX = centerX + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 2);
     float tCenterY = centerY + c->instancer (varIdxBase, 3);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, 0., 0., 0., 0., +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, 1., y, x, 1., 0., 0.);
-    c->funcs->push_transform (c->data, 0., 0., 0., 0., -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
+
+    c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
+    c->funcs->push_skew (c->data, sx, sy);
+    c->funcs->push_translate (c->data, -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
     c->recurse (this+src);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
-    c->funcs->pop_transform (c->data);
+    c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, -tCenterX, -tCenterY);
+    c->funcs->pop_skew (c->data, sx, sy);
+    c->funcs->pop_translate (c->data, +tCenterX, +tCenterY);
   }
 
   HBUINT8		format; /* format = 30(noVar) or 31 (Var) */
diff --git a/src/hb-paint.hh b/src/hb-paint.hh
index 2271e0171..55c85b431 100644
--- a/src/hb-paint.hh
+++ b/src/hb-paint.hh
@@ -138,6 +138,9 @@ struct hb_paint_funcs_t
                     mode,
                     !user_data ? nullptr : user_data->pop_group); }
 
+
+  /* Internal specializations. */
+
   void push_root_transform (void *paint_data,
                             const hb_font_t *font)
   {
@@ -145,9 +148,8 @@ struct hb_paint_funcs_t
     int xscale = font->x_scale, yscale = font->y_scale;
     float slant = font->slant_xy;
 
-    func.push_transform (this, paint_data,
-                         xscale/upem, 0, slant * yscale/upem, yscale/upem, 0, 0,
-                         !user_data ? nullptr : user_data->push_transform);
+    push_transform (paint_data,
+		    xscale/upem, 0, slant * yscale/upem, yscale/upem, 0, 0);
   }
   void pop_root_transform (void *paint_data)
   {
@@ -163,15 +165,76 @@ struct hb_paint_funcs_t
     int yscale = font->y_scale ? font->y_scale : upem;
     float slant = font->slant_xy;
 
-    func.push_transform (this, paint_data,
-                         upem/xscale, 0, -slant * upem/xscale, upem/yscale, 0, 0,
-                         !user_data ? nullptr : user_data->push_transform);
+    push_transform (paint_data,
+		    upem/xscale, 0, -slant * upem/xscale, upem/yscale, 0, 0);
   }
   void pop_inverse_root_transform (void *paint_data)
   {
     func.pop_transform (this, paint_data,
                         !user_data ? nullptr : user_data->pop_transform);
   }
+
+  void push_translate (void *paint_data,
+                       float dx, float dy)
+  {
+    if (dx || dy)
+      push_transform (paint_data,
+		      1.f, 0.f, 0.f, 1.f, dx, dy);
+  }
+  void pop_translate (void *paint_data,
+                      float dx, float dy)
+  {
+    if (dx || dy)
+      pop_transform (paint_data);
+  }
+
+  void push_scale (void *paint_data,
+                   float sx, float sy)
+  {
+    if (sx != 1.f || sy != 1.f)
+      push_transform (paint_data,
+		      sx, 0.f, 0.f, sy, 0.f, 0.f);
+  }
+  void pop_scale (void *paint_data,
+                  float sx, float sy)
+  {
+    if (sx != 1.f || sy != 1.f)
+      pop_transform (paint_data);
+  }
+
+  void push_rotate (void *paint_data,
+                    float a)
+  {
+    if (a)
+    {
+      float cc = cosf (a * (float) M_PI);
+      float ss = sinf (a * (float) M_PI);
+      push_transform (paint_data, cc, ss, -ss, cc, 0.f, 0.f);
+    }
+  }
+  void pop_rotate (void *paint_data,
+                    float a)
+  {
+    if (a)
+      pop_transform (paint_data);
+  }
+
+  void push_skew (void *paint_data,
+                  float sx, float sy)
+  {
+    if (sx || sy)
+    {
+      float x = +tanf (sx * (float) M_PI);
+      float y = -tanf (sy * (float) M_PI);
+      push_transform (paint_data, 1.f, y, x, 1.f, 0.f, 0.f);
+    }
+  }
+  void pop_skew (void *paint_data,
+                  float sx, float sy)
+  {
+    if (sx || sy)
+      pop_transform (paint_data);
+  }
 };
 DECLARE_NULL_INSTANCE (hb_paint_funcs_t);
 
diff --git a/test/api/results/test-20-0-106 b/test/api/results/test-20-0-106
index 6803913f9..8f9d45cb6 100644
--- a/test/api/results/test-20-0-106
+++ b/test/api/results/test-20-0-106
@@ -9,9 +9,9 @@ start clip rectangle 5.000000 5.000000 15.000000 15.000000
         end clip
       end transform
       push group
-        start transform 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1000.000000 1000.000000
+        start transform 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 1000.000000 1000.000000
           start transform 1.000000 -0.363874 -0.176283 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000
-            start transform 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -1000.000000 -1000.000000
+            start transform 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -1000.000000 -1000.000000
               start transform 50.000000 0.000000 -0.000000 50.000000 0.000000 0.000000
                 start clip glyph 3
                   start transform 0.020000 0.000000 0.000000 0.020000 0.000000 0.000000
diff --git a/test/api/results/test-20-0-123 b/test/api/results/test-20-0-123
index 9d3fa7475..0a8e1dda4 100644
--- a/test/api/results/test-20-0-123
+++ b/test/api/results/test-20-0-123
@@ -11,9 +11,9 @@ start transform 0.020000 0.000000 0.000000 0.020000 0.000000 0.000000
     pop group mode 3
     push group
       push group
-        start transform 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 333.000000 667.000000
+        start transform 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 333.000000 667.000000
           start transform 8192.000000 0.000000 0.000000 8192.000000 0.000000 0.000000
-            start transform 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -333.000000 -667.000000
+            start transform 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -333.000000 -667.000000
               start transform 50.000000 0.000000 -0.000000 50.000000 0.000000 0.000000
                 start clip glyph 2
                   start transform 0.020000 0.000000 0.000000 0.020000 0.000000 0.000000
@@ -25,9 +25,9 @@ start transform 0.020000 0.000000 0.000000 0.020000 0.000000 0.000000
           end transform
         end transform
         push group
-          start transform 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 667.000000 333.000000
+          start transform 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 667.000000 333.000000
             start transform 8192.000000 0.000000 0.000000 8192.000000 0.000000 0.000000
-              start transform 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 0.000000 -667.000000 -333.000000
+              start transform 1.000000 0.000000 0.000000 1.000000 -667.000000 -333.000000
                 start transform 50.000000 0.000000 -0.000000 50.000000 0.000000 0.000000
                   start clip glyph 2
                     start transform 0.020000 0.000000 0.000000 0.020000 0.000000 0.000000