nghttp2/README.rst

1024 lines
30 KiB
ReStructuredText
Raw Normal View History

2013-07-12 17:19:03 +02:00
nghttp2 - HTTP/2.0 C Library
============================
2012-01-26 17:38:35 +01:00
2013-07-12 17:19:03 +02:00
This is an experimental implementation of Hypertext Transfer Protocol
version 2.0.
2012-09-12 15:37:05 +02:00
2012-04-25 14:25:51 +02:00
Development Status
------------------
2012-03-26 16:46:02 +02:00
2014-02-15 09:20:47 +01:00
We started to implement h2-10
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
(http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-http2-10) and the
2013-08-22 20:45:55 +02:00
header compression
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
(http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-header-compression-06).
2013-08-22 20:45:55 +02:00
The nghttp2 code base was forked from spdylay project.
2013-07-12 17:19:03 +02:00
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
========================== =====
Features h2-10
========================== =====
HPACK-draft-06 Done
Strict SETTINGS validation Done
Disallow client to push Done
Padding Done
END_SEGMENT
========================== =====
2013-07-16 17:08:05 +02:00
2013-08-10 12:06:33 +02:00
Public Test Server
------------------
2013-08-25 15:04:54 +02:00
The following endpoints are available to try out nghttp2
2014-02-16 07:50:36 +01:00
implementation.
2013-08-10 12:06:33 +02:00
2014-02-16 07:50:36 +01:00
* https://106.186.112.116:8443/ (TLS + NPN / ALPN)
ALPN and NPN offer ``h2-10``, ``spdy/3.1``, ``spdy/3``, ``spdy/2``
and ``http/1.1``.
Note: certificate is self-signed and a browser will show alert
* https://106.186.112.116/ (TLS + NPN / ALPN)
2013-08-30 17:50:09 +02:00
2014-01-26 15:35:36 +01:00
ALPN and NPN offer ``HTTP-draft-09/2.0``, ``spdy/3.1``, ``spdy/3``,
2013-11-14 16:42:09 +01:00
``spdy/2`` and ``http/1.1``.
2013-08-10 12:06:33 +02:00
Note: certificate is self-signed and a browser will show alert
2013-08-30 17:50:09 +02:00
2014-02-16 07:50:36 +01:00
* http://106.186.112.116/ (Upgrade / Direct)
``HTTP-draft-09/2.0`` and ``http/1.1``
2013-08-10 12:06:33 +02:00
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
Requirements
------------
2013-07-16 17:08:05 +02:00
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
The following packages are needed to build the library:
2013-07-19 19:05:07 +02:00
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
* pkg-config >= 0.20
* zlib >= 1.2.3
2013-07-19 19:05:07 +02:00
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
To build and run the unit test programs, the following packages are
required:
* cunit >= 2.1
To build the documentation, you need to install:
* sphinx (http://sphinx-doc.org/)
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
To build and run the application programs (``nghttp``, ``nghttpd`` and
``nghttpx``) in ``src`` directory, the following packages are
required:
* OpenSSL >= 1.0.1
* libevent-openssl >= 2.0.8
2014-01-02 05:32:43 +01:00
ALPN support requires unreleased version OpenSSL >= 1.0.2.
2014-03-02 15:44:43 +01:00
To enable SPDY protocol in the application program ``nghttpx`` and
``h2load``, the following packages are required:
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2014-01-04 02:44:16 +01:00
* spdylay >= 1.2.3
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
To enable ``-a`` option (getting linked assets from the downloaded
2013-10-10 18:02:24 +02:00
resource) in ``nghttp``, the following packages are needed:
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
* libxml2 >= 2.7.7
2014-01-10 13:53:48 +01:00
The HPACK tools require the following package:
2013-10-27 08:23:24 +01:00
2014-01-08 17:48:34 +01:00
* jansson >= 2.5
2013-10-27 08:23:24 +01:00
The Python bindings require the following packages:
* cython >= 0.19
* python >= 2.7
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
If you are using Ubuntu 12.04, you need the following packages
installed:
* autoconf
* automake
* autotools-dev
* libtool
* pkg-config
* zlib1g-dev
* libcunit1-dev
* libssl-dev
* libxml2-dev
* libevent-dev
2013-10-27 08:23:24 +01:00
* libjansson-dev
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
spdylay is not packaged in Ubuntu, so you need to build it yourself:
2013-11-21 14:03:18 +01:00
http://tatsuhiro-t.github.io/spdylay/
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-07-27 15:46:22 +02:00
Build from git
--------------
Building from git is easy, but please be sure that at least autoconf 2.68 is
used::
$ autoreconf -i
$ automake
$ autoconf
$ ./configure
$ make
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
Building documentation
----------------------
.. note::
Documentation is still incomplete.
To build documentation, run::
$ make html
The documents will be generated under ``doc/manual/html/``.
The generated documents will not be installed with ``make install``.
2013-07-28 16:00:12 +02:00
The online documentation is available at
http://tatsuhiro-t.github.io/nghttp2/
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
Client, Server and Proxy programs
---------------------------------
The src directory contains HTTP/2.0 client, server and proxy programs.
nghttp - client
+++++++++++++++
2013-08-04 11:29:31 +02:00
``nghttp`` is a HTTP/2.0 client. It can connect to the HTTP/2.0 server
2014-01-01 17:00:11 +01:00
with prior knowledge, HTTP Upgrade and NPN/ALPN TLS extension.
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
It has verbose output mode for framing information. Here is sample
output from ``nghttp`` client::
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
$ src/nghttp -nv https://localhost:8443
[ 0.004][NPN] server offers:
* h2-10
* spdy/3.1
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
* spdy/3
* spdy/2
* http/1.1
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
The negotiated protocol: h2-10
[ 0.006] send SETTINGS frame <length=10, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
(niv=2)
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535]
[ 0.007] send HEADERS frame <length=48, flags=0x05, stream_id=1>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
(padlen=0)
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; Open new stream
:authority: localhost:8443
:method: GET
:path: /
:scheme: https
accept: */*
accept-encoding: gzip, deflate
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
user-agent: nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV
[ 0.007] recv SETTINGS frame <length=15, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(niv=3)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535]
[SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH(2):0]
[ 0.007] send SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; ACK
(niv=0)
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[ 0.007] recv SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; ACK
(niv=0)
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) :status: 200
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) accept-ranges: bytes
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) content-encoding: gzip
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) content-length: 146
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) content-type: text/html
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) date: Sat, 15 Feb 2014 08:14:12 GMT
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) etag: "b1-4e5535a027780-gzip"
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) last-modified: Sun, 01 Sep 2013 14:34:22 GMT
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) server: Apache/2.4.6 (Debian)
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) vary: Accept-Encoding
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) via: 1.1 nghttpx
[ 0.008] recv HEADERS frame <length=141, flags=0x04, stream_id=1>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; END_HEADERS
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
(padlen=0)
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; First response header
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[ 0.008] recv DATA frame <length=146, flags=0x00, stream_id=1>
[ 0.008] recv DATA frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=1>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; END_STREAM
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[ 0.008] send GOAWAY frame <length=8, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
(last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0), opaque_data(0)=[])
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
The HTTP Upgrade is performed like this::
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
$ src/nghttp -nvu http://localhost:8080
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
[ 0.000] HTTP Upgrade request
GET / HTTP/1.1
2013-08-22 20:45:55 +02:00
Host: localhost:8080
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
Upgrade: h2-10
HTTP2-Settings: AwAAAGQEAAD__w
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
Accept: */*
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
User-Agent: nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[ 0.001] HTTP Upgrade response
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Connection: Upgrade
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
Upgrade: h2-10
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
2013-10-27 15:29:54 +01:00
[ 0.001] HTTP Upgrade success
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[ 0.001] send SETTINGS frame <length=10, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
(niv=2)
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535]
[ 0.001] recv SETTINGS frame <length=15, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(niv=3)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535]
[SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH(2):0]
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) :status: 200
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) accept-ranges: bytes
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) content-length: 177
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) content-type: text/html
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) date: Sat, 15 Feb 2014 08:16:23 GMT
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) etag: "b1-4e5535a027780"
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) last-modified: Sun, 01 Sep 2013 14:34:22 GMT
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) server: Apache/2.4.6 (Debian)
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) vary: Accept-Encoding
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) via: 1.1 nghttpx
[ 0.001] recv HEADERS frame <length=132, flags=0x04, stream_id=1>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; END_HEADERS
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
(padlen=0)
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; First response header
2013-10-27 15:29:54 +01:00
[ 0.001] recv DATA frame <length=177, flags=0x00, stream_id=1>
2013-08-22 20:45:55 +02:00
[ 0.001] recv DATA frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=1>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; END_STREAM
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[ 0.002] send SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; ACK
(niv=0)
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[ 0.002] send GOAWAY frame <length=8, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
(last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0), opaque_data(0)=[])
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[ 0.002] recv SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; ACK
(niv=0)
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
nghttpd - server
++++++++++++++++
``nghttpd`` is static web server. It is single threaded and
multiplexes connections using non-blocking socket.
2013-07-27 15:40:44 +02:00
By default, it uses SSL/TLS connection. Use ``--no-tls`` option to
disable it.
2014-01-01 17:00:11 +01:00
``nghttpd`` only accept the HTTP/2.0 connection via NPN/ALPN or direct
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
HTTP/2.0 connection. No HTTP Upgrade is supported.
2013-12-08 16:06:53 +01:00
``-p`` option allows users to configure server push.
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
Just like ``nghttp``, it has verbose output mode for framing
information. Here is sample output from ``nghttpd`` server::
2013-08-22 20:45:55 +02:00
$ src/nghttpd --no-tls -v 8080
IPv4: listen on port 8080
IPv6: listen on port 8080
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[id=1] [ 1.027] send SETTINGS frame <length=10, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
(niv=2)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH(2):0]
[id=1] [ 1.027] recv SETTINGS frame <length=10, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
(niv=2)
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535]
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) :authority: localhost:8080
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) :method: GET
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) :path: /
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) :scheme: http
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) accept: */*
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) accept-encoding: gzip, deflate
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) user-agent: nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV
[id=1] [ 1.027] recv HEADERS frame <length=48, flags=0x05, stream_id=1>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
(padlen=0)
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; Open new stream
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[id=1] [ 1.027] send SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; ACK
(niv=0)
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[id=1] [ 1.027] send HEADERS frame <length=72, flags=0x04, stream_id=1>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; END_HEADERS
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
(padlen=0)
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; First response header
:status: 404
content-encoding: gzip
content-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
date: Sat, 15 Feb 2014 08:18:53 GMT
server: nghttpd nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV
[id=1] [ 1.028] send DATA frame <length=118, flags=0x00, stream_id=1>
[id=1] [ 1.028] send DATA frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=1>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; END_STREAM
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[id=1] [ 1.028] stream_id=1 closed
[id=1] [ 1.028] recv SETTINGS frame <length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
; ACK
(niv=0)
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[id=1] [ 1.028] recv GOAWAY frame <length=8, flags=0x00, stream_id=0>
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
(last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0), opaque_data(0)=[])
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
[id=1] [ 1.028] closed
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
nghttpx - proxy
+++++++++++++++
The ``nghttpx`` is a multi-threaded reverse proxy for
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
h2-10, SPDY and HTTP/1.1. It has several operation modes:
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
================== ============================== ============== =============
Mode option Frontend Backend Note
================== ============================== ============== =============
default mode HTTP/2.0, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS) HTTP/1.1 Reverse proxy
2013-11-04 10:26:08 +01:00
``--http2-proxy`` HTTP/2.0, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS) HTTP/1.1 SPDY proxy
``--http2-bridge`` HTTP/2.0, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS) HTTP/2.0 (TLS)
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
``--client`` HTTP/2.0, HTTP/1.1 HTTP/2.0 (TLS)
``--client-proxy`` HTTP/2.0, HTTP/1.1 HTTP/2.0 (TLS) Forward proxy
================== ============================== ============== =============
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
The interesting mode at the moment is the default mode. It works like
2014-02-15 09:19:49 +01:00
a reverse proxy and listens h2-10, SPDY and HTTP/1.1 and
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
can be deployed SSL/TLS terminator for existing web server.
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-11-04 10:26:08 +01:00
The default mode, ``--http2-proxy`` and ``--http2-bridge`` modes use
SSL/TLS in the frontend connection by default. To disable SSL/TLS, use
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
``--frontend-no-tls`` option. If that option is used, SPDY is disabled
in the frontend and incoming HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to
HTTP/2.0 through HTTP Upgrade.
2013-11-04 10:26:08 +01:00
The ``--http2-bridge``, ``--client`` and ``--client-proxy`` modes use
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
SSL/TLS in the backend connection by deafult. To disable SSL/TLS, use
``--backend-no-tls`` option.
2013-07-27 15:40:44 +02:00
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
The ``nghttpx`` supports configuration file. See ``--conf`` option and
sample configuration file ``nghttpx.conf.sample``.
2013-12-18 15:33:20 +01:00
The ``nghttpx`` does not support server push.
2013-11-04 10:26:08 +01:00
In the default mode, (without any of ``--http2-proxy``,
``--http2-bridge``, ``--client-proxy`` and ``--client`` options),
``nghttpx`` works as reverse proxy to the backend server::
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
Client <-- (HTTP/2.0, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/1.1) --> Web Server
[reverse proxy]
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-11-04 10:26:08 +01:00
With ``--http2-proxy`` option, it works as so called secure proxy (aka
SPDY proxy)::
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
Client <-- (HTTP/2.0, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/1.1) --> Proxy
[secure proxy] (e.g., Squid)
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
The ``Client`` in the above is needs to be configured to use
``nghttpx`` as secure proxy.
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
At the time of this writing, Chrome is the only browser which supports
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
secure proxy. The one way to configure Chrome to use secure proxy is
2014-01-11 09:13:24 +01:00
create proxy.pac script like this:
.. code-block:: javascript
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
function FindProxyForURL(url, host) {
return "HTTPS SERVERADDR:PORT";
}
``SERVERADDR`` and ``PORT`` is the hostname/address and port of the
machine nghttpx is running. Please note that Chrome requires valid
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
certificate for secure proxy.
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
Then run chrome with the following arguments::
$ google-chrome --proxy-pac-url=file:///path/to/proxy.pac --use-npn
2013-11-04 10:26:08 +01:00
With ``--http2-bridge``, it accepts HTTP/2.0, SPDY and HTTP/1.1
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
connections and communicates with backend in HTTP/2.0::
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
Client <-- (HTTP/2.0, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2.0) --> Web or HTTP/2.0 Proxy etc
(e.g., nghttpx -s)
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
With ``--client-proxy`` option, it works as forward proxy and expects
that the backend is HTTP/2.0 proxy::
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
Client <-- (HTTP/2.0, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2.0) --> HTTP/2.0 Proxy
[forward proxy] (e.g., nghttpx -s)
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
The ``Client`` is needs to be configured to use nghttpx as forward
proxy. The frontend HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2.0
through HTTP Upgrade. With the above configuration, one can use
HTTP/1.1 client to access and test their HTTP/2.0 servers.
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
With ``--client`` option, it works as reverse proxy and expects that
the backend is HTTP/2.0 Web server::
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
Client <-- (HTTP/2.0, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2.0) --> Web Server
[reverse proxy]
The frontend HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2.0
through HTTP Upgrade.
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
For the operation modes which talk to the backend in HTTP/2.0 over
SSL/TLS, the backend connections can be tunneled though HTTP
proxy. The proxy is specified using ``--backend-http-proxy-uri``
option. The following figure illustrates the example of
2013-11-04 10:26:08 +01:00
``--http2-bridge`` and ``--backend-http-proxy-uri`` option to talk to
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
the outside HTTP/2.0 proxy through HTTP proxy::
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
2013-08-03 12:44:13 +02:00
Client <-- (HTTP/2.0, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2.0) --
2013-07-27 14:56:46 +02:00
--===================---> HTTP/2.0 Proxy
(HTTP proxy tunnel) (e.g., nghttpx -s)
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-03-02 15:44:43 +01:00
Benchmarking tool
-----------------
The ``h2load`` program is a benchmarking tool for HTTP/2 and SPDY.
The SPDY support is enabled if the program was built with spdylay
library. The UI of ``h2load`` is heavily inspired by
``weighttp`` (https://github.com/lighttpd/weighttp). The typical usage
is as follows::
$ src/h2load -n1000 -c10 -m10 https://127.0.0.1:8443/
starting benchmark...
progress: 10% done
progress: 20% done
progress: 30% done
progress: 40% done
progress: 50% done
progress: 60% done
progress: 70% done
progress: 80% done
progress: 90% done
progress: 100% done
finished in 0 sec, 152 millisec and 152 microsec, 6572 req/s, 749 kbytes/s
requests: 1000 total, 1000 started, 1000 done, 0 succeeded, 1000 failed, 0 errored
status codes: 0 2xx, 0 3xx, 1000 4xx, 0 5xx
traffic: 141100 bytes total, 840 bytes headers, 116000 bytes data
The above example issued total 1000 requests, using 10 concurrent
clients (thus 10 HTTP/2 sessions), and maximum 10 streams per client.
.. warning::
**Don't use this tool against the publicly available server.** That
is considered as DOS attack.
2014-01-10 13:53:48 +01:00
HPACK tools
-----------
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-10 13:53:48 +01:00
The ``src`` directory contains HPACK tools. The ``deflatehd`` is
command-line header compression tool. The ``inflatehd`` is
command-line header decompression tool. Both tools read input from
stdin and write output to stdout. The errors are written to
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
stderr. They take JSON as input and output. We use the same JSON data
format used in https://github.com/Jxck/hpack-test-case
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
deflatehd - header compressor
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
The ``deflatehd`` reads JSON data or HTTP/1-style header fields from
stdin and outputs compressed header block in JSON.
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-02-15 12:00:51 +01:00
For the JSON input, the root JSON object must include ``cases``
key. Its value has to include the sequence of input header set. They
share the same compression context and are processed in the order they
appear. Each item in the sequence is a JSON object and it must
include ``headers`` key. Its value is an array of a JSON object ,
which includes exactly one name/value pair.
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-11 09:13:24 +01:00
Example:
.. code-block:: json
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
{
"cases":
[
{
"headers": [
{ ":method": "GET" },
{ ":path": "/" }
]
},
{
"headers": [
{ ":method": "POST" },
{ ":path": "/" }
]
}
]
}
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
With ``-t`` option, the program can accept more familiar HTTP/1 style
header field block. Each header set is delimited by empty line:
Example::
:method: GET
:scheme: https
:path: /
:method: POST
user-agent: nghttp2
2014-02-15 12:00:51 +01:00
The output is JSON object. It should include ``cases`` key and its
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
value is an array of JSON object, which has at least following keys:
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
seq
The index of header set in the input.
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
input_length
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
The sum of length of name/value pair in the input.
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
output_length
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
The length of compressed header block.
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
percentage_of_original_size
``input_length`` / ``output_length`` * 100
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
wire
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
The compressed header block in hex string.
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
headers
The input header set.
header_table_size
The header table size adjsuted before deflating header set.
2014-01-11 09:13:24 +01:00
Examples:
.. code-block:: json
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
{
"cases":
[
{
"seq": 0,
"input_length": 66,
"output_length": 20,
"percentage_of_original_size": 30.303030303030305,
"wire": "01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f",
"headers": [
{
":authority": "example.org"
},
{
":method": "GET"
},
{
":path": "/"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096
}
,
{
"seq": 1,
"input_length": 74,
"output_length": 10,
"percentage_of_original_size": 13.513513513513514,
"wire": "88448504252dd5918485",
"headers": [
{
":authority": "example.org"
},
{
":method": "POST"
},
{
":path": "/account"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096
}
]
}
The output can be used as the input for ``inflatehd`` and
``deflatehd``.
With ``-d`` option, the extra ``header_table`` key is added and its
2014-02-15 12:00:51 +01:00
associated value includes the state of dyanmic header table after the
corresponding header set was processed. The value includes at least
following keys:
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
entries
The entry in the header table. If ``referenced`` is ``true``, it
is in the reference set. The ``size`` includes the overhead (32
bytes). The ``index`` corresponds to the index of header table.
The ``name`` is the header field name and the ``value`` is the
header field value. They may be displayed as ``**DEALLOCATED**``,
which means that the memory for that string is freed and not
2013-12-21 15:04:57 +01:00
available. This will happen when the specifying smaller value in
``-S`` than ``-s``.
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
size
The sum of the spaces entries occupied, this includes the
entry overhead.
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
max_size
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
The maximum header table size.
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
deflate_size
The sum of the spaces entries occupied within
``max_deflate_size``.
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
max_deflate_size
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
The maximum header table size encoder uses. This can be smaller
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
than ``max_size``. In this case, encoder only uses up to first
``max_deflate_size`` buffer. Since the header table size is still
``max_size``, the encoder has to keep track of entries ouside the
``max_deflate_size`` but inside the ``max_size`` and make sure
that they are no longer referenced.
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-11 09:13:24 +01:00
Example:
.. code-block:: json
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
{
"cases":
[
{
"seq": 0,
"input_length": 66,
"output_length": 20,
"percentage_of_original_size": 30.303030303030305,
"wire": "01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f",
"headers": [
{
":authority": "example.org"
},
{
":method": "GET"
},
{
":path": "/"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096,
"header_table": {
"entries": [
{
"index": 1,
"name": "user-agent",
"value": "nghttp2",
"referenced": true,
"size": 49
},
{
"index": 2,
"name": ":scheme",
"value": "https",
"referenced": true,
"size": 44
},
{
"index": 3,
"name": ":path",
"value": "/",
"referenced": true,
"size": 38
},
{
"index": 4,
"name": ":method",
"value": "GET",
"referenced": true,
"size": 42
},
{
"index": 5,
"name": ":authority",
"value": "example.org",
"referenced": true,
"size": 53
}
],
"size": 226,
"max_size": 4096,
"deflate_size": 226,
"max_deflate_size": 4096
}
}
,
{
"seq": 1,
"input_length": 74,
"output_length": 10,
"percentage_of_original_size": 13.513513513513514,
"wire": "88448504252dd5918485",
"headers": [
{
":authority": "example.org"
},
{
":method": "POST"
},
{
":path": "/account"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096,
"header_table": {
"entries": [
{
"index": 1,
"name": ":method",
"value": "POST",
"referenced": true,
"size": 43
},
{
"index": 2,
"name": "user-agent",
"value": "nghttp2",
"referenced": true,
"size": 49
},
{
"index": 3,
"name": ":scheme",
"value": "https",
"referenced": true,
"size": 44
},
{
"index": 4,
"name": ":path",
"value": "/",
"referenced": false,
"size": 38
},
{
"index": 5,
"name": ":method",
"value": "GET",
"referenced": false,
"size": 42
},
{
"index": 6,
"name": ":authority",
"value": "example.org",
"referenced": true,
"size": 53
}
],
"size": 269,
"max_size": 4096,
"deflate_size": 269,
"max_deflate_size": 4096
}
}
]
}
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
inflatehd - header decompressor
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
The ``inflatehd`` reads JSON data from stdin and outputs decompressed
name/value pairs in JSON.
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-02-15 12:00:51 +01:00
The root JSON object must include ``cases`` key. Its value has to
include the sequence of compressed header block. They share the same
compression context and are processed in the order they appear. Each
item in the sequence is a JSON object and it must have at least
``wire`` key. Its value is a compressed header block in hex string.
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-11 09:13:24 +01:00
Example:
.. code-block:: json
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
{
"cases":
[
{ "wire": "8285" },
{ "wire": "8583" }
]
}
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-02-15 12:00:51 +01:00
The output is JSON object. It should include ``cases`` key and its
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
value is an array of JSON object, which has at least following keys:
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
seq
The index of header set in the input.
headers
2014-02-15 12:00:51 +01:00
The JSON array includes decompressed name/value pairs.
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
wire
The compressed header block in hex string.
header_table_size
The header table size adjsuted before inflating compressed header
block.
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-11 09:13:24 +01:00
Example:
.. code-block:: json
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
{
"cases":
[
{
"seq": 0,
"wire": "01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f",
"headers": [
{
":authority": "example.org"
},
{
":method": "GET"
},
{
":path": "/"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096
}
,
{
"seq": 1,
"wire": "88448504252dd5918485",
"headers": [
{
":method": "POST"
},
{
":path": "/account"
},
{
"user-agent": "nghttp2"
},
{
":scheme": "https"
},
{
":authority": "example.org"
}
],
"header_table_size": 4096
}
]
}
The output can be used as the input for ``deflatehd`` and
``inflatehd``.
With ``-d`` option, the extra ``header_table`` key is added and its
2014-02-15 12:00:51 +01:00
associated value includes the state of dyanmic header table after the
2013-10-28 16:22:18 +01:00
corresponding header set was processed. The format is the same as
``deflatehd``.
Python bindings
---------------
This ``python`` directory contains nghttp2 Python bindings. The
2014-02-24 17:46:38 +01:00
bindings currently provide HPACK compressor and decompressor
classes and HTTP/2 server.
The extension module is called ``nghttp2``.
``make`` will build the bindings and target Python version is
determined by configure script. If the detected Python version is not
what you expect, specify a path to Python executable in ``PYTHON``
variable as an argument to configure script (e.g., ``./configure
PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3.3``).
The following example code illustrates basic usage of HPACK compressor
2014-01-10 18:02:53 +01:00
and decompressor in Python:
.. code-block:: python
import binascii
import nghttp2
2014-02-16 07:30:46 +01:00
deflater = nghttp2.HDDeflater()
inflater = nghttp2.HDInflater()
data = deflater.deflate([(b'foo', b'bar'),
2014-01-11 09:06:26 +01:00
(b'baz', b'buz')])
print(binascii.b2a_hex(data))
hdrs = inflater.inflate(data)
print(hdrs)
2014-02-24 17:46:38 +01:00
The ``nghttp2.HTTP2Server`` class builds on top of the asyncio event
loop. On construction, *RequestHandlerClass* must be given, which must
be a subclass of ``nghttp2.BaseRequestHandler`` class.
The ``BaseRequestHandler`` class is used to handle the HTTP/2
stream. By default, it does not nothing. It must be subclassed to
handle each event callback method.
The first callback method invoked is ``on_headers()``. It is called
when HEADERS frame, which includes request header fields, is arrived.
If request has request body, ``on_data(data)`` is invoked for each
chunk of received data.
When whole request is received, ``on_request_done()`` is invoked.
When stream is closed, ``on_close(error_code)`` is called.
The application can send response using ``send_response()`` method. It
can be used in ``on_headers()``, ``on_data()`` or
``on_request_done()``.
The application can push resource using ``push()`` method. It must be
used before ``send_response()`` call.
The following instance variables are available:
client_address
Contains a tuple of the form (host, port) referring to the
client's address.
stream_id
Stream ID of this stream
scheme
Scheme of the request URI. This is a value of :scheme header field.
method
Method of this stream. This is a value of :method header field.
host
This is a value of :authority or host header field.
path
This is a value of :path header field.
The following example illustrates the HTTP2Server and
BaseRequestHandler usage:
.. code-block:: python
#!/usr/bin/env python
import io, ssl
import nghttp2
class Handler(nghttp2.BaseRequestHandler):
def on_headers(self):
self.push(path='/css/bootstrap.css',
2014-02-25 13:25:51 +01:00
request_headers = [('content-length', '3')],
2014-02-24 17:46:38 +01:00
status=200,
body='foo')
self.push(path='/js/bootstrap.js',
method='GET',
2014-02-25 13:25:51 +01:00
request_headers = [('content-length', '10')],
2014-02-24 17:46:38 +01:00
status=200,
body='foobarbuzz')
self.send_response(status=200,
2014-02-25 13:25:51 +01:00
headers = [('content-type', 'text/plain')],
2014-02-24 17:46:38 +01:00
body=io.BytesIO(b'nghttp2-python FTW'))
ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
ctx.options = ssl.OP_ALL | ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2
ctx.load_cert_chain('server.crt', 'server.key')
# give None to ssl to make the server non-SSL/TLS
server = nghttp2.HTTP2Server(('127.0.0.1', 8443), Handler, ssl=ctx)
server.serve_forever()