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< h1 > nghttpx - HTTP/2 proxy - HOW-TO< a class = "headerlink" href = "#nghttpx-http-2-proxy-how-to" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h1 >
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< p > nghttpx is a proxy translating protocols between HTTP/2 and other
protocols (e.g., HTTP/1, SPDY). It operates in several modes and each
mode may require additional programs to work with. This article
describes each operation mode and explains the intended use-cases. It
also covers some useful options later.< / p >
< div class = "section" id = "default-mode" >
< h2 > Default mode< a class = "headerlink" href = "#default-mode" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > If nghttpx is invoked without any < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -s< / span > < / tt > , < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -p< / span > < / tt > and < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --client< / span > < / tt > , it
operates in default mode. In this mode, nghttpx frontend listens for
HTTP/2 requests and translates them to HTTP/1 requests. Thus it works
as reverse proxy (gateway) for HTTP/2 clients to HTTP/1 web server.
HTTP/1 requests are also supported in frontend as a fallback. If
nghttpx is linked with spdylay library and frontend connection is
SSL/TLS, the frontend also supports SPDY protocol.< / p >
< p > By default, this mode’ s frontend connection is encrypted using
SSL/TLS. So server’ s private key and certificate must be supplied to
the command line (or through configuration file). In this case, the
fontend protocol selection will is done via ALPN or NPN.< / p >
< p > With < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --frontend-no-tls< / span > < / tt > option, user can turn off SSL/TLS in
frontend connection. In this case, SPDY protocol is not available
even if spdylay library is liked to nghttpx. HTTP/2 and HTTP/1 are
available on the frontend and a HTTP/1 connection can be upgraded to
HTTP/2 using HTTP Upgrade. Starting HTTP/2 connection by sending
HTTP/2 connection preface is also supported.< / p >
< p > The backend is supposed to be HTTP/1 Web server. For example, to make
nghttpx listen to encrypted HTTP/2 requests at port 8443, and a
backend HTTP/1 web server is configured to listen to HTTP/1 request at
port 8080 in the same host, run nghttpx command-line like this:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-c" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > $ nghttpx -f0.0.0.0,8443 -b127.0.0.1,8080 /path/to/server.key /path/to/server.crt
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Then HTTP/2 enabled client can access to the nghttpx in HTTP/2. For
example, you can send GET request to the server using nghttp:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-c" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > $ nghttp -nv https://localhost:8443/
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "http-2-proxy-mode" >
< h2 > HTTP/2 proxy mode< a class = "headerlink" href = "#http-2-proxy-mode" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > If nghttpx is invoked with < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -s< / span > < / tt > option, it operates in HTTP/2 proxy
mode. The supported protocols in frontend and backend connections are
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the same in < a class = "reference internal" href = "#default-mode" > default mode< / a > . The difference is that this mode acts
like forward proxy and assumes the backend is HTTP/1 proxy server
(e.g., squid, traffic server). So HTTP/1 request must include
absolute URI in request line.< / p >
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< p > By default, frontend connection is encrypted, this mode is also called
secure proxy. If nghttpx is linked with spdylay, it supports SPDY
protocols and it works as so called SPDY proxy.< / p >
< p > With < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --frontend-no-tls< / span > < / tt > option, SSL/TLS is turned off in frontend
connection, so the connection gets insecure.< / p >
< p > The backend must be HTTP/1 proxy server. nghttpx only supports 1
backend server address. It translates incoming requests to HTTP/1
request to backend server. The backend server performs real proxy
work for each request, for example, dispatching requests to the origin
server and caching contents.< / p >
< p > For example, to make nghttpx listen to encrypted HTTP/2 requests at
port 8443, and a backend HTTP/1 proxy server is configured to listen
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to HTTP/1 request at port 8080 in the same host, run nghttpx
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command-line like this:< / p >
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< div class = "highlight-c" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > $ nghttpx -s -f' *,8443' -b127.0.0.1,8080 /path/to/server.key /path/to/server.crt
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< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
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< p > At the time of this writing, Firefox nightly supports HTTP/2 proxy.
Chromium can use nghttpx as secure (SPDY) proxy and will support
HTTP/2 proxy in the near future.< / p >
< p > To make Firefox nightly or Chromium use nghttpx as HTTP/2 or SPDY
proxy, user has to create proxy.pac script file like this:< / p >
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< div class = "highlight-javascript" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "kd" > function< / span > < span class = "nx" > FindProxyForURL< / span > < span class = "p" > (< / span > < span class = "nx" > url< / span > < span class = "p" > ,< / span > < span class = "nx" > host< / span > < span class = "p" > )< / span > < span class = "p" > {< / span >
< span class = "k" > return< / span > < span class = "s2" > " HTTPS SERVERADDR:PORT" < / span > < span class = "p" > ;< / span >
< span class = "p" > }< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > SERVERADDR< / span > < / tt > and < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > PORT< / span > < / tt > is the hostname/address and port of the
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machine nghttpx is running. Please note that both Firefox nightly and
Chromium requires valid certificate for secure proxy.< / p >
< p > For Firefox nightly, open Preference window and select Advanced then
click Network tab. Clicking Connection Settings button will show the
dialog. Select “ Automatic proxy configuration URL” and enter the path
to proxy.pac file, something like this:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-c" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "nl" > file:< / span > < span class = "c1" > ///path/to/proxy.pac< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > For Chromium, use following command-line:< / p >
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< div class = "highlight-c" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > $ google-chrome --proxy-pac-url=file:///path/to/proxy.pac --use-npn
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
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< p > Squid may work as out-of-box. Traffic server requires to be
configured as forward proxy. Here is the minimum configuration items
to edit:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-c" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > < span class = "n" > CONFIG< / span > < span class = "n" > proxy< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > config< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > reverse_proxy< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > enabled< / span > < span class = "n" > INT< / span > < span class = "mi" > 0< / span >
< span class = "n" > CONFIG< / span > < span class = "n" > proxy< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > config< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > url_remap< / span > < span class = "p" > .< / span > < span class = "n" > remap_required< / span > < span class = "n" > INT< / span > < span class = "mi" > 0< / span >
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > Consult Traffic server < a class = "reference external" href = "https://docs.trafficserver.apache.org/en/latest/admin/forward-proxy.en.html" > documentation< / a >
to know how to configure traffic server as forward proxy and its
security implications.< / p >
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< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "client-mode" >
< h2 > Client mode< a class = "headerlink" href = "#client-mode" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > If nghttpx is invoked with < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --client< / span > < / tt > option, it operates in client
mode. In this mode, nghttpx listens for plain, unencrypted HTTP/2 and
HTTP/1 requests and translates them to encrypted HTTP/2 requests to
the backend. User cannot enable SSL/TLS in frontend connection.< / p >
< p > HTTP/1 frontend connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2 using HTTP
Upgrade. To disable SSL/TLS in backend connection, use
< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --backend-no-tls< / span > < / tt > option.< / p >
< p > The backend connection is created one per worker (thread).< / p >
< p > The backend server is supporsed to be a HTTP/2 web server (e.g.,
nghttpd). The one use-case of this mode is utilize existing HTTP/1
clients to test HTTP/2 deployment. Suppose that HTTP/2 web server
listens to port 80 without encryption. Then run nghttpx as client
mode to access to that web server:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-c" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > $ nghttpx --client -f127.0.0.1,8080 -b127.0.0.1,80 --backend-no-tls
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "admonition note" >
< p class = "first admonition-title" > Note< / p >
< p class = "last" > You may need < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -k< / span > < / tt > option if HTTP/2 server enables SSL/TLS and
its certificate is self-signed. But please note that it is
insecure.< / p >
< / div >
< p > Then you can use curl to access HTTP/2 server via nghttpx:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-c" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > $ curl http://localhost:8080/
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "client-proxy-mode" >
< h2 > Client proxy mode< a class = "headerlink" href = "#client-proxy-mode" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > If nghttpx is invoked with < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -p< / span > < / tt > option, it operates in client proxy
mode. This mode behaves like < a class = "reference internal" href = "#client-mode" > client mode< / a > , but it works like
forward proxy. So HTTP/1 request must include absolute URI in request
line.< / p >
< p > HTTP/1 frontend connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2 using HTTP
Upgrade. To disable SSL/TLS in backend connection, use
< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --backend-no-tls< / span > < / tt > option.< / p >
< p > The backend connection is created one per worker (thread).< / p >
< p > The backend server must be a HTTP/2 proxy. You can use nghttpx in
< a class = "reference internal" href = "#http-2-proxy-mode" > HTTP/2 proxy mode< / a > as backend server. The one use-case of this mode
is utilize existing HTTP/1 clients to test HTTP/2 connections between
2 proxies. The another use-case is use this mode to aggregate local
HTTP/1 connections to one HTTP/2 backend encrypted connection. This
makes HTTP/1 clients which does not support secure proxy can use
secure HTTP/2 proxy via nghttpx client mode.< / p >
< p > Suppose that HTTP/2 proxy listens to port 8443, just like we saw in
< a class = "reference internal" href = "#http-2-proxy-mode" > HTTP/2 proxy mode< / a > . To run nghttpx in client proxy mode to access
that server, invoke nghttpx like this:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-c" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > $ nghttpx -p -f127.0.0.1,8080 -b127.0.0.1,8443
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< div class = "admonition note" >
< p class = "first admonition-title" > Note< / p >
< p class = "last" > You may need < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -k< / span > < / tt > option if HTTP/2 server’ ss certificate is
self-signed. But please note that it is insecure.< / p >
< / div >
< p > Then you can use curl to issue HTTP request via HTTP/2 proxy:< / p >
< div class = "highlight-c" > < div class = "highlight" > < pre > $ curl --http-proxy=http://localhost:8080 http://www.google.com/
< / pre > < / div >
< / div >
< p > You can configure web browser to use localhost:8080 as forward
proxy.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "http-2-bridge-mode" >
< h2 > HTTP/2 bridge mode< a class = "headerlink" href = "#http-2-bridge-mode" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > If nghttpx is invoked with < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --http2-bridge< / span > < / tt > option, it operates in
HTTP/2 bridge mode. The supported protocols in frontend and backend
connections are the same in < a class = "reference internal" href = "#default-mode" > default mode< / a > .< / p >
< p > With < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --frontend-no-tls< / span > < / tt > option, SSL/TLS is turned off in frontend
connection, so the connection gets insecure.< / p >
< p > The backend server is supporsed to be a HTTP/2 web server or HTTP/2
proxy. Since HTTP/2 requests opaque between proxied and non-proxied
request, the backend server may be proxy or just web server depending
on the context of incoming requests.< / p >
< p > The use-case of this mode is aggregate the incoming connections to one
HTTP/2 connection. One backend HTTP/2 connection is created per
worker (thread).< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "disable-ssl-tls" >
< h2 > Disable SSL/TLS< a class = "headerlink" href = "#disable-ssl-tls" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > In < a class = "reference internal" href = "#default-mode" > default mode< / a > , < a class = "reference internal" href = "#http-2-proxy-mode" > HTTP/2 proxy mode< / a > and < a class = "reference internal" href = "#http-2-bridge-mode" > HTTP/2 bridge mode< / a > ,
frontend connections are encrypted with SSL/TLS by default. To turn
off SSL/TLS, use < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --frontend-no-tls< / span > < / tt > option. If this option is
used, the private key and certificate are not required to run nghttpx.< / p >
< p > In < a class = "reference internal" href = "#client-mode" > client mode< / a > , < a class = "reference internal" href = "#client-proxy-mode" > client proxy mode< / a > and < a class = "reference internal" href = "#http-2-bridge-mode" > HTTP/2 bridge mode< / a > ,
backend connections are encrypted with SSL/TLS by default. To turn
off SSL/TLS, use < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --backend-no-tls< / span > < / tt > option.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "specifying-additional-ca-certificate" >
< h2 > Specifying additional CA certificate< a class = "headerlink" href = "#specifying-additional-ca-certificate" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > By default, nghttpx tries to read CA certificate from system. But
depending on the system you use, this may fail or is not supported.
To specify CA certificate manually, use < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --cacert< / span > < / tt > option. The
specified file must be PEM format and can contain multiple
certificates.< / p >
< p > By default, nghttpx validates server’ s certificate. If you want to
turn off this validation, knowing this is really insecure and what you
are doing, you can use < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > -k< / span > < / tt > option to disable certificate
validation.< / p >
< / div >
< div class = "section" id = "read-write-rate-limit" >
< h2 > Read/write rate limit< a class = "headerlink" href = "#read-write-rate-limit" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > nghttpx supports transfer rate limiting on frontend connections. You
can do rate limit per connection or per worker (thread) for reading
and writeing individually.< / p >
< p > To rate limit per connection for reading, use < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --read-rate< / span > < / tt > and
< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --read-burst< / span > < / tt > options. For writing, use < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --write-rate< / span > < / tt > and
< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --write-burst< / span > < / tt > options.< / p >
< p > To rate limit per worker (thread), use < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --worker-read-rate< / span > < / tt > and
< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --worker-read-burst< / span > < / tt > options. For writing, use
< tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --worker-write-rate< / span > < / tt > and < tt class = "docutils literal" > < span class = "pre" > --worker-write-burst< / span > < / tt > .< / p >
< p > If both per connection and per worker rate limit configurations are
specified, the lower rate is used.< / p >
< p > Please note that rate limit is performed on top of TCP and nothing to
do with HTTP/2 flow control.< / p >
< / div >
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< div class = "section" id = "rewriting-location-header-field" >
< h2 > Rewriting location header field< a class = "headerlink" href = "#rewriting-location-header-field" title = "Permalink to this headline" > ¶< / a > < / h2 >
< p > nghttpx automatically rewrites location response header field if the
following all conditions satisfy:< / p >
< ul class = "simple" >
< li > URI in location header field is not absolute URI or is not https URI.< / li >
< li > URI in location header field includes non empty host component.< / li >
< li > host (without port) in URI in location header field must match the
host appearing in :authority or host header field.< / li >
< / ul >
< p > When rewrite happens, URI scheme and port are replaced with the ones
used in frontend, and host is replaced with which appears in
:authority or host request header field. :authority header field has
precedence. If the above conditions are not met with the host value
in :authority header field, rewrite is retried with the value in host
header field.< / p >
< / div >
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