Merge branch 'nghttpx-block-allocator'

doc/Makefile.am

@@ -65,6 +65,9 @@ APIDOCS= \
 	nghttp2_priority_spec_check_default.rst \
 	nghttp2_priority_spec_default_init.rst \
 	nghttp2_priority_spec_init.rst \
+	nghttp2_rcbuf_decref.rst \
+	nghttp2_rcbuf_get_buf.rst \
+	nghttp2_rcbuf_incref.rst \
 	nghttp2_select_next_protocol.rst \
 	nghttp2_session_callbacks_del.rst \
 	nghttp2_session_callbacks_new.rst \
@@ -78,6 +81,7 @@ APIDOCS= \
 	nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_frame_recv_callback.rst \
 	nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_frame_send_callback.rst \
 	nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback.rst \
+	nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback2.rst \
 	nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_invalid_frame_recv_callback.rst \
 	nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_stream_close_callback.rst \
 	nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_pack_extension_callback.rst \

genlibtokenlookup.py

@@ -62,67 +62,11 @@ HEADERS = [
     ('vary', 58),
     ('via', 59),
     ('www-authenticate', 60),
-    ('accept-ch', None),
-    ('accept-datetime', None),
-    ('accept-features', None),
-    ('accept-patch', None),
-    ('access-control-allow-credentials', None),
-    ('access-control-allow-headers', None),
-    ('access-control-allow-methods', None),
-    ('access-control-expose-headers', None),
-    ('access-control-max-age', None),
-    ('access-control-request-headers', None),
-    ('access-control-request-method', None),
-    ('alt-svc', None),
-    ('alternates', None),
-    ('connection', None),
-    ('content-md5', None),
-    ('content-security-policy', None),
-    ('content-security-policy-report-only', None),
-    ('dnt', None),
-    ('forwarded', None),
-    ('front-end-https', None),
-    ('keep-alive', None),
-    ('last-event-id', None),
-    ('negotiate', None),
-    ('origin', None),
-    ('p3p', None),
-    ('pragma', None),
-    ('proxy-connection', None),
-    ('public-key-pins', None),
-    ('sec-websocket-extensions', None),
-    ('sec-websocket-key', None),
-    ('sec-websocket-origin', None),
-    ('sec-websocket-protocol', None),
-    ('sec-websocket-version', None),
-    ('set-cookie2', None),
-    ('status', None),
-    ('tcn', None),
     ('te', None),
-    ('trailer', None),
+    ('connection', None),
-    ('tsv', None),
+    ('keep-alive',None),
+    ('proxy-connection', None),
     ('upgrade', None),
-    ('upgrade-insecure-requests', None),
-    ('variant-vary', None),
-    ('warning', None),
-    ('x-api-version', None),
-    ('x-att-deviceid', None),
-    ('x-cache', None),
-    ('x-cache-lookup', None),
-    ('x-content-duration', None),
-    ('x-content-security-policy', None),
-    ('x-content-type-options', None),
-    ('x-dnsprefetch-control', None),
-    ('x-forwarded-for', None),
-    ('x-forwarded-host', None),
-    ('x-forwarded-proto', None),
-    ('x-frame-options', None),
-    ('x-powered-by', None),
-    ('x-requested-with', None),
-    ('x-ua-compatible', None),
-    ('x-wap-profile', None),
-    ('x-webkit-csp', None),
-    ('x-xss-protection', None),
 ]
 
 def to_enum_hd(k):
@@ -162,7 +106,7 @@ def gen_enum():
 
 def gen_index_header():
     print '''\
-static inline int lookup_token(const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen) {
+static inline int32_t lookup_token(const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen) {
   switch (namelen) {'''
     b = build_header(HEADERS)
     for size in sorted(b.keys()):

lib/Makefile.am

@@ -47,7 +47,8 @@ OBJECTS = nghttp2_pq.c nghttp2_map.c nghttp2_queue.c \
 	nghttp2_option.c \
 	nghttp2_callbacks.c \
 	nghttp2_mem.c \
-	nghttp2_http.c
+	nghttp2_http.c \
+	nghttp2_rcbuf.c
 
 HFILES = nghttp2_pq.h nghttp2_int.h nghttp2_map.h nghttp2_queue.h \
 	nghttp2_frame.h \
@@ -61,7 +62,8 @@ HFILES = nghttp2_pq.h nghttp2_int.h nghttp2_map.h nghttp2_queue.h \
 	nghttp2_option.h \
 	nghttp2_callbacks.h \
 	nghttp2_mem.h \
-	nghttp2_http.h
+	nghttp2_http.h \
+	nghttp2_rcbuf.h
 
 libnghttp2_la_SOURCES = $(HFILES) $(OBJECTS)
 libnghttp2_la_LDFLAGS = -no-undefined \

lib/includes/nghttp2/nghttp2.h

@@ -419,6 +419,55 @@ typedef enum {
   NGHTTP2_ERR_FLOODED = -904
 } nghttp2_error;
 
+/**
+ * @struct
+ *
+ * The object representing single contagious buffer.
+ */
+typedef struct {
+  /**
+   * The pointer to the buffer.
+   */
+  uint8_t *base;
+  /**
+   * The length of the buffer.
+   */
+  size_t len;
+} nghttp2_vec;
+
+struct nghttp2_rcbuf;
+
+/**
+ * @struct
+ *
+ * The object representing reference counted buffer.  The details of
+ * this structure are intentionally hidden from the public API.
+ */
+typedef struct nghttp2_rcbuf nghttp2_rcbuf;
+
+/**
+ * @function
+ *
+ * Increments the reference count of |rcbuf| by 1.
+ */
+NGHTTP2_EXTERN void nghttp2_rcbuf_incref(nghttp2_rcbuf *rcbuf);
+
+/**
+ * @function
+ *
+ * Decrements the reference count of |rcbuf| by 1.  If the reference
+ * count becomes zero, the object pointed by |rcbuf| will be freed.
+ * In this case, application must not use |rcbuf| again.
+ */
+NGHTTP2_EXTERN void nghttp2_rcbuf_decref(nghttp2_rcbuf *rcbuf);
+
+/**
+ * @function
+ *
+ * Returns the underlying buffer managed by |rcbuf|.
+ */
+NGHTTP2_EXTERN nghttp2_vec nghttp2_rcbuf_get_buf(nghttp2_rcbuf *rcbuf);
+
 /**
  * @enum
  *
@@ -1627,6 +1676,32 @@ typedef int (*nghttp2_on_header_callback)(nghttp2_session *session,
                                           const uint8_t *value, size_t valuelen,
                                           uint8_t flags, void *user_data);
 
+/**
+ * @functypedef
+ *
+ * Callback function invoked when a header name/value pair is received
+ * for the |frame|.  The |name| is header name.  The |value| is header
+ * value.  The |flags| is bitwise OR of one or more of
+ * :type:`nghttp2_nv_flag`.
+ *
+ * This callback behaves like :type:`nghttp2_on_header_callback`,
+ * except that |name| and |value| are stored in reference counted
+ * buffer.  If application wishes to keep these references without
+ * copying them, use `nghttp2_rcbuf_incref()` to increment their
+ * reference count.  It is the application's responsibility to call
+ * `nghttp2_rcbuf_decref()` if they called `nghttp2_rcbuf_incref()` so
+ * as not to leak memory.  If the |session| is created by
+ * `nghttp2_session_server_new3()` or `nghttp2_session_client_new3()`,
+ * the function to free memory is the one belongs to the mem
+ * parameter.  As long as this free function alives, |name| and
+ * |value| can live after |session| was destroyed.
+ */
+typedef int (*nghttp2_on_header_callback2)(nghttp2_session *session,
+                                           const nghttp2_frame *frame,
+                                           nghttp2_rcbuf *name,
+                                           nghttp2_rcbuf *value, uint8_t flags,
+                                           void *user_data);
+
 /**
  * @functypedef
  *
@@ -1941,12 +2016,25 @@ NGHTTP2_EXTERN void nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_begin_headers_callback(
  * @function
  *
  * Sets callback function invoked when a header name/value pair is
- * received.
+ * received.  If both
+ * `nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback()` and
+ * `nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback2()` are used to
+ * set callbacks, the latter has the precedence.
  */
 NGHTTP2_EXTERN void nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback(
     nghttp2_session_callbacks *cbs,
     nghttp2_on_header_callback on_header_callback);
 
+/**
+ * @function
+ *
+ * Sets callback function invoked when a header name/value pair is
+ * received.
+ */
+NGHTTP2_EXTERN void nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback2(
+    nghttp2_session_callbacks *cbs,
+    nghttp2_on_header_callback2 on_header_callback2);
+
 /**
  * @function
  *

lib/nghttp2_buf.h

@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ typedef struct {
 
 /*
  * Initializes the |buf|. No memory is allocated in this function. Use
- * nghttp2_buf_reserve() or nghttp2_buf_reserve2() to allocate memory.
+ * nghttp2_buf_reserve() to allocate memory.
  */
 void nghttp2_buf_init(nghttp2_buf *buf);
 

lib/nghttp2_callbacks.c

@@ -104,6 +104,12 @@ void nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback(
   cbs->on_header_callback = on_header_callback;
 }
 
+void nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback2(
+    nghttp2_session_callbacks *cbs,
+    nghttp2_on_header_callback2 on_header_callback2) {
+  cbs->on_header_callback2 = on_header_callback2;
+}
+
 void nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_select_padding_callback(
     nghttp2_session_callbacks *cbs,
     nghttp2_select_padding_callback select_padding_callback) {

lib/nghttp2_callbacks.h

@@ -91,6 +91,7 @@ struct nghttp2_session_callbacks {
    * received.
    */
   nghttp2_on_header_callback on_header_callback;
+  nghttp2_on_header_callback2 on_header_callback2;
   /**
    * Callback function invoked when the library asks application how
    * many padding bytes are required for the transmission of the given

lib/nghttp2_hd.h

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@
 #include "nghttp2_hd_huffman.h"
 #include "nghttp2_buf.h"
 #include "nghttp2_mem.h"
+#include "nghttp2_rcbuf.h"
 
 #define NGHTTP2_HD_DEFAULT_MAX_BUFFER_SIZE NGHTTP2_DEFAULT_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE
 #define NGHTTP2_HD_ENTRY_OVERHEAD 32
@@ -105,88 +106,36 @@ typedef enum {
   NGHTTP2_TOKEN_VARY = 58,
   NGHTTP2_TOKEN_VIA = 59,
   NGHTTP2_TOKEN_WWW_AUTHENTICATE = 60,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ACCEPT_CH,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ACCEPT_DATETIME,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ACCEPT_FEATURES,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ACCEPT_PATCH,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_CREDENTIALS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_HEADERS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ACCESS_CONTROL_ALLOW_METHODS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ACCESS_CONTROL_EXPOSE_HEADERS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ACCESS_CONTROL_MAX_AGE,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ACCESS_CONTROL_REQUEST_HEADERS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ACCESS_CONTROL_REQUEST_METHOD,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ALT_SVC,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ALTERNATES,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_CONNECTION,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_CONTENT_MD5,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_CONTENT_SECURITY_POLICY,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_CONTENT_SECURITY_POLICY_REPORT_ONLY,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_DNT,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_FORWARDED,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_FRONT_END_HTTPS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_KEEP_ALIVE,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_LAST_EVENT_ID,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_NEGOTIATE,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_ORIGIN,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_P3P,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_PRAGMA,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_PROXY_CONNECTION,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_PUBLIC_KEY_PINS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_SEC_WEBSOCKET_EXTENSIONS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_SEC_WEBSOCKET_KEY,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_SEC_WEBSOCKET_ORIGIN,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_SEC_WEBSOCKET_PROTOCOL,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_SEC_WEBSOCKET_VERSION,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_SET_COOKIE2,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_STATUS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_TCN,
   NGHTTP2_TOKEN_TE,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_TRAILER,
+  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_CONNECTION,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_TSV,
+  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_KEEP_ALIVE,
+  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_PROXY_CONNECTION,
   NGHTTP2_TOKEN_UPGRADE,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_UPGRADE_INSECURE_REQUESTS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_VARIANT_VARY,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_WARNING,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_API_VERSION,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_ATT_DEVICEID,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_CACHE,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_CACHE_LOOKUP,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_CONTENT_DURATION,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_CONTENT_SECURITY_POLICY,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_CONTENT_TYPE_OPTIONS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_DNSPREFETCH_CONTROL,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_FORWARDED_FOR,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_FORWARDED_HOST,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_FORWARDED_PROTO,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_FRAME_OPTIONS,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_POWERED_BY,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_REQUESTED_WITH,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_UA_COMPATIBLE,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_WAP_PROFILE,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_WEBKIT_CSP,
-  NGHTTP2_TOKEN_X_XSS_PROTECTION,
 } nghttp2_token;
 
-typedef enum {
-  NGHTTP2_HD_FLAG_NONE = 0,
-  /* Indicates name was dynamically allocated and must be freed */
-  NGHTTP2_HD_FLAG_NAME_ALLOC = 1,
-  /* Indicates value was dynamically allocated and must be freed */
-  NGHTTP2_HD_FLAG_VALUE_ALLOC = 1 << 1,
-  /* Indicates that the name was gifted to the entry and no copying
-     necessary. */
-  NGHTTP2_HD_FLAG_NAME_GIFT = 1 << 2,
-  /* Indicates that the value was gifted to the entry and no copying
-     necessary. */
-  NGHTTP2_HD_FLAG_VALUE_GIFT = 1 << 3
-} nghttp2_hd_flags;
-
 struct nghttp2_hd_entry;
 typedef struct nghttp2_hd_entry nghttp2_hd_entry;
 
+typedef struct {
+  /* The buffer containing header field name.  NULL-termination is
+     guaranteed. */
+  nghttp2_rcbuf *name;
+  /* The buffer containing header field value.  NULL-termination is
+     guaranteed. */
+  nghttp2_rcbuf *value;
+  /* nghttp2_token value for name.  It could be -1 if we have no token
+     for that header field name. */
+  int32_t token;
+  /* Bitwise OR of one or more of nghttp2_nv_flag. */
+  uint8_t flags;
+} nghttp2_hd_nv;
+
 struct nghttp2_hd_entry {
-  nghttp2_nv nv;
+  /* The header field name/value pair */
+  nghttp2_hd_nv nv;
+  /* This is solely for nghttp2_hd_{deflate,inflate}_get_table_entry
+     APIs to keep backward compatibility. */
+  nghttp2_nv cnv;
   /* The next entry which shares same bucket in hash table. */
   nghttp2_hd_entry *next;
   /* The sequence number.  We will increment it by one whenever we
@@ -194,14 +143,17 @@ struct nghttp2_hd_entry {
   uint32_t seq;
   /* The hash value for header name (nv.name). */
   uint32_t hash;
-  /* nghttp2_token value for nv.name.  It could be -1 if we have no
-     token for that header field name. */
-  int token;
-  /* Reference count */
-  uint8_t ref;
-  uint8_t flags;
 };
 
+/* The entry used for static header table. */
+typedef struct {
+  nghttp2_rcbuf name;
+  nghttp2_rcbuf value;
+  nghttp2_nv cnv;
+  int32_t token;
+  uint32_t hash;
+} nghttp2_hd_static_entry;
+
 typedef struct {
   nghttp2_hd_entry **buffer;
   size_t mask;
@@ -275,24 +227,18 @@ struct nghttp2_hd_deflater {
 
 struct nghttp2_hd_inflater {
   nghttp2_hd_context ctx;
-  /* header buffer */
-  nghttp2_bufs nvbufs;
   /* Stores current state of huffman decoding */
   nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context huff_decode_ctx;
-  /* Pointer to the nghttp2_hd_entry which is used current header
+  /* header buffer */
-     emission. This is required because in some cases the
+  nghttp2_buf namebuf, valuebuf;
-     ent_keep->ref == 0 and we have to keep track of it. */
+  nghttp2_rcbuf *namercbuf, *valuercbuf;
-  nghttp2_hd_entry *ent_keep;
+  /* Pointer to the name/value pair which are used in the current
-  /* Pointer to the name/value pair buffer which is used in the
+     header emission. */
-     current header emission. */
+  nghttp2_rcbuf *nv_name_keep, *nv_value_keep;
-  uint8_t *nv_keep;
   /* The number of bytes to read */
   size_t left;
   /* The index in indexed repr or indexed name */
   size_t index;
-  /* The length of new name encoded in literal.  For huffman encoded
-     string, this is the length after it is decoded. */
-  size_t newnamelen;
   /* The maximum header table size the inflater supports. This is the
      same value transmitted in SETTINGS_HEADER_TABLE_SIZE */
   size_t settings_hd_table_bufsize_max;
@@ -312,24 +258,16 @@ struct nghttp2_hd_inflater {
 };
 
 /*
- * Initializes the |ent| members. If NGHTTP2_HD_FLAG_NAME_ALLOC bit
+ * Initializes the |ent| members.  The reference counts of nv->name
- * set in the |flags|, the content pointed by the |name| with length
+ * and nv->value are increased by one for each.
- * |namelen| is copied. Likewise, if NGHTTP2_HD_FLAG_VALUE_ALLOC bit
- * set in the |flags|, the content pointed by the |value| with length
- * |valuelen| is copied.  The |token| is enum number looked up by
- * |name|.  It could be -1 if we don't have that enum value.
- *
- * This function returns 0 if it succeeds, or one of the following
- * negative error codes:
- *
- * NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM
- *     Out of memory.
  */
-int nghttp2_hd_entry_init(nghttp2_hd_entry *ent, uint8_t flags, uint8_t *name,
+void nghttp2_hd_entry_init(nghttp2_hd_entry *ent, nghttp2_hd_nv *nv);
-                          size_t namelen, uint8_t *value, size_t valuelen,
-                          int token, nghttp2_mem *mem);
 
-void nghttp2_hd_entry_free(nghttp2_hd_entry *ent, nghttp2_mem *mem);
+/*
+ * This function decreases the reference counts of nv->name and
+ * nv->value.
+ */
+void nghttp2_hd_entry_free(nghttp2_hd_entry *ent);
 
 /*
  * Initializes |deflater| for deflating name/values pairs.
@@ -410,16 +348,14 @@ int nghttp2_hd_inflate_init(nghttp2_hd_inflater *inflater, nghttp2_mem *mem);
 void nghttp2_hd_inflate_free(nghttp2_hd_inflater *inflater);
 
 /*
- * Similar to nghttp2_hd_inflate_hd(), but this takes additional
+ * Similar to nghttp2_hd_inflate_hd(), but this takes nghttp2_hd_nv
- * output parameter |token|.  On successful header emission, it
+ * instead of nghttp2_nv as output parameter |nv_out|.  Other than
- * contains nghttp2_token value for nv_out->name.  It could be -1 if
+ * that return values and semantics are the same as
- * we don't have enum value for the name.  Other than that return
+ * nghttp2_hd_inflate_hd().
- * values and semantics are the same as nghttp2_hd_inflate_hd().
  */
 ssize_t nghttp2_hd_inflate_hd2(nghttp2_hd_inflater *inflater,
-                               nghttp2_nv *nv_out, int *inflate_flags,
+                               nghttp2_hd_nv *nv_out, int *inflate_flags,
-                               int *token, uint8_t *in, size_t inlen,
+                               uint8_t *in, size_t inlen, int in_final);
-                               int in_final);
 
 /* For unittesting purpose */
 int nghttp2_hd_emit_indname_block(nghttp2_bufs *bufs, size_t index,
@@ -433,8 +369,7 @@ int nghttp2_hd_emit_newname_block(nghttp2_bufs *bufs, nghttp2_nv *nv,
 int nghttp2_hd_emit_table_size(nghttp2_bufs *bufs, size_t table_size);
 
 /* For unittesting purpose */
-nghttp2_hd_entry *nghttp2_hd_table_get(nghttp2_hd_context *context,
+nghttp2_hd_nv nghttp2_hd_table_get(nghttp2_hd_context *context, size_t index);
-                                       size_t index);
 
 /* For unittesting purpose */
 ssize_t nghttp2_hd_decode_length(uint32_t *res, size_t *shift_ptr, int *final,
@@ -472,9 +407,8 @@ void nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context_init(nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context *ctx);
 /*
  * Decodes the given data |src| with length |srclen|.  The |ctx| must
  * be initialized by nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context_init(). The result
- * will be added to |dest|. This function may expand |dest| as
+ * will be written to |buf|.  This function assumes that |buf| has the
- * needed. The caller is responsible to release the memory of |dest|
+ * enough room to store the decoded byte string.
- * by calling nghttp2_bufs_free().
  *
  * The caller must set the |final| to nonzero if the given input is
  * the final block.
@@ -486,13 +420,11 @@ void nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context_init(nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context *ctx);
  *
  * NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM
  *     Out of memory.
- * NGHTTP2_ERR_BUFFER_ERROR
- *     Maximum buffer capacity size exceeded.
  * NGHTTP2_ERR_HEADER_COMP
  *     Decoding process has failed.
  */
 ssize_t nghttp2_hd_huff_decode(nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context *ctx,
-                               nghttp2_bufs *bufs, const uint8_t *src,
+                               nghttp2_buf *buf, const uint8_t *src,
                                size_t srclen, int final);
 
 #endif /* NGHTTP2_HD_H */

lib/nghttp2_hd_huffman.c

@@ -166,31 +166,10 @@ void nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context_init(nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context *ctx) {
   ctx->accept = 1;
 }
 
-/* Use macro to make the code simpler..., but error case is tricky.
-   We spent most of the CPU in decoding, so we are doing this
-   thing. */
-#define hd_huff_decode_sym_emit(bufs, sym, avail)                              \
-  do {                                                                         \
-    if ((avail)) {                                                             \
-      nghttp2_bufs_fast_addb((bufs), (sym));                                   \
-      --(avail);                                                               \
-    } else {                                                                   \
-      rv = nghttp2_bufs_addb((bufs), (sym));                                   \
-      if (rv != 0) {                                                           \
-        return rv;                                                             \
-      }                                                                        \
-      (avail) = nghttp2_bufs_cur_avail((bufs));                                \
-    }                                                                          \
-  } while (0)
-
 ssize_t nghttp2_hd_huff_decode(nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context *ctx,
-                               nghttp2_bufs *bufs, const uint8_t *src,
+                               nghttp2_buf *buf, const uint8_t *src,
                                size_t srclen, int final) {
   size_t i;
-  int rv;
-  size_t avail;
-
-  avail = nghttp2_bufs_cur_avail(bufs);
 
   /* We use the decoding algorithm described in
      http://graphics.ics.uci.edu/pub/Prefix.pdf */
@@ -202,8 +181,7 @@ ssize_t nghttp2_hd_huff_decode(nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context *ctx,
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HEADER_COMP;
     }
     if (t->flags & NGHTTP2_HUFF_SYM) {
-      /* this is macro, and may return from this function on error */
+      *buf->last++ = t->sym;
-      hd_huff_decode_sym_emit(bufs, t->sym, avail);
     }
 
     t = &huff_decode_table[t->state][src[i] & 0xf];
@@ -211,8 +189,7 @@ ssize_t nghttp2_hd_huff_decode(nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context *ctx,
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HEADER_COMP;
     }
     if (t->flags & NGHTTP2_HUFF_SYM) {
-      /* this is macro, and may return from this function on error */
+      *buf->last++ = t->sym;
-      hd_huff_decode_sym_emit(bufs, t->sym, avail);
     }
 
     ctx->state = t->state;

lib/nghttp2_http.c

@@ -82,12 +82,12 @@ static int lws(const uint8_t *s, size_t n) {
   return 1;
 }
 
-static int check_pseudo_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, const nghttp2_nv *nv,
+static int check_pseudo_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, const nghttp2_hd_nv *nv,
                                int flag) {
   if (stream->http_flags & flag) {
     return 0;
   }
-  if (lws(nv->value, nv->valuelen)) {
+  if (lws(nv->value->base, nv->value->len)) {
     return 0;
   }
   stream->http_flags = (uint16_t)(stream->http_flags | flag);
@@ -112,16 +112,16 @@ static int check_path(nghttp2_stream *stream) {
            (stream->http_flags & NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG_PATH_ASTERISK)));
 }
 
-static int http_request_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_nv *nv,
+static int http_request_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_hd_nv *nv,
-                                  int token, int trailer) {
+                                  int trailer) {
-  if (nv->name[0] == ':') {
+  if (nv->name->base[0] == ':') {
     if (trailer ||
         (stream->http_flags & NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG_PSEUDO_HEADER_DISALLOWED)) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
   }
 
-  switch (token) {
+  switch (nv->token) {
   case NGHTTP2_TOKEN__AUTHORITY:
     if (!check_pseudo_header(stream, nv, NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG__AUTHORITY)) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
@@ -131,16 +131,16 @@ static int http_request_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_nv *nv,
     if (!check_pseudo_header(stream, nv, NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG__METHOD)) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
-    switch (nv->valuelen) {
+    switch (nv->value->len) {
     case 4:
-      if (lstreq("HEAD", nv->value, nv->valuelen)) {
+      if (lstreq("HEAD", nv->value->base, nv->value->len)) {
         stream->http_flags |= NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG_METH_HEAD;
       }
       break;
     case 7:
-      switch (nv->value[6]) {
+      switch (nv->value->base[6]) {
       case 'T':
-        if (lstreq("CONNECT", nv->value, nv->valuelen)) {
+        if (lstreq("CONNECT", nv->value->base, nv->value->len)) {
           if (stream->stream_id % 2 == 0) {
             /* we won't allow CONNECT for push */
             return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ static int http_request_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_nv *nv,
         }
         break;
       case 'S':
-        if (lstreq("OPTIONS", nv->value, nv->valuelen)) {
+        if (lstreq("OPTIONS", nv->value->base, nv->value->len)) {
           stream->http_flags |= NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG_METH_OPTIONS;
         }
         break;
@@ -168,9 +168,9 @@ static int http_request_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_nv *nv,
     if (!check_pseudo_header(stream, nv, NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG__PATH)) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
-    if (nv->value[0] == '/') {
+    if (nv->value->base[0] == '/') {
       stream->http_flags |= NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG_PATH_REGULAR;
-    } else if (nv->valuelen == 1 && nv->value[0] == '*') {
+    } else if (nv->value->len == 1 && nv->value->base[0] == '*') {
       stream->http_flags |= NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG_PATH_ASTERISK;
     }
     break;
@@ -181,8 +181,8 @@ static int http_request_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_nv *nv,
     if (!check_pseudo_header(stream, nv, NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG__SCHEME)) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
-    if ((nv->valuelen == 4 && memieq("http", nv->value, 4)) ||
+    if ((nv->value->len == 4 && memieq("http", nv->value->base, 4)) ||
-        (nv->valuelen == 5 && memieq("https", nv->value, 5))) {
+        (nv->value->len == 5 && memieq("https", nv->value->base, 5))) {
       stream->http_flags |= NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG_SCHEME_HTTP;
     }
     break;
@@ -195,7 +195,7 @@ static int http_request_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_nv *nv,
     if (stream->content_length != -1) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
-    stream->content_length = parse_uint(nv->value, nv->valuelen);
+    stream->content_length = parse_uint(nv->value->base, nv->value->len);
     if (stream->content_length == -1) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
@@ -209,41 +209,41 @@ static int http_request_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_nv *nv,
   case NGHTTP2_TOKEN_UPGRADE:
     return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
   case NGHTTP2_TOKEN_TE:
-    if (!lstrieq("trailers", nv->value, nv->valuelen)) {
+    if (!lstrieq("trailers", nv->value->base, nv->value->len)) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
     break;
   default:
-    if (nv->name[0] == ':') {
+    if (nv->name->base[0] == ':') {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
   }
 
-  if (nv->name[0] != ':') {
+  if (nv->name->base[0] != ':') {
     stream->http_flags |= NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG_PSEUDO_HEADER_DISALLOWED;
   }
 
   return 0;
 }
 
-static int http_response_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_nv *nv,
+static int http_response_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_hd_nv *nv,
-                                   int token, int trailer) {
+                                   int trailer) {
-  if (nv->name[0] == ':') {
+  if (nv->name->base[0] == ':') {
     if (trailer ||
         (stream->http_flags & NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG_PSEUDO_HEADER_DISALLOWED)) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
   }
 
-  switch (token) {
+  switch (nv->token) {
   case NGHTTP2_TOKEN__STATUS: {
     if (!check_pseudo_header(stream, nv, NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG__STATUS)) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
-    if (nv->valuelen != 3) {
+    if (nv->value->len != 3) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
-    stream->status_code = (int16_t)parse_uint(nv->value, nv->valuelen);
+    stream->status_code = (int16_t)parse_uint(nv->value->base, nv->value->len);
     if (stream->status_code == -1) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
@@ -253,7 +253,7 @@ static int http_response_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_nv *nv,
     if (stream->content_length != -1) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
-    stream->content_length = parse_uint(nv->value, nv->valuelen);
+    stream->content_length = parse_uint(nv->value->base, nv->value->len);
     if (stream->content_length == -1) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
@@ -267,17 +267,17 @@ static int http_response_on_header(nghttp2_stream *stream, nghttp2_nv *nv,
   case NGHTTP2_TOKEN_UPGRADE:
     return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
   case NGHTTP2_TOKEN_TE:
-    if (!lstrieq("trailers", nv->value, nv->valuelen)) {
+    if (!lstrieq("trailers", nv->value->base, nv->value->len)) {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
     break;
   default:
-    if (nv->name[0] == ':') {
+    if (nv->name->base[0] == ':') {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
   }
 
-  if (nv->name[0] != ':') {
+  if (nv->name->base[0] != ':') {
     stream->http_flags |= NGHTTP2_HTTP_FLAG_PSEUDO_HEADER_DISALLOWED;
   }
 
@@ -375,7 +375,7 @@ static int check_scheme(const uint8_t *value, size_t len) {
 }
 
 int nghttp2_http_on_header(nghttp2_session *session, nghttp2_stream *stream,
-                           nghttp2_frame *frame, nghttp2_nv *nv, int token,
+                           nghttp2_frame *frame, nghttp2_hd_nv *nv,
                            int trailer) {
   int rv;
 
@@ -386,14 +386,14 @@ int nghttp2_http_on_header(nghttp2_session *session, nghttp2_stream *stream,
      this, we may disrupt many web sites and/or libraries.  So we
      become conservative here, and just ignore those illegal regular
      headers. */
-  if (!nghttp2_check_header_name(nv->name, nv->namelen)) {
+  if (!nghttp2_check_header_name(nv->name->base, nv->name->len)) {
     size_t i;
-    if (nv->namelen > 0 && nv->name[0] == ':') {
+    if (nv->name->len > 0 && nv->name->base[0] == ':') {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
     /* header field name must be lower-cased without exception */
-    for (i = 0; i < nv->namelen; ++i) {
+    for (i = 0; i < nv->name->len; ++i) {
-      uint8_t c = nv->name[i];
+      uint8_t c = nv->name->base[i];
       if ('A' <= c && c <= 'Z') {
         return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
       }
@@ -405,17 +405,18 @@ int nghttp2_http_on_header(nghttp2_session *session, nghttp2_stream *stream,
     return NGHTTP2_ERR_IGN_HTTP_HEADER;
   }
 
-  if (token == NGHTTP2_TOKEN__AUTHORITY || token == NGHTTP2_TOKEN_HOST) {
+  if (nv->token == NGHTTP2_TOKEN__AUTHORITY ||
-    rv = check_authority(nv->value, nv->valuelen);
+      nv->token == NGHTTP2_TOKEN_HOST) {
-  } else if (token == NGHTTP2_TOKEN__SCHEME) {
+    rv = check_authority(nv->value->base, nv->value->len);
-    rv = check_scheme(nv->value, nv->valuelen);
+  } else if (nv->token == NGHTTP2_TOKEN__SCHEME) {
+    rv = check_scheme(nv->value->base, nv->value->len);
   } else {
-    rv = nghttp2_check_header_value(nv->value, nv->valuelen);
+    rv = nghttp2_check_header_value(nv->value->base, nv->value->len);
   }
 
   if (rv == 0) {
-    assert(nv->namelen > 0);
+    assert(nv->name->len > 0);
-    if (nv->name[0] == ':') {
+    if (nv->name->base[0] == ':') {
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER;
     }
     /* When ignoring regular headers, we set this flag so that we
@@ -426,10 +427,10 @@ int nghttp2_http_on_header(nghttp2_session *session, nghttp2_stream *stream,
   }
 
   if (session->server || frame->hd.type == NGHTTP2_PUSH_PROMISE) {
-    return http_request_on_header(stream, nv, token, trailer);
+    return http_request_on_header(stream, nv, trailer);
   }
 
-  return http_response_on_header(stream, nv, token, trailer);
+  return http_response_on_header(stream, nv, trailer);
 }
 
 int nghttp2_http_on_request_headers(nghttp2_stream *stream,

lib/nghttp2_http.h

@@ -36,8 +36,7 @@
 /*
  * This function is called when HTTP header field |nv| in |frame| is
  * received for |stream|.  This function will validate |nv| against
- * the current state of stream.  The |token| is nghttp2_token value
+ * the current state of stream.
- * for nv->name, or -1 if we don't have enum value for the name.
  *
  * This function returns 0 if it succeeds, or one of the following
  * negative error codes:
@@ -49,7 +48,7 @@
  *     if it was not received because of compatibility reasons.
  */
 int nghttp2_http_on_header(nghttp2_session *session, nghttp2_stream *stream,
-                           nghttp2_frame *frame, nghttp2_nv *nv, int token,
+                           nghttp2_frame *frame, nghttp2_hd_nv *nv,
                            int trailer);
 
 /*

lib/nghttp2_mem.c

@@ -52,6 +52,10 @@ void nghttp2_mem_free(nghttp2_mem *mem, void *ptr) {
   mem->free(ptr, mem->mem_user_data);
 }
 
+void nghttp2_mem_free2(nghttp2_free free, void *ptr, void *mem_user_data) {
+  free(ptr, mem_user_data);
+}
+
 void *nghttp2_mem_calloc(nghttp2_mem *mem, size_t nmemb, size_t size) {
   return mem->calloc(nmemb, size, mem->mem_user_data);
 }

lib/nghttp2_mem.h

@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@ nghttp2_mem *nghttp2_mem_default(void);
    |mem|. */
 void *nghttp2_mem_malloc(nghttp2_mem *mem, size_t size);
 void nghttp2_mem_free(nghttp2_mem *mem, void *ptr);
+void nghttp2_mem_free2(nghttp2_free free, void *ptr, void *mem_user_data);
 void *nghttp2_mem_calloc(nghttp2_mem *mem, size_t nmemb, size_t size);
 void *nghttp2_mem_realloc(nghttp2_mem *mem, void *ptr, size_t size);
 

lib/nghttp2_rcbuf.c

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/*
+ * nghttp2 - HTTP/2 C Library
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#include "nghttp2_rcbuf.h"
+
+#include <string.h>
+#include <assert.h>
+
+#include "nghttp2_mem.h"
+
+int nghttp2_rcbuf_new(nghttp2_rcbuf **rcbuf_ptr, size_t size,
+                      nghttp2_mem *mem) {
+  uint8_t *p;
+
+  p = nghttp2_mem_malloc(mem, sizeof(nghttp2_rcbuf) + size);
+  if (p == NULL) {
+    return NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM;
+  }
+
+  *rcbuf_ptr = (void *)p;
+
+  (*rcbuf_ptr)->mem_user_data = mem->mem_user_data;
+  (*rcbuf_ptr)->free = mem->free;
+  (*rcbuf_ptr)->base = p + sizeof(nghttp2_rcbuf);
+  (*rcbuf_ptr)->len = size;
+  (*rcbuf_ptr)->ref = 1;
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int nghttp2_rcbuf_new2(nghttp2_rcbuf **rcbuf_ptr, const uint8_t *src,
+                       size_t srclen, nghttp2_mem *mem) {
+  int rv;
+
+  rv = nghttp2_rcbuf_new(rcbuf_ptr, srclen + 1, mem);
+  if (rv != 0) {
+    return rv;
+  }
+
+  memcpy((*rcbuf_ptr)->base, src, srclen);
+
+  (*rcbuf_ptr)->len = srclen;
+  (*rcbuf_ptr)->base[srclen] = '\0';
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Frees |rcbuf| itself, regardless of its reference cout.
+ */
+void nghttp2_rcbuf_del(nghttp2_rcbuf *rcbuf) {
+  nghttp2_mem_free2(rcbuf->free, rcbuf, rcbuf->mem_user_data);
+}
+
+void nghttp2_rcbuf_incref(nghttp2_rcbuf *rcbuf) {
+  if (rcbuf->ref == -1) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  ++rcbuf->ref;
+}
+
+void nghttp2_rcbuf_decref(nghttp2_rcbuf *rcbuf) {
+  if (rcbuf == NULL || rcbuf->ref == -1) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  assert(rcbuf->ref > 0);
+
+  if (--rcbuf->ref == 0) {
+    nghttp2_rcbuf_del(rcbuf);
+  }
+}
+
+nghttp2_vec nghttp2_rcbuf_get_buf(nghttp2_rcbuf *rcbuf) {
+  return (nghttp2_vec){rcbuf->base, rcbuf->len};
+}

lib/nghttp2_rcbuf.h

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/*
+ * nghttp2 - HTTP/2 C Library
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef NGHTTP2_RCBUF_H
+#define NGHTTP2_RCBUF_H
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#include <config.h>
+#endif /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */
+
+#include <nghttp2/nghttp2.h>
+
+struct nghttp2_rcbuf {
+  /* custom memory allocator belongs to the mem parameter when
+     creating this object. */
+  void *mem_user_data;
+  nghttp2_free free;
+  /* The pointer to the underlying buffer */
+  uint8_t *base;
+  /* Size of buffer pointed by |base|. */
+  size_t len;
+  /* Reference count */
+  int32_t ref;
+};
+
+/*
+ * Allocates nghttp2_rcbuf object with |size| as initial buffer size.
+ * When the function succeeds, the reference count becomes 1.
+ *
+ * This function returns 0 if it succeeds, or one of the following
+ * negative error codes:
+ *
+ * NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM:
+ *     Out of memory.
+ */
+int nghttp2_rcbuf_new(nghttp2_rcbuf **rcbuf_ptr, size_t size, nghttp2_mem *mem);
+
+/*
+ * Like nghttp2_rcbuf_new(), but initializes the buffer with |src| of
+ * length |srclen|.  This function allocates additional byte at the
+ * end and puts '\0' into it, so that the resulting buffer could be
+ * used as NULL-terminated string.  Still (*rcbuf_ptr)->len equals to
+ * |srclen|.
+ *
+ * This function returns 0 if it succeeds, or one of the following
+ * negative error codes:
+ *
+ * NGHTTP2_ERR_NOMEM:
+ *     Out of memory.
+ */
+int nghttp2_rcbuf_new2(nghttp2_rcbuf **rcbuf_ptr, const uint8_t *src,
+                       size_t srclen, nghttp2_mem *mem);
+
+/*
+ * Frees |rcbuf| itself, regardless of its reference cout.
+ */
+void nghttp2_rcbuf_del(nghttp2_rcbuf *rcbuf);
+
+#endif /* NGHTTP2_RCBUF_H */

lib/nghttp2_session.c

@@ -3122,20 +3122,24 @@ static int session_call_on_begin_headers(nghttp2_session *session,
 
 static int session_call_on_header(nghttp2_session *session,
                                   const nghttp2_frame *frame,
-                                  const nghttp2_nv *nv) {
+                                  const nghttp2_hd_nv *nv) {
-  int rv;
+  int rv = 0;
-  if (session->callbacks.on_header_callback) {
+  if (session->callbacks.on_header_callback2) {
+    rv = session->callbacks.on_header_callback2(
+        session, frame, nv->name, nv->value, nv->flags, session->user_data);
+  } else if (session->callbacks.on_header_callback) {
     rv = session->callbacks.on_header_callback(
-        session, frame, nv->name, nv->namelen, nv->value, nv->valuelen,
+        session, frame, nv->name->base, nv->name->len, nv->value->base,
-        nv->flags, session->user_data);
+        nv->value->len, nv->flags, session->user_data);
-    if (rv == NGHTTP2_ERR_PAUSE ||
+  }
-        rv == NGHTTP2_ERR_TEMPORAL_CALLBACK_FAILURE) {
+
+  if (rv == NGHTTP2_ERR_PAUSE || rv == NGHTTP2_ERR_TEMPORAL_CALLBACK_FAILURE) {
     return rv;
   }
   if (rv != 0) {
     return NGHTTP2_ERR_CALLBACK_FAILURE;
   }
-  }
+
   return 0;
 }
 
@@ -3317,11 +3321,10 @@ static int inflate_header_block(nghttp2_session *session, nghttp2_frame *frame,
   ssize_t proclen;
   int rv;
   int inflate_flags;
-  nghttp2_nv nv;
+  nghttp2_hd_nv nv;
   nghttp2_stream *stream;
   nghttp2_stream *subject_stream;
   int trailer = 0;
-  int token;
 
   *readlen_ptr = 0;
   stream = nghttp2_session_get_stream(session, frame->hd.stream_id);
@@ -3338,7 +3341,7 @@ static int inflate_header_block(nghttp2_session *session, nghttp2_frame *frame,
   for (;;) {
     inflate_flags = 0;
     proclen = nghttp2_hd_inflate_hd2(&session->hd_inflater, &nv, &inflate_flags,
-                                     &token, in, inlen, final);
+                                     in, inlen, final);
     if (nghttp2_is_fatal((int)proclen)) {
       return (int)proclen;
     }
@@ -3373,13 +3376,13 @@ static int inflate_header_block(nghttp2_session *session, nghttp2_frame *frame,
     if (call_header_cb && (inflate_flags & NGHTTP2_HD_INFLATE_EMIT)) {
       rv = 0;
       if (subject_stream && session_enforce_http_messaging(session)) {
-        rv = nghttp2_http_on_header(session, subject_stream, frame, &nv, token,
+        rv = nghttp2_http_on_header(session, subject_stream, frame, &nv,
                                     trailer);
         if (rv == NGHTTP2_ERR_HTTP_HEADER) {
           DEBUGF(fprintf(
               stderr, "recv: HTTP error: type=%d, id=%d, header %.*s: %.*s\n",
-              frame->hd.type, subject_stream->stream_id, (int)nv.namelen,
+              frame->hd.type, subject_stream->stream_id, (int)nv.name->len,
-              nv.name, (int)nv.valuelen, nv.value));
+              nv.name->base, (int)nv.value->len, nv.value->base));
 
           rv =
               session_handle_invalid_stream2(session, subject_stream->stream_id,
@@ -3394,8 +3397,8 @@ static int inflate_header_block(nghttp2_session *session, nghttp2_frame *frame,
           /* header is ignored */
           DEBUGF(fprintf(
               stderr, "recv: HTTP ignored: type=%d, id=%d, header %.*s: %.*s\n",
-              frame->hd.type, subject_stream->stream_id, (int)nv.namelen,
+              frame->hd.type, subject_stream->stream_id, (int)nv.name->len,
-              nv.name, (int)nv.valuelen, nv.value));
+              nv.name->base, (int)nv.value->len, nv.value->base));
         }
       }
       if (rv == 0) {

lib/nghttp2_stream.c

@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ static int stream_obq_push(nghttp2_stream *dep_stream, nghttp2_stream *stream) {
     stream_next_cycle(stream, dep_stream->descendant_last_cycle);
     stream->seq = dep_stream->descendant_next_seq++;
 
-    DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "stream: stream=%d obq push cycle=%ld\n",
+    DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "stream: stream=%d obq push cycle=%d\n",
                    stream->stream_id, stream->cycle));
 
     DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "stream: push stream %d to stream %d\n",
@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ void nghttp2_stream_reschedule(nghttp2_stream *stream) {
 
     nghttp2_pq_push(&dep_stream->obq, &stream->pq_entry);
 
-    DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "stream: stream=%d obq resched cycle=%ld\n",
+    DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "stream: stream=%d obq resched cycle=%d\n",
                    stream->stream_id, stream->cycle));
 
     dep_stream->last_writelen = stream->last_writelen;
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ void nghttp2_stream_change_weight(nghttp2_stream *stream, int32_t weight) {
 
   nghttp2_pq_push(&dep_stream->obq, &stream->pq_entry);
 
-  DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "stream: stream=%d obq resched cycle=%ld\n",
+  DEBUGF(fprintf(stderr, "stream: stream=%d obq resched cycle=%d\n",
                  stream->stream_id, stream->cycle));
 }
 

src/HttpServer.cc

@@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ void prepare_response(Stream *stream, Http2Handler *hd,
   bool last_mod_found = false;
   if (ims) {
     last_mod_found = true;
-    last_mod = util::parse_http_date(ims->value);
+    last_mod = util::parse_http_date(StringRef{ims->value});
   }
   auto query_pos = reqpath.find("?");
   std::string url;

src/allocator.h

@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+/*
+ * nghttp2 - HTTP/2 C Library
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2016 Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef ALLOCATOR_H
+#define ALLOCATOR_H
+
+#include "nghttp2_config.h"
+
+#include <sys/uio.h>
+
+#include "template.h"
+
+namespace nghttp2 {
+
+struct MemBlock {
+  // The next MemBlock to chain them.  This is for book keeping
+  // purpose to free them later.
+  MemBlock *next;
+  // begin is the pointer to the beginning of buffer.  last is the
+  // location of next write.  end is the one beyond of the end of the
+  // buffer.
+  uint8_t *begin, *last, *end;
+};
+
+// BlockAllocator allocates memory block with given size at once, and
+// cuts the region from it when allocation is requested.  If the
+// requested size is larger than given threshold, it will be allocated
+// in a distinct buffer on demand.
+struct BlockAllocator {
+  BlockAllocator(size_t block_size, size_t isolation_threshold)
+      : retain(nullptr),
+        head(nullptr),
+        block_size(block_size),
+        isolation_threshold(std::min(block_size, isolation_threshold)) {}
+
+  ~BlockAllocator() {
+    for (auto mb = retain; mb;) {
+      auto next = mb->next;
+      delete[] reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(mb);
+      mb = next;
+    }
+  }
+
+  MemBlock *alloc_mem_block(size_t size) {
+    auto block = new uint8_t[sizeof(MemBlock) + size];
+    auto mb = reinterpret_cast<MemBlock *>(block);
+
+    mb->next = retain;
+    mb->begin = mb->last = block + sizeof(MemBlock);
+    mb->end = mb->begin + size;
+    retain = mb;
+    return mb;
+  }
+
+  void *alloc(size_t size) {
+    if (size >= isolation_threshold) {
+      auto mb = alloc_mem_block(size);
+      mb->last = mb->end;
+      return mb->begin;
+    }
+
+    if (!head || head->end - head->last < static_cast<ssize_t>(size)) {
+      head = alloc_mem_block(block_size);
+    }
+
+    auto res = head->last;
+
+    head->last = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t *>(
+        (reinterpret_cast<intptr_t>(head->last + size) + 0xf) & ~0xf);
+
+    return res;
+  }
+
+  // This holds live memory block to free them in dtor.
+  MemBlock *retain;
+  // Current memory block to use.
+  MemBlock *head;
+  // size of single memory block
+  size_t block_size;
+  // if allocation greater or equal to isolation_threshold bytes is
+  // requested, allocate dedicated block.
+  size_t isolation_threshold;
+};
+
+// Makes a copy of |src|.  The resulting string will be
+// NULL-terminated.
+template <typename BlockAllocator>
+StringRef make_string_ref(BlockAllocator &alloc, const StringRef &src) {
+  auto dst = static_cast<uint8_t *>(alloc.alloc(src.size() + 1));
+  auto p = dst;
+  p = std::copy(std::begin(src), std::end(src), p);
+  *p = '\0';
+  return StringRef{dst, src.size()};
+}
+
+// Returns the string which is the concatenation of |a| and |b| in
+// this order.  The resulting string will be NULL-terminated.
+template <typename BlockAllocator>
+StringRef concat_string_ref(BlockAllocator &alloc, const StringRef &a,
+                            const StringRef &b) {
+  auto len = a.size() + b.size();
+  auto dst = static_cast<uint8_t *>(alloc.alloc(len + 1));
+  auto p = dst;
+  p = std::copy(std::begin(a), std::end(a), p);
+  p = std::copy(std::begin(b), std::end(b), p);
+  *p = '\0';
+  return StringRef{dst, len};
+}
+
+// Returns the string which is the concatenation of |a|, |b| and |c|
+// in this order.  The resulting string will be NULL-terminated.
+template <typename BlockAllocator>
+StringRef concat_string_ref(BlockAllocator &alloc, const StringRef &a,
+                            const StringRef &b, const StringRef &c) {
+  auto len = a.size() + b.size() + c.size();
+  auto dst = static_cast<uint8_t *>(alloc.alloc(len + 1));
+  auto p = dst;
+  p = std::copy(std::begin(a), std::end(a), p);
+  p = std::copy(std::begin(b), std::end(b), p);
+  p = std::copy(std::begin(c), std::end(c), p);
+  *p = '\0';
+  return StringRef{dst, len};
+}
+
+struct ByteRef {
+  // The pointer to the beginning of the buffer.
+  uint8_t *base;
+  // The length of the buffer.
+  size_t len;
+};
+
+// Makes a buffer with given size.  The resulting byte string might
+// not be NULL-terminated.
+template <typename BlockAllocator>
+ByteRef make_byte_ref(BlockAllocator &alloc, size_t size) {
+  auto dst = static_cast<uint8_t *>(alloc.alloc(size));
+  return {dst, size};
+}
+
+} // namespace aria2
+
+#endif // ALLOCATOR_H

src/http2.cc

@@ -134,111 +134,111 @@ std::string get_status_string(unsigned int status_code) {
   }
 }
 
-const char *stringify_status(unsigned int status_code) {
+StringRef stringify_status(unsigned int status_code) {
   switch (status_code) {
   case 100:
-    return "100";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("100");
   case 101:
-    return "101";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("101");
   case 200:
-    return "200";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("200");
   case 201:
-    return "201";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("201");
   case 202:
-    return "202";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("202");
   case 203:
-    return "203";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("203");
   case 204:
-    return "204";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("204");
   case 205:
-    return "205";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("205");
   case 206:
-    return "206";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("206");
   case 300:
-    return "300";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("300");
   case 301:
-    return "301";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("301");
   case 302:
-    return "302";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("302");
   case 303:
-    return "303";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("303");
   case 304:
-    return "304";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("304");
   case 305:
-    return "305";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("305");
-  // case 306: return "306";
+  // case 306: return StringRef::from_lit("306");
   case 307:
-    return "307";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("307");
   case 308:
-    return "308";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("308");
   case 400:
-    return "400";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("400");
   case 401:
-    return "401";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("401");
   case 402:
-    return "402";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("402");
   case 403:
-    return "403";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("403");
   case 404:
-    return "404";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("404");
   case 405:
-    return "405";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("405");
   case 406:
-    return "406";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("406");
   case 407:
-    return "407";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("407");
   case 408:
-    return "408";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("408");
   case 409:
-    return "409";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("409");
   case 410:
-    return "410";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("410");
   case 411:
-    return "411";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("411");
   case 412:
-    return "412";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("412");
   case 413:
-    return "413";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("413");
   case 414:
-    return "414";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("414");
   case 415:
-    return "415";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("415");
   case 416:
-    return "416";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("416");
   case 417:
-    return "417";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("417");
   case 421:
-    return "421";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("421");
   case 426:
-    return "426";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("426");
   case 428:
-    return "428";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("428");
   case 429:
-    return "429";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("429");
   case 431:
-    return "431";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("431");
   case 451:
-    return "451";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("451");
   case 500:
-    return "500";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("500");
   case 501:
-    return "501";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("501");
   case 502:
-    return "502";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("502");
   case 503:
-    return "503";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("503");
   case 504:
-    return "504";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("504");
   case 505:
-    return "505";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("505");
   case 511:
-    return "511";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("511");
   default:
-    return nullptr;
+    return StringRef{};
   }
 }
 
-void capitalize(DefaultMemchunks *buf, const std::string &s) {
+void capitalize(DefaultMemchunks *buf, const StringRef &s) {
   buf->append(util::upcase(s[0]));
   for (size_t i = 1; i < s.size(); ++i) {
     if (s[i - 1] == '-') {
@@ -302,14 +302,7 @@ const Headers::value_type *get_header(const Headers &nva, const char *name) {
   return res;
 }
 
-std::string value_to_str(const Headers::value_type *nv) {
+bool non_empty_value(const HeaderRefs::value_type *nv) {
-  if (nv) {
-    return nv->value;
-  }
-  return "";
-}
-
-bool non_empty_value(const Headers::value_type *nv) {
   return nv && !nv->value.empty();
 }
 
@@ -326,11 +319,29 @@ nghttp2_nv make_nv_internal(const std::string &name, const std::string &value,
 }
 } // namespace
 
+namespace {
+nghttp2_nv make_nv_internal(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
+                            bool no_index, uint8_t nv_flags) {
+  uint8_t flags;
+
+  flags =
+      nv_flags | (no_index ? NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_INDEX : NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NONE);
+
+  return {(uint8_t *)name.c_str(), (uint8_t *)value.c_str(), name.size(),
+          value.size(), flags};
+}
+} // namespace
+
 nghttp2_nv make_nv(const std::string &name, const std::string &value,
                    bool no_index) {
   return make_nv_internal(name, value, no_index, NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NONE);
 }
 
+nghttp2_nv make_nv(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
+                   bool no_index) {
+  return make_nv_internal(name, value, no_index, NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NONE);
+}
+
 nghttp2_nv make_nv_nocopy(const std::string &name, const std::string &value,
                           bool no_index) {
   return make_nv_internal(name, value, no_index,
@@ -338,9 +349,16 @@ nghttp2_nv make_nv_nocopy(const std::string &name, const std::string &value,
                               NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_COPY_VALUE);
 }
 
+nghttp2_nv make_nv_nocopy(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
+                          bool no_index) {
+  return make_nv_internal(name, value, no_index,
+                          NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_COPY_NAME |
+                              NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_COPY_VALUE);
+}
+
 namespace {
 void copy_headers_to_nva_internal(std::vector<nghttp2_nv> &nva,
-                                  const Headers &headers, uint8_t nv_flags) {
+                                  const HeaderRefs &headers, uint8_t nv_flags) {
   for (auto &kv : headers) {
     if (kv.name.empty() || kv.name[0] == ':') {
       continue;
@@ -367,18 +385,19 @@ void copy_headers_to_nva_internal(std::vector<nghttp2_nv> &nva,
 }
 } // namespace
 
-void copy_headers_to_nva(std::vector<nghttp2_nv> &nva, const Headers &headers) {
+void copy_headers_to_nva(std::vector<nghttp2_nv> &nva,
+                         const HeaderRefs &headers) {
   copy_headers_to_nva_internal(nva, headers, NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NONE);
 }
 
 void copy_headers_to_nva_nocopy(std::vector<nghttp2_nv> &nva,
-                                const Headers &headers) {
+                                const HeaderRefs &headers) {
   copy_headers_to_nva_internal(nva, headers, NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_COPY_NAME |
                                                  NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_COPY_VALUE);
 }
 
 void build_http1_headers_from_headers(DefaultMemchunks *buf,
-                                      const Headers &headers) {
+                                      const HeaderRefs &headers) {
   for (auto &kv : headers) {
     if (kv.name.empty() || kv.name[0] == ':') {
       continue;
@@ -450,42 +469,77 @@ void dump_nv(FILE *out, const Headers &nva) {
   fflush(out);
 }
 
-std::string rewrite_location_uri(const std::string &uri,
+void dump_nv(FILE *out, const HeaderRefs &nva) {
+  for (auto &nv : nva) {
+    fprintf(out, "%s: %s\n", nv.name.c_str(), nv.value.c_str());
+  }
+  fputc('\n', out);
+  fflush(out);
+}
+
+StringRef rewrite_location_uri(BlockAllocator &balloc, const StringRef &uri,
                                const http_parser_url &u,
-                                 const std::string &match_host,
+                               const StringRef &match_host,
-                                 const std::string &request_authority,
+                               const StringRef &request_authority,
-                                 const std::string &upstream_scheme) {
+                               const StringRef &upstream_scheme) {
   // We just rewrite scheme and authority.
   if ((u.field_set & (1 << UF_HOST)) == 0) {
-    return "";
+    return StringRef{};
   }
   auto field = &u.field_data[UF_HOST];
   if (!util::starts_with(std::begin(match_host), std::end(match_host),
                          &uri[field->off], &uri[field->off] + field->len) ||
       (match_host.size() != field->len && match_host[field->len] != ':')) {
-    return "";
+    return StringRef{};
   }
-  std::string res;
+
+  auto len = 0;
   if (!request_authority.empty()) {
-    res += upstream_scheme;
+    len += upstream_scheme.size() + str_size("://") + request_authority.size();
-    res += "://";
+  }
-    res += request_authority;
+
+  if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_PATH)) {
+    field = &u.field_data[UF_PATH];
+    len += field->len;
+  }
+
+  if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_QUERY)) {
+    field = &u.field_data[UF_QUERY];
+    len += 1 + field->len;
+  }
+
+  if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_FRAGMENT)) {
+    field = &u.field_data[UF_FRAGMENT];
+    len += 1 + field->len;
+  }
+
+  auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, len + 1);
+  auto p = iov.base;
+
+  if (!request_authority.empty()) {
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(upstream_scheme), std::end(upstream_scheme), p);
+    p = util::copy_lit(p, "://");
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(request_authority), std::end(request_authority),
+                  p);
   }
   if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_PATH)) {
     field = &u.field_data[UF_PATH];
-    res.append(&uri[field->off], field->len);
+    p = std::copy_n(&uri[field->off], field->len, p);
   }
   if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_QUERY)) {
     field = &u.field_data[UF_QUERY];
-    res += '?';
+    *p++ = '?';
-    res.append(&uri[field->off], field->len);
+    p = std::copy_n(&uri[field->off], field->len, p);
   }
   if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_FRAGMENT)) {
     field = &u.field_data[UF_FRAGMENT];
-    res += '#';
+    *p++ = '#';
-    res.append(&uri[field->off], field->len);
+    p = std::copy_n(&uri[field->off], field->len, p);
   }
-  return res;
+
+  *p = '\0';
+
+  return StringRef{iov.base, p};
 }
 
 int check_nv(const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen, const uint8_t *value,
@@ -499,7 +553,7 @@ int check_nv(const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen, const uint8_t *value,
   return 1;
 }
 
-int parse_http_status_code(const std::string &src) {
+int parse_http_status_code(const StringRef &src) {
   if (src.size() != 3) {
     return -1;
   }
@@ -525,6 +579,10 @@ int lookup_token(const std::string &name) {
                       name.size());
 }
 
+int lookup_token(const StringRef &name) {
+  return lookup_token(name.byte(), name.size());
+}
+
 // This function was generated by genheaderfunc.py.  Inspired by h2o
 // header lookup.  https://github.com/h2o/h2o
 int lookup_token(const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen) {
@@ -1133,132 +1191,11 @@ std::vector<LinkHeader> parse_link_header(const char *src, size_t len) {
   return res;
 }
 
-namespace {
-void eat_file(std::string &path) {
-  if (path.empty()) {
-    path = "/";
-    return;
-  }
-  auto p = path.size() - 1;
-  if (path[p] == '/') {
-    return;
-  }
-  p = path.rfind('/', p);
-  if (p == std::string::npos) {
-    // this should not happend in normal case, where we expect path
-    // starts with '/'
-    path = "/";
-    return;
-  }
-  path.erase(std::begin(path) + p + 1, std::end(path));
-}
-} // namespace
-
-namespace {
-void eat_dir(std::string &path) {
-  if (path.empty()) {
-    path = "/";
-    return;
-  }
-  auto p = path.size() - 1;
-  if (path[p] != '/') {
-    p = path.rfind('/', p);
-    if (p == std::string::npos) {
-      // this should not happend in normal case, where we expect path
-      // starts with '/'
-      path = "/";
-      return;
-    }
-  }
-  if (path[p] == '/') {
-    if (p == 0) {
-      return;
-    }
-    --p;
-  }
-  p = path.rfind('/', p);
-  if (p == std::string::npos) {
-    // this should not happend in normal case, where we expect path
-    // starts with '/'
-    path = "/";
-    return;
-  }
-  path.erase(std::begin(path) + p + 1, std::end(path));
-}
-} // namespace
-
 std::string path_join(const StringRef &base_path, const StringRef &base_query,
                       const StringRef &rel_path, const StringRef &rel_query) {
-  std::string res;
+  BlockAllocator balloc(1024, 1024);
-  if (rel_path.empty()) {
-    if (base_path.empty()) {
-      res = "/";
-    } else {
-      res.assign(std::begin(base_path), std::end(base_path));
-    }
-    if (rel_query.empty()) {
-      if (!base_query.empty()) {
-        res += '?';
-        res.append(std::begin(base_query), std::end(base_query));
-      }
-      return res;
-    }
-    res += '?';
-    res.append(std::begin(rel_query), std::end(rel_query));
-    return res;
-  }
 
-  auto first = std::begin(rel_path);
+  return path_join(balloc, base_path, base_query, rel_path, rel_query).str();
-  auto last = std::end(rel_path);
-
-  if (rel_path[0] == '/') {
-    res = "/";
-    ++first;
-  } else if (base_path.empty()) {
-    res = "/";
-  } else {
-    res.assign(std::begin(base_path), std::end(base_path));
-  }
-
-  for (; first != last;) {
-    if (*first == '.') {
-      if (first + 1 == last) {
-        break;
-      }
-      if (*(first + 1) == '/') {
-        first += 2;
-        continue;
-      }
-      if (*(first + 1) == '.') {
-        if (first + 2 == last) {
-          eat_dir(res);
-          break;
-        }
-        if (*(first + 2) == '/') {
-          eat_dir(res);
-          first += 3;
-          continue;
-        }
-      }
-    }
-    if (res.back() != '/') {
-      eat_file(res);
-    }
-    auto slash = std::find(first, last, '/');
-    if (slash == last) {
-      res.append(first, last);
-      break;
-    }
-    res.append(first, slash + 1);
-    first = slash + 1;
-    for (; first != last && *first == '/'; ++first)
-      ;
-  }
-  if (!rel_query.empty()) {
-    res += '?';
-    res.append(std::begin(rel_query), std::end(rel_query));
-  }
-  return res;
 }
 
 bool expect_response_body(int status_code) {
@@ -1278,6 +1215,10 @@ int lookup_method_token(const std::string &name) {
                              name.size());
 }
 
+int lookup_method_token(const StringRef &name) {
+  return lookup_method_token(name.byte(), name.size());
+}
+
 // This function was generated by genmethodfunc.py.
 int lookup_method_token(const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen) {
   switch (namelen) {
@@ -1455,7 +1396,7 @@ StringRef to_method_string(int method_token) {
   return StringRef{http_method_str(static_cast<http_method>(method_token))};
 }
 
-StringRef get_pure_path_component(const std::string &uri) {
+StringRef get_pure_path_component(const StringRef &uri) {
   int rv;
 
   http_parser_url u{};
@@ -1472,9 +1413,9 @@ StringRef get_pure_path_component(const std::string &uri) {
   return StringRef::from_lit("/");
 }
 
-int construct_push_component(std::string &scheme, std::string &authority,
+int construct_push_component(BlockAllocator &balloc, StringRef &scheme,
-                             std::string &path, const StringRef &base,
+                             StringRef &authority, StringRef &path,
-                             const StringRef &uri) {
+                             const StringRef &base, const StringRef &uri) {
   int rv;
   StringRef rel, relq;
 
@@ -1497,15 +1438,26 @@ int construct_push_component(std::string &scheme, std::string &authority,
     }
   } else {
     if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_SCHEMA)) {
-      http2::copy_url_component(scheme, &u, UF_SCHEMA, uri.c_str());
+      scheme = util::get_uri_field(uri.c_str(), u, UF_SCHEMA);
     }
 
     if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_HOST)) {
-      http2::copy_url_component(authority, &u, UF_HOST, uri.c_str());
+      auto auth = util::get_uri_field(uri.c_str(), u, UF_HOST);
-      if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_PORT)) {
+      auto len = auth.size();
-        authority += ':';
+      auto port_exists = u.field_set & (1 << UF_PORT);
-        authority += util::utos(u.port);
+      if (port_exists) {
+        len += 1 + str_size("65535");
       }
+      auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, len + 1);
+      auto p = iov.base;
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(auth), std::end(auth), p);
+      if (port_exists) {
+        *p++ = ':';
+        p = util::utos(p, u.port);
+      }
+      *p = '\0';
+
+      authority = StringRef{iov.base, p};
     }
 
     if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_PATH)) {
@@ -1521,11 +1473,207 @@ int construct_push_component(std::string &scheme, std::string &authority,
     }
   }
 
-  path = http2::path_join(base, StringRef{}, rel, relq);
+  path = http2::path_join(balloc, base, StringRef{}, rel, relq);
 
   return 0;
 }
 
+namespace {
+template <typename InputIt> InputIt eat_file(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
+  if (first == last) {
+    *first++ = '/';
+    return first;
+  }
+
+  if (*(last - 1) == '/') {
+    return last;
+  }
+
+  auto p = last;
+  for (; p != first && *(p - 1) != '/'; --p)
+    ;
+  if (p == first) {
+    // this should not happend in normal case, where we expect path
+    // starts with '/'
+    *first++ = '/';
+    return first;
+  }
+
+  return p;
+}
+} // namespace
+
+namespace {
+template <typename InputIt> InputIt eat_dir(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
+  auto p = eat_file(first, last);
+
+  --p;
+
+  assert(*p == '/');
+
+  return eat_file(first, p);
+}
+} // namespace
+
+StringRef path_join(BlockAllocator &balloc, const StringRef &base_path,
+                    const StringRef &base_query, const StringRef &rel_path,
+                    const StringRef &rel_query) {
+  auto res = make_byte_ref(
+      balloc, std::max(static_cast<size_t>(1), base_path.size()) +
+                  rel_path.size() + 1 +
+                  std::max(base_query.size(), rel_query.size()) + 1);
+  auto p = res.base;
+
+  if (rel_path.empty()) {
+    if (base_path.empty()) {
+      *p++ = '/';
+    } else {
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(base_path), std::end(base_path), p);
+    }
+    if (rel_query.empty()) {
+      if (!base_query.empty()) {
+        *p++ = '?';
+        p = std::copy(std::begin(base_query), std::end(base_query), p);
+      }
+      *p = '\0';
+      return StringRef{res.base, p};
+    }
+    *p++ = '?';
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(rel_query), std::end(rel_query), p);
+    *p = '\0';
+    return StringRef{res.base, p};
+  }
+
+  auto first = std::begin(rel_path);
+  auto last = std::end(rel_path);
+
+  if (rel_path[0] == '/') {
+    *p++ = '/';
+    ++first;
+  } else if (base_path.empty()) {
+    *p++ = '/';
+  } else {
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(base_path), std::end(base_path), p);
+  }
+
+  for (; first != last;) {
+    if (*first == '.') {
+      if (first + 1 == last) {
+        break;
+      }
+      if (*(first + 1) == '/') {
+        first += 2;
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (*(first + 1) == '.') {
+        if (first + 2 == last) {
+          p = eat_dir(res.base, p);
+          break;
+        }
+        if (*(first + 2) == '/') {
+          p = eat_dir(res.base, p);
+          first += 3;
+          continue;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (*(p - 1) != '/') {
+      p = eat_file(res.base, p);
+    }
+    auto slash = std::find(first, last, '/');
+    if (slash == last) {
+      p = std::copy(first, last, p);
+      break;
+    }
+    p = std::copy(first, slash + 1, p);
+    first = slash + 1;
+    for (; first != last && *first == '/'; ++first)
+      ;
+  }
+  if (!rel_query.empty()) {
+    *p++ = '?';
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(rel_query), std::end(rel_query), p);
+  }
+  *p = '\0';
+  return StringRef{res.base, p};
+}
+
+StringRef normalize_path(BlockAllocator &balloc, const StringRef &path,
+                         const StringRef &query) {
+  // First, decode %XX for unreserved characters, then do
+  // http2::path_join
+
+  // We won't find %XX if length is less than 3.
+  if (path.size() < 3 ||
+      std::find(std::begin(path), std::end(path), '%') == std::end(path)) {
+    return path_join(balloc, StringRef{}, StringRef{}, path, query);
+  }
+
+  // includes last terminal NULL.
+  auto result = make_byte_ref(balloc, path.size() + 1);
+  auto p = result.base;
+
+  auto it = std::begin(path);
+  for (; it + 2 < std::end(path);) {
+    if (*it == '%') {
+      if (util::is_hex_digit(*(it + 1)) && util::is_hex_digit(*(it + 2))) {
+        auto c =
+            (util::hex_to_uint(*(it + 1)) << 4) + util::hex_to_uint(*(it + 2));
+        if (util::in_rfc3986_unreserved_chars(c)) {
+          *p++ = c;
+
+          it += 3;
+
+          continue;
+        }
+        *p++ = '%';
+        *p++ = util::upcase(*(it + 1));
+        *p++ = util::upcase(*(it + 2));
+
+        it += 3;
+
+        continue;
+      }
+    }
+    *p++ = *it++;
+  }
+
+  p = std::copy(it, std::end(path), p);
+  *p = '\0';
+
+  return path_join(balloc, StringRef{}, StringRef{}, StringRef{result.base, p},
+                   query);
+}
+
+std::string normalize_path(const StringRef &path, const StringRef &query) {
+  BlockAllocator balloc(1024, 1024);
+
+  return normalize_path(balloc, path, query).str();
+}
+
+StringRef rewrite_clean_path(BlockAllocator &balloc, const StringRef &src) {
+  if (src.empty() || src[0] != '/') {
+    return src;
+  }
+  // probably, not necessary most of the case, but just in case.
+  auto fragment = std::find(std::begin(src), std::end(src), '#');
+  auto query = std::find(std::begin(src), fragment, '?');
+  if (query != fragment) {
+    ++query;
+  }
+  return normalize_path(balloc, StringRef{std::begin(src), query},
+                        StringRef{query, fragment});
+}
+
+StringRef copy_lower(BlockAllocator &balloc, const StringRef &src) {
+  auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, src.size() + 1);
+  auto p = iov.base;
+  p = std::copy(std::begin(src), std::end(src), p);
+  *p = '\0';
+  util::inp_strlower(iov.base, p);
+  return StringRef{iov.base, p};
+}
+
 } // namespace http2
 
 } // namespace nghttp2

src/http2.h

@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@
 
 #include "util.h"
 #include "memchunk.h"
+#include "template.h"
+#include "allocator.h"
 
 namespace nghttp2 {
 
@@ -66,7 +68,29 @@ struct Header {
   bool no_index;
 };
 
+struct HeaderRef {
+  HeaderRef(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
+            bool no_index = false, int32_t token = -1)
+      : name(name), value(value), token(token), no_index(no_index) {}
+
+  HeaderRef() : token(-1), no_index(false) {}
+
+  bool operator==(const HeaderRef &other) const {
+    return name == other.name && value == other.value;
+  }
+
+  bool operator<(const HeaderRef &rhs) const {
+    return name < rhs.name || (name == rhs.name && value < rhs.value);
+  }
+
+  StringRef name;
+  StringRef value;
+  int32_t token;
+  bool no_index;
+};
+
 using Headers = std::vector<Header>;
+using HeaderRefs = std::vector<HeaderRef>;
 
 namespace http2 {
 
@@ -74,9 +98,9 @@ std::string get_status_string(unsigned int status_code);
 
 // Returns string version of |status_code|.  This function can handle
 // only predefined status code.  Otherwise, returns nullptr.
-const char *stringify_status(unsigned int status_code);
+StringRef stringify_status(unsigned int status_code);
 
-void capitalize(DefaultMemchunks *buf, const std::string &s);
+void capitalize(DefaultMemchunks *buf, const StringRef &s);
 
 // Returns true if |value| is LWS
 bool lws(const char *value);
@@ -103,11 +127,8 @@ void add_header(Headers &nva, const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen,
 // in |nva| is returned.  If no such entry exist, returns nullptr.
 const Headers::value_type *get_header(const Headers &nva, const char *name);
 
-// Returns nv->second if nv is not nullptr. Otherwise, returns "".
-std::string value_to_str(const Headers::value_type *nv);
-
 // Returns true if the value of |nv| is not empty.
-bool non_empty_value(const Headers::value_type *nv);
+bool non_empty_value(const HeaderRefs::value_type *nv);
 
 // Creates nghttp2_nv using |name| and |value| and returns it. The
 // returned value only references the data pointer to name.c_str() and
@@ -116,9 +137,15 @@ bool non_empty_value(const Headers::value_type *nv);
 nghttp2_nv make_nv(const std::string &name, const std::string &value,
                    bool no_index = false);
 
+nghttp2_nv make_nv(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
+                   bool no_index = false);
+
 nghttp2_nv make_nv_nocopy(const std::string &name, const std::string &value,
                           bool no_index = false);
 
+nghttp2_nv make_nv_nocopy(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
+                          bool no_index = false);
+
 // Create nghttp2_nv from string literal |name| and |value|.
 template <size_t N, size_t M>
 constexpr nghttp2_nv make_nv_ll(const char(&name)[N], const char(&value)[M]) {
@@ -163,19 +190,20 @@ nghttp2_nv make_nv_ls_nocopy(const char(&name)[N], const StringRef &value) {
 // before this call (its element's token field is assigned).  Certain
 // headers, including disallowed headers in HTTP/2 spec and headers
 // which require special handling (i.e. via), are not copied.
-void copy_headers_to_nva(std::vector<nghttp2_nv> &nva, const Headers &headers);
+void copy_headers_to_nva(std::vector<nghttp2_nv> &nva,
+                         const HeaderRefs &headers);
 
 // Just like copy_headers_to_nva(), but this adds
 // NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_COPY_NAME and NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_COPY_VALUE.
 void copy_headers_to_nva_nocopy(std::vector<nghttp2_nv> &nva,
-                                const Headers &headers);
+                                const HeaderRefs &headers);
 
 // Appends HTTP/1.1 style header lines to |buf| from headers in
 // |headers|.  |headers| must be indexed before this call (its
 // element's token field is assigned).  Certain headers, which
 // requires special handling (i.e. via and cookie), are not appended.
 void build_http1_headers_from_headers(DefaultMemchunks *buf,
-                                      const Headers &headers);
+                                      const HeaderRefs &headers);
 
 // Return positive window_size_increment if WINDOW_UPDATE should be
 // sent for the stream |stream_id|. If |stream_id| == 0, this function
@@ -196,6 +224,8 @@ void dump_nv(FILE *out, const nghttp2_nv *nva, size_t nvlen);
 // Dumps name/value pairs in |nva| to |out|.
 void dump_nv(FILE *out, const Headers &nva);
 
+void dump_nv(FILE *out, const HeaderRefs &nva);
+
 // Rewrites redirection URI which usually appears in location header
 // field. The |uri| is the URI in the location header field. The |u|
 // stores the result of parsed |uri|. The |request_authority| is the
@@ -209,11 +239,11 @@ void dump_nv(FILE *out, const Headers &nva);
 // This function returns the new rewritten URI on success. If the
 // location URI is not subject to the rewrite, this function returns
 // emtpy string.
-std::string rewrite_location_uri(const std::string &uri,
+StringRef rewrite_location_uri(BlockAllocator &balloc, const StringRef &uri,
                                const http_parser_url &u,
-                                 const std::string &match_host,
+                               const StringRef &match_host,
-                                 const std::string &request_authority,
+                               const StringRef &request_authority,
-                                 const std::string &upstream_scheme);
+                               const StringRef &upstream_scheme);
 
 // Checks the header name/value pair using nghttp2_check_header_name()
 // and nghttp2_check_header_value(). If both function returns nonzero,
@@ -222,7 +252,7 @@ int check_nv(const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen, const uint8_t *value,
              size_t valuelen);
 
 // Returns parsed HTTP status code.  Returns -1 on failure.
-int parse_http_status_code(const std::string &src);
+int parse_http_status_code(const StringRef &src);
 
 // Header fields to be indexed, except HD_MAXIDX which is convenient
 // member to get maximum value.
@@ -272,6 +302,7 @@ using HeaderIndex = std::array<int16_t, HD_MAXIDX>;
 // cannot be tokenized, returns -1.
 int lookup_token(const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen);
 int lookup_token(const std::string &name);
+int lookup_token(const StringRef &name);
 
 // Initializes |hdidx|, header index.  The |hdidx| must point to the
 // array containing at least HD_MAXIDX elements.
@@ -305,6 +336,10 @@ std::vector<LinkHeader> parse_link_header(const char *src, size_t len);
 std::string path_join(const StringRef &base, const StringRef &base_query,
                       const StringRef &rel_path, const StringRef &rel_query);
 
+StringRef path_join(BlockAllocator &balloc, const StringRef &base_path,
+                    const StringRef &base_query, const StringRef &rel_path,
+                    const StringRef &rel_query);
+
 // true if response has body, taking into account the request method
 // and status code.
 bool expect_response_body(const std::string &method, int status_code);
@@ -318,6 +353,7 @@ bool expect_response_body(int status_code);
 // tokenized.  If method name cannot be tokenized, returns -1.
 int lookup_method_token(const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen);
 int lookup_method_token(const std::string &name);
+int lookup_method_token(const StringRef &name);
 
 // Returns string  representation of |method_token|.  This  is wrapper
 // function over http_method_str  from http-parser.  If |method_token|
@@ -325,68 +361,29 @@ int lookup_method_token(const std::string &name);
 // StringRef is guaranteed to be NULL-terminated.
 StringRef to_method_string(int method_token);
 
-template <typename InputIt>
+StringRef normalize_path(BlockAllocator &balloc, const StringRef &path,
-std::string normalize_path(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
+                         const StringRef &query);
-  // First, decode %XX for unreserved characters, then do
-  // http2::join_path
-  std::string result;
-  // We won't find %XX if length is less than 3.
-  if (last - first < 3) {
-    result.assign(first, last);
-  } else {
-    for (; first < last - 2;) {
-      if (*first == '%') {
-        if (util::is_hex_digit(*(first + 1)) &&
-            util::is_hex_digit(*(first + 2))) {
-          auto c = (util::hex_to_uint(*(first + 1)) << 4) +
-                   util::hex_to_uint(*(first + 2));
-          if (util::in_rfc3986_unreserved_chars(c)) {
-            result += c;
-            first += 3;
-            continue;
-          }
-          result += '%';
-          result += util::upcase(*(first + 1));
-          result += util::upcase(*(first + 2));
-          first += 3;
-          continue;
-        }
-      }
-      result += *first++;
-    }
-    result.append(first, last);
-  }
-  return path_join(StringRef{}, StringRef{}, StringRef{result}, StringRef{});
-}
 
-template <typename InputIt>
+std::string normalize_path(const StringRef &path, const StringRef &query);
-std::string rewrite_clean_path(InputIt first, InputIt last) {
+
-  if (first == last || *first != '/') {
+StringRef rewrite_clean_path(BlockAllocator &balloc, const StringRef &src);
-    return std::string(first, last);
-  }
-  // probably, not necessary most of the case, but just in case.
-  auto fragment = std::find(first, last, '#');
-  auto query = std::find(first, fragment, '?');
-  auto path = normalize_path(first, query);
-  if (query != fragment) {
-    path.append(query, fragment);
-  }
-  return path;
-}
 
 // Returns path component of |uri|.  The returned path does not
 // include query component.  This function returns empty string if it
 // fails.
-StringRef get_pure_path_component(const std::string &uri);
+StringRef get_pure_path_component(const StringRef &uri);
 
 // Deduces scheme, authority and path from given |uri|, and stores
 // them in |scheme|, |authority|, and |path| respectively.  If |uri|
 // is relative path, path resolution takes place using path given in
 // |base| of length |baselen|.  This function returns 0 if it
 // succeeds, or -1.
-int construct_push_component(std::string &scheme, std::string &authority,
+int construct_push_component(BlockAllocator &balloc, StringRef &scheme,
-                             std::string &path, const StringRef &base,
+                             StringRef &authority, StringRef &path,
-                             const StringRef &uri);
+                             const StringRef &base, const StringRef &uri);
+
+// Copies |src| and return its lower-cased version.
+StringRef copy_lower(BlockAllocator &balloc, const StringRef &src);
 
 } // namespace http2
 

src/http2_test.cc

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ using namespace nghttp2;
 namespace shrpx {
 
 namespace {
-void check_nv(const Header &a, const nghttp2_nv *b) {
+void check_nv(const HeaderRef &a, const nghttp2_nv *b) {
   CU_ASSERT(a.name.size() == b->namelen);
   CU_ASSERT(a.value.size() == b->valuelen);
   CU_ASSERT(memcmp(a.name.c_str(), b->name, b->namelen) == 0);
@@ -134,20 +134,24 @@ void test_http2_get_header(void) {
 }
 
 namespace {
-auto headers =
+auto headers = HeaderRefs{
-    Headers{{"alpha", "0", true},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("alpha"), StringRef::from_lit("0"), true},
-            {"bravo", "1"},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("bravo"), StringRef::from_lit("1")},
-            {"connection", "2", false, http2::HD_CONNECTION},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("connection"), StringRef::from_lit("2"), false,
-            {"connection", "3", false, http2::HD_CONNECTION},
+     http2::HD_CONNECTION},
-            {"delta", "4"},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("connection"), StringRef::from_lit("3"), false,
-            {"expect", "5"},
+     http2::HD_CONNECTION},
-            {"foxtrot", "6"},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("delta"), StringRef::from_lit("4")},
-            {"tango", "7"},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("expect"), StringRef::from_lit("5")},
-            {"te", "8", false, http2::HD_TE},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("foxtrot"), StringRef::from_lit("6")},
-            {"te", "9", false, http2::HD_TE},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("tango"), StringRef::from_lit("7")},
-            {"x-forwarded-proto", "10", false, http2::HD_X_FORWARDED_FOR},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("te"), StringRef::from_lit("8"), false, http2::HD_TE},
-            {"x-forwarded-proto", "11", false, http2::HD_X_FORWARDED_FOR},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("te"), StringRef::from_lit("9"), false, http2::HD_TE},
-            {"zulu", "12"}};
+    {StringRef::from_lit("x-forwarded-proto"), StringRef::from_lit("10"), false,
+     http2::HD_X_FORWARDED_FOR},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("x-forwarded-proto"), StringRef::from_lit("11"), false,
+     http2::HD_X_FORWARDED_FOR},
+    {StringRef::from_lit("zulu"), StringRef::from_lit("12")}};
 } // namespace
 
 void test_http2_copy_headers_to_nva(void) {
@@ -209,10 +213,12 @@ void check_rewrite_location_uri(const std::string &want, const std::string &uri,
                                 const std::string &match_host,
                                 const std::string &req_authority,
                                 const std::string &upstream_scheme) {
+  BlockAllocator balloc(4096, 4096);
   http_parser_url u{};
   CU_ASSERT(0 == http_parser_parse_url(uri.c_str(), uri.size(), 0, &u));
-  auto got = http2::rewrite_location_uri(uri, u, match_host, req_authority,
+  auto got = http2::rewrite_location_uri(
-                                         upstream_scheme);
+      balloc, StringRef{uri}, u, StringRef{match_host},
+      StringRef{req_authority}, StringRef{upstream_scheme});
   CU_ASSERT(want == got);
 }
 } // namespace
@@ -245,13 +251,13 @@ void test_http2_rewrite_location_uri(void) {
 }
 
 void test_http2_parse_http_status_code(void) {
-  CU_ASSERT(200 == http2::parse_http_status_code("200"));
+  CU_ASSERT(200 == http2::parse_http_status_code(StringRef::from_lit("200")));
-  CU_ASSERT(102 == http2::parse_http_status_code("102"));
+  CU_ASSERT(102 == http2::parse_http_status_code(StringRef::from_lit("102")));
-  CU_ASSERT(-1 == http2::parse_http_status_code("099"));
+  CU_ASSERT(-1 == http2::parse_http_status_code(StringRef::from_lit("099")));
-  CU_ASSERT(-1 == http2::parse_http_status_code("99"));
+  CU_ASSERT(-1 == http2::parse_http_status_code(StringRef::from_lit("99")));
-  CU_ASSERT(-1 == http2::parse_http_status_code("-1"));
+  CU_ASSERT(-1 == http2::parse_http_status_code(StringRef::from_lit("-1")));
-  CU_ASSERT(-1 == http2::parse_http_status_code("20a"));
+  CU_ASSERT(-1 == http2::parse_http_status_code(StringRef::from_lit("20a")));
-  CU_ASSERT(-1 == http2::parse_http_status_code(""));
+  CU_ASSERT(-1 == http2::parse_http_status_code(StringRef{}));
 }
 
 void test_http2_index_header(void) {
@@ -814,137 +820,135 @@ void test_http2_path_join(void) {
 }
 
 void test_http2_normalize_path(void) {
-  std::string src;
-
-  src = "/alpha/bravo/../charlie";
   CU_ASSERT("/alpha/charlie" ==
-            http2::normalize_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
+            http2::normalize_path(
+                StringRef::from_lit("/alpha/bravo/../charlie"), StringRef{}));
 
-  src = "/a%6c%70%68%61";
+  CU_ASSERT("/alpha" ==
-  CU_ASSERT("/alpha" == http2::normalize_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
+            http2::normalize_path(StringRef::from_lit("/a%6c%70%68%61"),
+                                  StringRef{}));
 
-  src = "/alpha%2f%3a";
+  CU_ASSERT(
-  CU_ASSERT("/alpha%2F%3A" ==
+      "/alpha%2F%3A" ==
-            http2::normalize_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
+      http2::normalize_path(StringRef::from_lit("/alpha%2f%3a"), StringRef{}));
 
-  src = "%2f";
+  CU_ASSERT("/%2F" ==
-  CU_ASSERT("/%2F" == http2::normalize_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
+            http2::normalize_path(StringRef::from_lit("%2f"), StringRef{}));
 
-  src = "%f";
+  CU_ASSERT("/%f" ==
-  CU_ASSERT("/%f" == http2::normalize_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
+            http2::normalize_path(StringRef::from_lit("%f"), StringRef{}));
 
-  src = "%";
+  CU_ASSERT("/%" ==
-  CU_ASSERT("/%" == http2::normalize_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
+            http2::normalize_path(StringRef::from_lit("%"), StringRef{}));
 
-  src = "";
+  CU_ASSERT("/" == http2::normalize_path(StringRef{}, StringRef{}));
-  CU_ASSERT("/" == http2::normalize_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
+
+  CU_ASSERT("/alpha?bravo" ==
+            http2::normalize_path(StringRef::from_lit("/alpha"),
+                                  StringRef::from_lit("bravo")));
 }
 
 void test_http2_rewrite_clean_path(void) {
-  std::string src;
+  BlockAllocator balloc(4096, 4096);
 
   // unreserved characters
-  src = "/alpha/%62ravo/";
   CU_ASSERT("/alpha/bravo/" ==
-            http2::rewrite_clean_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
+            http2::rewrite_clean_path(balloc,
+                                      StringRef::from_lit("/alpha/%62ravo/")));
 
   // percent-encoding is converted to upper case.
-  src = "/delta%3a";
+  CU_ASSERT("/delta%3A" == http2::rewrite_clean_path(
-  CU_ASSERT("/delta%3A" ==
+                               balloc, StringRef::from_lit("/delta%3a")));
-            http2::rewrite_clean_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
 
   // path component is normalized before mathcing
-  src = "/alpha/charlie/%2e././bravo/delta/..";
+  CU_ASSERT(
-  CU_ASSERT("/alpha/bravo/" ==
+      "/alpha/bravo/" ==
-            http2::rewrite_clean_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
+      http2::rewrite_clean_path(
+          balloc, StringRef::from_lit("/alpha/charlie/%2e././bravo/delta/..")));
 
-  src = "alpha%3a";
+  CU_ASSERT("alpha%3a" ==
-  CU_ASSERT(src == http2::rewrite_clean_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
+            http2::rewrite_clean_path(balloc, StringRef::from_lit("alpha%3a")));
 
-  src = "";
+  CU_ASSERT("" == http2::rewrite_clean_path(balloc, StringRef{}));
-  CU_ASSERT(src == http2::rewrite_clean_path(std::begin(src), std::end(src)));
 }
 
 void test_http2_get_pure_path_component(void) {
-  std::string path;
+  CU_ASSERT("/" == http2::get_pure_path_component(StringRef::from_lit("/")));
 
-  path = "/";
+  CU_ASSERT("/foo" ==
-  CU_ASSERT("/" == http2::get_pure_path_component(path));
+            http2::get_pure_path_component(StringRef::from_lit("/foo")));
 
-  path = "/foo";
+  CU_ASSERT("/bar" == http2::get_pure_path_component(
-  CU_ASSERT("/foo" == http2::get_pure_path_component(path));
+                          StringRef::from_lit("https://example.org/bar")));
 
-  path = "https://example.org/bar";
+  CU_ASSERT("/alpha" == http2::get_pure_path_component(StringRef::from_lit(
-  CU_ASSERT("/bar" == http2::get_pure_path_component(path));
+                            "https://example.org/alpha?q=a")));
 
-  path = "https://example.org/alpha?q=a";
+  CU_ASSERT("/bravo" == http2::get_pure_path_component(StringRef::from_lit(
-  CU_ASSERT("/alpha" == http2::get_pure_path_component(path));
+                            "https://example.org/bravo?q=a#fragment")));
 
-  path = "https://example.org/bravo?q=a#fragment";
+  CU_ASSERT("" ==
-  CU_ASSERT("/bravo" == http2::get_pure_path_component(path));
+            http2::get_pure_path_component(StringRef::from_lit("\x01\x02")));
-
-  path = "\x01\x02";
-  CU_ASSERT("" == http2::get_pure_path_component(path));
 }
 
 void test_http2_construct_push_component(void) {
+  BlockAllocator balloc(4096, 4096);
   StringRef base, uri;
-  std::string scheme, authority, path;
+  StringRef scheme, authority, path;
 
   base = StringRef::from_lit("/b/");
-
   uri = StringRef::from_lit("https://example.org/foo");
 
-  CU_ASSERT(
+  CU_ASSERT(0 == http2::construct_push_component(balloc, scheme, authority,
-      0 == http2::construct_push_component(scheme, authority, path, base, uri));
+                                                 path, base, uri));
   CU_ASSERT("https" == scheme);
   CU_ASSERT("example.org" == authority);
   CU_ASSERT("/foo" == path);
 
-  scheme.clear();
+  scheme = StringRef{};
-  authority.clear();
+  authority = StringRef{};
-  path.clear();
+  path = StringRef{};
 
   uri = StringRef::from_lit("/foo/bar?q=a");
 
-  CU_ASSERT(
+  CU_ASSERT(0 == http2::construct_push_component(balloc, scheme, authority,
-      0 == http2::construct_push_component(scheme, authority, path, base, uri));
+                                                 path, base, uri));
   CU_ASSERT("" == scheme);
   CU_ASSERT("" == authority);
   CU_ASSERT("/foo/bar?q=a" == path);
 
-  scheme.clear();
+  scheme = StringRef{};
-  authority.clear();
+  authority = StringRef{};
-  path.clear();
+  path = StringRef{};
 
   uri = StringRef::from_lit("foo/../bar?q=a");
 
-  CU_ASSERT(
+  CU_ASSERT(0 == http2::construct_push_component(balloc, scheme, authority,
-      0 == http2::construct_push_component(scheme, authority, path, base, uri));
+                                                 path, base, uri));
   CU_ASSERT("" == scheme);
   CU_ASSERT("" == authority);
   CU_ASSERT("/b/bar?q=a" == path);
 
-  scheme.clear();
+  scheme = StringRef{};
-  authority.clear();
+  authority = StringRef{};
-  path.clear();
+  path = StringRef{};
 
   uri = StringRef{};
 
-  CU_ASSERT(
+  CU_ASSERT(0 == http2::construct_push_component(balloc, scheme, authority,
-      0 == http2::construct_push_component(scheme, authority, path, base, uri));
+                                                 path, base, uri));
   CU_ASSERT("" == scheme);
   CU_ASSERT("" == authority);
   CU_ASSERT("/" == path);
 
-  scheme.clear();
+  scheme = StringRef{};
-  authority.clear();
+  authority = StringRef{};
-  path.clear();
+  path = StringRef{};
 
   uri = StringRef::from_lit("?q=a");
 
-  CU_ASSERT(
+  CU_ASSERT(0 == http2::construct_push_component(balloc, scheme, authority,
-      0 == http2::construct_push_component(scheme, authority, path, base, uri));
+                                                 path, base, uri));
   CU_ASSERT("" == scheme);
   CU_ASSERT("" == authority);
   CU_ASSERT("/b/?q=a" == path);

src/nghttp.cc

@@ -1600,7 +1600,7 @@ void check_response_header(nghttp2_session *session, Request *req) {
     return;
   }
 
-  auto status = http2::parse_http_status_code(status_hd->value);
+  auto status = http2::parse_http_status_code(StringRef{status_hd->value});
   if (status == -1) {
     nghttp2_submit_rst_stream(session, NGHTTP2_FLAG_NONE, req->stream_id,
                               NGHTTP2_PROTOCOL_ERROR);

src/shrpx-unittest.cc

@@ -101,8 +101,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                    shrpx::test_http2_get_pure_path_component) ||
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "http2_construct_push_component",
                    shrpx::test_http2_construct_push_component) ||
-      !CU_add_test(pSuite, "downstream_field_store_add_header_lower",
+      !CU_add_test(pSuite, "downstream_field_store_append_last_header",
-                   shrpx::test_downstream_field_store_add_header_lower) ||
+                   shrpx::test_downstream_field_store_append_last_header) ||
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "downstream_field_store_header",
                    shrpx::test_downstream_field_store_header) ||
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "downstream_crumble_request_cookie",
@@ -123,6 +123,8 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
                    shrpx::test_shrpx_worker_match_downstream_addr_group) ||
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "http_create_forwarded",
                    shrpx::test_shrpx_http_create_forwarded) ||
+      !CU_add_test(pSuite, "http_create_via_header_value",
+                   shrpx::test_shrpx_http_create_via_header_value) ||
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "util_streq", shrpx::test_util_streq) ||
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "util_strieq", shrpx::test_util_strieq) ||
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "util_inp_strlower",
@@ -142,6 +144,9 @@ int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "util_select_h2", shrpx::test_util_select_h2) ||
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "util_ipv6_numeric_addr",
                    shrpx::test_util_ipv6_numeric_addr) ||
+      !CU_add_test(pSuite, "util_utos", shrpx::test_util_utos) ||
+      !CU_add_test(pSuite, "util_make_string_ref_uint",
+                   shrpx::test_util_make_string_ref_uint) ||
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "util_utos_unit", shrpx::test_util_utos_unit) ||
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "util_utos_funit", shrpx::test_util_utos_funit) ||
       !CU_add_test(pSuite, "util_parse_uint_with_unit",

src/shrpx_client_handler.cc

@@ -825,11 +825,11 @@ int ClientHandler::perform_http2_upgrade(HttpsUpstream *http) {
 
 bool ClientHandler::get_http2_upgrade_allowed() const { return !conn_.tls.ssl; }
 
-std::string ClientHandler::get_upstream_scheme() const {
+StringRef ClientHandler::get_upstream_scheme() const {
   if (conn_.tls.ssl) {
-    return "https";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("https");
   } else {
-    return "http";
+    return StringRef::from_lit("http");
   }
 }
 
@@ -843,24 +843,35 @@ namespace {
 // is mostly same routine found in
 // HttpDownstreamConnection::push_request_headers(), but vastly
 // simplified since we only care about absolute URI.
-std::string construct_absolute_request_uri(const Request &req) {
+StringRef construct_absolute_request_uri(BlockAllocator &balloc,
+                                         const Request &req) {
   if (req.authority.empty()) {
     return req.path;
   }
 
-  std::string uri;
+  auto len = req.authority.size() + req.path.size();
+  if (req.scheme.empty()) {
+    len += str_size("http://");
+  } else {
+    len += req.scheme.size() + str_size("://");
+  }
+
+  auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, len + 1);
+  auto p = iov.base;
+
   if (req.scheme.empty()) {
     // We may have to log the request which lacks scheme (e.g.,
     // http/1.1 with origin form).
-    uri += "http://";
+    p = util::copy_lit(p, "http://");
   } else {
-    uri += req.scheme;
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(req.scheme), std::end(req.scheme), p);
-    uri += "://";
+    p = util::copy_lit(p, "://");
   }
-  uri += req.authority;
+  p = std::copy(std::begin(req.authority), std::end(req.authority), p);
-  uri += req.path;
+  p = std::copy(std::begin(req.path), std::end(req.path), p);
+  *p = '\0';
 
-  return uri;
+  return StringRef{iov.base, p};
 }
 } // namespace
 
@@ -869,6 +880,8 @@ void ClientHandler::write_accesslog(Downstream *downstream) {
   const auto &req = downstream->request();
   const auto &resp = downstream->response();
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   upstream_accesslog(
       get_config()->logging.access.format,
       LogSpec{
@@ -877,7 +890,7 @@ void ClientHandler::write_accesslog(Downstream *downstream) {
           req.method == HTTP_CONNECT
               ? StringRef(req.authority)
               : get_config()->http2_proxy
-                    ? StringRef(construct_absolute_request_uri(req))
+                    ? StringRef(construct_absolute_request_uri(balloc, req))
                     : req.path.empty()
                           ? req.method == HTTP_OPTIONS
                                 ? StringRef::from_lit("*")

src/shrpx_client_handler.h

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ public:
   int perform_http2_upgrade(HttpsUpstream *http);
   bool get_http2_upgrade_allowed() const;
   // Returns upstream scheme, either "http" or "https"
-  std::string get_upstream_scheme() const;
+  StringRef get_upstream_scheme() const;
   void start_immediate_shutdown();
 
   // Writes upstream accesslog using |downstream|.  The |downstream|

src/shrpx_config.cc

@@ -624,7 +624,8 @@ int parse_mapping(const DownstreamAddrConfig &addr,
     } else {
       pattern.assign(std::begin(raw_pattern), slash);
       util::inp_strlower(pattern);
-      pattern += http2::normalize_path(slash, std::end(raw_pattern));
+      pattern += http2::normalize_path(StringRef{slash, std::end(raw_pattern)},
+                                       StringRef{});
     }
     for (auto &g : addr_groups) {
       if (g.pattern == pattern) {

src/shrpx_downstream.cc

@@ -116,6 +116,9 @@ Downstream::Downstream(Upstream *upstream, MemchunkPool *mcpool,
     : dlnext(nullptr),
       dlprev(nullptr),
       response_sent_body_length(0),
+      balloc_(1024, 1024),
+      req_(balloc_),
+      resp_(balloc_),
       request_start_time_(std::chrono::high_resolution_clock::now()),
       request_buf_(mcpool),
       response_buf_(mcpool),
@@ -179,6 +182,10 @@ Downstream::~Downstream() {
   // explicitly.
   dconn_.reset();
 
+  for (auto rcbuf : rcbufs_) {
+    nghttp2_rcbuf_decref(rcbuf);
+  }
+
   if (LOG_ENABLED(INFO)) {
     DLOG(INFO, this) << "Deleted";
   }
@@ -237,8 +244,9 @@ void Downstream::force_resume_read() {
 }
 
 namespace {
-const Headers::value_type *
+const HeaderRefs::value_type *
-search_header_linear_backwards(const Headers &headers, const StringRef &name) {
+search_header_linear_backwards(const HeaderRefs &headers,
+                               const StringRef &name) {
   for (auto it = headers.rbegin(); it != headers.rend(); ++it) {
     auto &kv = *it;
     if (kv.name == name) {
@@ -253,16 +261,29 @@ std::string Downstream::assemble_request_cookie() const {
   std::string cookie;
   cookie = "";
   for (auto &kv : req_.fs.headers()) {
-    if (kv.name.size() != 6 || kv.name[5] != 'e' ||
+    if (kv.token != http2::HD_COOKIE) {
-        !util::streq_l("cooki", kv.name.c_str(), 5)) {
       continue;
     }
 
-    auto end = kv.value.find_last_not_of(" ;");
+    if (kv.value.empty()) {
-    if (end == std::string::npos) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    auto end = std::end(kv.value);
+    for (auto it = std::begin(kv.value) + kv.value.size();
+         it != std::begin(kv.value); --it) {
+      auto c = *(it - 1);
+      if (c == ' ' || c == ';') {
+        continue;
+      }
+      end = it;
+      break;
+    }
+
+    if (end == std::end(kv.value)) {
       cookie += kv.value;
     } else {
-      cookie.append(std::begin(kv.value), std::begin(kv.value) + end + 1);
+      cookie.append(std::begin(kv.value), end);
     }
     cookie += "; ";
   }
@@ -280,18 +301,14 @@ size_t Downstream::count_crumble_request_cookie() {
         !util::streq_l("cooki", kv.name.c_str(), 5)) {
       continue;
     }
-    size_t last = kv.value.size();
 
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < last;) {
+    for (auto it = std::begin(kv.value); it != std::end(kv.value);) {
-      j = kv.value.find_first_not_of("\t ;", j);
+      if (*it == '\t' || *it == ' ' || *it == ';') {
-      if (j == std::string::npos) {
+        ++it;
-        break;
+        continue;
       }
 
-      j = kv.value.find(';', j);
+      it = std::find(it, std::end(kv.value), ';');
-      if (j == std::string::npos) {
-        j = last;
-      }
 
       ++n;
     }
@@ -305,22 +322,19 @@ void Downstream::crumble_request_cookie(std::vector<nghttp2_nv> &nva) {
         !util::streq_l("cooki", kv.name.c_str(), 5)) {
       continue;
     }
-    size_t last = kv.value.size();
 
-    for (size_t j = 0; j < last;) {
+    for (auto it = std::begin(kv.value); it != std::end(kv.value);) {
-      j = kv.value.find_first_not_of("\t ;", j);
+      if (*it == '\t' || *it == ' ' || *it == ';') {
-      if (j == std::string::npos) {
+        ++it;
-        break;
+        continue;
-      }
-      auto first = j;
-
-      j = kv.value.find(';', j);
-      if (j == std::string::npos) {
-        j = last;
       }
 
-      nva.push_back({(uint8_t *)"cookie", (uint8_t *)kv.value.c_str() + first,
+      auto first = it;
-                     str_size("cookie"), j - first,
+
+      it = std::find(it, std::end(kv.value), ';');
+
+      nva.push_back({(uint8_t *)"cookie", (uint8_t *)first, str_size("cookie"),
+                     (size_t)(it - first),
                      (uint8_t)(NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_COPY_NAME |
                                NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_COPY_VALUE |
                                (kv.no_index ? NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_INDEX : 0))});
@@ -329,42 +343,42 @@ void Downstream::crumble_request_cookie(std::vector<nghttp2_nv> &nva) {
 }
 
 namespace {
-void add_header(bool &key_prev, size_t &sum, Headers &headers,
+void add_header(bool &key_prev, size_t &sum, HeaderRefs &headers,
                 const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value, bool no_index,
                 int32_t token) {
   key_prev = true;
   sum += name.size() + value.size();
-  headers.emplace_back(name.str(), value.str(), no_index, token);
+  headers.emplace_back(name, value, no_index, token);
 }
 } // namespace
 
 namespace {
-void add_header(size_t &sum, Headers &headers, const StringRef &name,
+void append_last_header_key(BlockAllocator &balloc, bool &key_prev, size_t &sum,
-                const StringRef &value, bool no_index, int32_t token) {
+                            HeaderRefs &headers, const char *data, size_t len) {
-  sum += name.size() + value.size();
-  headers.emplace_back(name.str(), value.str(), no_index, token);
-}
-} // namespace
-
-namespace {
-void append_last_header_key(bool &key_prev, size_t &sum, Headers &headers,
-                            const char *data, size_t len) {
   assert(key_prev);
   sum += len;
   auto &item = headers.back();
-  item.name.append(data, len);
+  auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, item.name.size() + len + 1);
-  util::inp_strlower(item.name);
+  auto p = iov.base;
+  p = std::copy(std::begin(item.name), std::end(item.name), p);
+  p = std::copy_n(data, len, p);
+  util::inp_strlower(p - len, p);
+  *p = '\0';
+
+  item.name = StringRef{iov.base, p};
+
   item.token = http2::lookup_token(item.name);
 }
 } // namespace
 
 namespace {
-void append_last_header_value(bool &key_prev, size_t &sum, Headers &headers,
+void append_last_header_value(BlockAllocator &balloc, bool &key_prev,
+                              size_t &sum, HeaderRefs &headers,
                               const char *data, size_t len) {
   key_prev = false;
   sum += len;
   auto &item = headers.back();
-  item.value.append(data, len);
+  item.value = concat_string_ref(balloc, item.value, StringRef{data, len});
 }
 } // namespace
 
@@ -388,7 +402,7 @@ int FieldStore::parse_content_length() {
   return 0;
 }
 
-const Headers::value_type *FieldStore::header(int32_t token) const {
+const HeaderRefs::value_type *FieldStore::header(int32_t token) const {
   for (auto it = headers_.rbegin(); it != headers_.rend(); ++it) {
     auto &kv = *it;
     if (kv.token == token) {
@@ -398,7 +412,7 @@ const Headers::value_type *FieldStore::header(int32_t token) const {
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-Headers::value_type *FieldStore::header(int32_t token) {
+HeaderRefs::value_type *FieldStore::header(int32_t token) {
   for (auto it = headers_.rbegin(); it != headers_.rend(); ++it) {
     auto &kv = *it;
     if (kv.token == token) {
@@ -408,61 +422,45 @@ Headers::value_type *FieldStore::header(int32_t token) {
   return nullptr;
 }
 
-const Headers::value_type *FieldStore::header(const StringRef &name) const {
+const HeaderRefs::value_type *FieldStore::header(const StringRef &name) const {
   return search_header_linear_backwards(headers_, name);
 }
 
-void FieldStore::add_header_lower(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
-                                  bool no_index) {
-  auto low_name = name.str();
-  util::inp_strlower(low_name);
-  auto token = http2::lookup_token(low_name);
-  shrpx::add_header(header_key_prev_, buffer_size_, headers_,
-                    StringRef{low_name}, value, no_index, token);
-}
-
 void FieldStore::add_header_token(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
                                   bool no_index, int32_t token) {
-  shrpx::add_header(buffer_size_, headers_, name, value, no_index, token);
+  shrpx::add_header(header_key_prev_, buffer_size_, headers_, name, value,
+                    no_index, token);
 }
 
 void FieldStore::append_last_header_key(const char *data, size_t len) {
-  shrpx::append_last_header_key(header_key_prev_, buffer_size_, headers_, data,
+  shrpx::append_last_header_key(balloc_, header_key_prev_, buffer_size_,
-                                len);
+                                headers_, data, len);
 }
 
 void FieldStore::append_last_header_value(const char *data, size_t len) {
-  shrpx::append_last_header_value(header_key_prev_, buffer_size_, headers_,
+  shrpx::append_last_header_value(balloc_, header_key_prev_, buffer_size_,
-                                  data, len);
+                                  headers_, data, len);
 }
 
 void FieldStore::clear_headers() { headers_.clear(); }
 
-void FieldStore::add_trailer_lower(const StringRef &name,
-                                   const StringRef &value, bool no_index) {
-  auto low_name = name.str();
-  util::inp_strlower(low_name);
-  auto token = http2::lookup_token(low_name);
-  shrpx::add_header(trailer_key_prev_, buffer_size_, trailers_,
-                    StringRef{low_name}, value, no_index, token);
-}
-
 void FieldStore::add_trailer_token(const StringRef &name,
                                    const StringRef &value, bool no_index,
                                    int32_t token) {
   // Header size limit should be applied to all header and trailer
   // fields combined.
-  shrpx::add_header(buffer_size_, trailers_, name, value, no_index, token);
+  shrpx::add_header(trailer_key_prev_, buffer_size_, trailers_, name, value,
+                    no_index, token);
 }
 
 void FieldStore::append_last_trailer_key(const char *data, size_t len) {
-  shrpx::append_last_header_key(trailer_key_prev_, buffer_size_, trailers_,
+  shrpx::append_last_header_key(balloc_, trailer_key_prev_, buffer_size_,
-                                data, len);
+                                trailers_, data, len);
 }
 
 void FieldStore::append_last_trailer_value(const char *data, size_t len) {
-  shrpx::append_last_header_value(trailer_key_prev_, buffer_size_, trailers_,
+  shrpx::append_last_header_value(balloc_, trailer_key_prev_, buffer_size_,
-                                  data, len);
+                                  trailers_, data, len);
 }
 
 void Downstream::set_request_start_time(
@@ -543,7 +541,7 @@ int Downstream::end_upload_data() {
 }
 
 void Downstream::rewrite_location_response_header(
-    const std::string &upstream_scheme) {
+    const StringRef &upstream_scheme) {
   auto hd = resp_.fs.header(http2::HD_LOCATION);
   if (!hd) {
     return;
@@ -559,14 +557,15 @@ void Downstream::rewrite_location_response_header(
     return;
   }
 
-  auto new_uri = http2::rewrite_location_uri(
+  auto new_uri = http2::rewrite_location_uri(balloc_, hd->value, u,
-      hd->value, u, request_downstream_host_, req_.authority, upstream_scheme);
+                                             request_downstream_host_,
+                                             req_.authority, upstream_scheme);
 
   if (new_uri.empty()) {
     return;
   }
 
-  hd->value = std::move(new_uri);
+  hd->value = new_uri;
 }
 
 bool Downstream::get_chunked_response() const { return chunked_response_; }
@@ -703,10 +702,10 @@ bool Downstream::get_http2_upgrade_request() const {
          response_state_ == INITIAL;
 }
 
-const std::string &Downstream::get_http2_settings() const {
+StringRef Downstream::get_http2_settings() const {
   auto http2_settings = req_.fs.header(http2::HD_HTTP2_SETTINGS);
   if (!http2_settings) {
-    return EMPTY_STRING;
+    return StringRef{};
   }
   return http2_settings->value;
 }
@@ -861,8 +860,8 @@ void Downstream::add_retry() { ++num_retry_; }
 
 bool Downstream::no_more_retry() const { return num_retry_ > 5; }
 
-void Downstream::set_request_downstream_host(std::string host) {
+void Downstream::set_request_downstream_host(const StringRef &host) {
-  request_downstream_host_ = std::move(host);
+  request_downstream_host_ = host;
 }
 
 void Downstream::set_request_pending(bool f) { request_pending_ = f; }
@@ -908,4 +907,11 @@ void Downstream::set_assoc_stream_id(int32_t stream_id) {
 
 int32_t Downstream::get_assoc_stream_id() const { return assoc_stream_id_; }
 
+BlockAllocator &Downstream::get_block_allocator() { return balloc_; }
+
+void Downstream::add_rcbuf(nghttp2_rcbuf *rcbuf) {
+  nghttp2_rcbuf_incref(rcbuf);
+  rcbufs_.push_back(rcbuf);
+}
+
 } // namespace shrpx

src/shrpx_downstream.h

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@
 #include "shrpx_io_control.h"
 #include "http2.h"
 #include "memchunk.h"
+#include "allocator.h"
 
 using namespace nghttp2;
 
@@ -51,18 +52,19 @@ struct BlockedLink;
 
 class FieldStore {
 public:
-  FieldStore(size_t headers_initial_capacity)
+  FieldStore(BlockAllocator &balloc, size_t headers_initial_capacity)
       : content_length(-1),
+        balloc_(balloc),
         buffer_size_(0),
         header_key_prev_(false),
         trailer_key_prev_(false) {
     headers_.reserve(headers_initial_capacity);
   }
 
-  const Headers &headers() const { return headers_; }
+  const HeaderRefs &headers() const { return headers_; }
-  const Headers &trailers() const { return trailers_; }
+  const HeaderRefs &trailers() const { return trailers_; }
 
-  Headers &headers() { return headers_; }
+  HeaderRefs &headers() { return headers_; }
 
   const void add_extra_buffer_size(size_t n) { buffer_size_ += n; }
   size_t buffer_size() const { return buffer_size_; }
@@ -73,14 +75,12 @@ public:
   // multiple header have |name| as name, return last occurrence from
   // the beginning.  If no such header is found, returns nullptr.
   // This function must be called after headers are indexed
-  const Headers::value_type *header(int32_t token) const;
+  const HeaderRefs::value_type *header(int32_t token) const;
-  Headers::value_type *header(int32_t token);
+  HeaderRefs::value_type *header(int32_t token);
   // Returns pointer to the header field with the name |name|.  If no
   // such header is found, returns nullptr.
-  const Headers::value_type *header(const StringRef &name) const;
+  const HeaderRefs::value_type *header(const StringRef &name) const;
 
-  void add_header_lower(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
-                        bool no_index);
   void add_header_token(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
                         bool no_index, int32_t token);
 
@@ -96,8 +96,6 @@ public:
   // Empties headers.
   void clear_headers();
 
-  void add_trailer_lower(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
-                         bool no_index);
   void add_trailer_token(const StringRef &name, const StringRef &value,
                          bool no_index, int32_t token);
 
@@ -110,10 +108,11 @@ public:
   int64_t content_length;
 
 private:
-  Headers headers_;
+  BlockAllocator &balloc_;
+  HeaderRefs headers_;
   // trailer fields.  For HTTP/1.1, trailer fields are only included
   // with chunked encoding.  For HTTP/2, there is no such limit.
-  Headers trailers_;
+  HeaderRefs trailers_;
   // Sum of the length of name and value in headers_ and trailers_.
   // This could also be increased by add_extra_buffer_size() to take
   // into account for request URI in case of HTTP/1.x request.
@@ -123,8 +122,8 @@ private:
 };
 
 struct Request {
-  Request()
+  Request(BlockAllocator &balloc)
-      : fs(16),
+      : fs(balloc, 16),
         recv_body_length(0),
         unconsumed_body_length(0),
         method(-1),
@@ -144,17 +143,17 @@ struct Request {
   FieldStore fs;
   // Request scheme.  For HTTP/2, this is :scheme header field value.
   // For HTTP/1.1, this is deduced from URI or connection.
-  std::string scheme;
+  StringRef scheme;
   // Request authority.  This is HTTP/2 :authority header field value
   // or host header field value.  We may deduce it from absolute-form
   // HTTP/1 request.  We also store authority-form HTTP/1 request.
   // This could be empty if request comes from HTTP/1.0 without Host
   // header field and origin-form.
-  std::string authority;
+  StringRef authority;
   // Request path, including query component.  For HTTP/1.1, this is
   // request-target.  For HTTP/2, this is :path header field value.
   // For CONNECT request, this is empty.
-  std::string path;
+  StringRef path;
   // the length of request body received so far
   int64_t recv_body_length;
   // The number of bytes not consumed by the application yet.
@@ -179,8 +178,8 @@ struct Request {
 };
 
 struct Response {
-  Response()
+  Response(BlockAllocator &balloc)
-      : fs(32),
+      : fs(balloc, 32),
         recv_body_length(0),
         unconsumed_body_length(0),
         http_status(0),
@@ -245,7 +244,7 @@ public:
   // Returns true if the request is HTTP Upgrade for HTTP/2
   bool get_http2_upgrade_request() const;
   // Returns the value of HTTP2-Settings request header field.
-  const std::string &get_http2_settings() const;
+  StringRef get_http2_settings() const;
 
   // downstream request API
   const Request &request() const { return req_; }
@@ -272,7 +271,7 @@ public:
   // Validates that received request body length and content-length
   // matches.
   bool validate_request_recv_body_length() const;
-  void set_request_downstream_host(std::string host);
+  void set_request_downstream_host(const StringRef &host);
   bool expect_response_body() const;
   enum {
     INITIAL,
@@ -303,7 +302,7 @@ public:
   Response &response() { return resp_; }
 
   // Rewrites the location response header field.
-  void rewrite_location_response_header(const std::string &upstream_scheme);
+  void rewrite_location_response_header(const StringRef &upstream_scheme);
 
   bool get_chunked_response() const;
   void set_chunked_response(bool f);
@@ -373,6 +372,10 @@ public:
 
   DefaultMemchunks pop_response_buf();
 
+  BlockAllocator &get_block_allocator();
+
+  void add_rcbuf(nghttp2_rcbuf *rcbuf);
+
   enum {
     EVENT_ERROR = 0x1,
     EVENT_TIMEOUT = 0x2,
@@ -392,6 +395,10 @@ public:
   int64_t response_sent_body_length;
 
 private:
+  BlockAllocator balloc_;
+
+  std::vector<nghttp2_rcbuf *> rcbufs_;
+
   Request req_;
   Response resp_;
 
@@ -400,7 +407,7 @@ private:
   // host we requested to downstream.  This is used to rewrite
   // location header field to decide the location should be rewritten
   // or not.
-  std::string request_downstream_host_;
+  StringRef request_downstream_host_;
 
   DefaultMemchunks request_buf_;
   DefaultMemchunks response_buf_;

src/shrpx_downstream_queue.cc

@@ -71,14 +71,11 @@ DownstreamQueue::find_host_entry(const std::string &host) {
   return (*itr).second;
 }
 
-const std::string &
+std::string DownstreamQueue::make_host_key(const StringRef &host) const {
-DownstreamQueue::make_host_key(const std::string &host) const {
+  return unified_host_ ? "" : host.str();
-  static std::string empty_key;
-  return unified_host_ ? empty_key : host;
 }
 
-const std::string &
+std::string DownstreamQueue::make_host_key(Downstream *downstream) const {
-DownstreamQueue::make_host_key(Downstream *downstream) const {
   return make_host_key(downstream->request().authority);
 }
 
@@ -99,7 +96,7 @@ void DownstreamQueue::mark_blocked(Downstream *downstream) {
   ent.blocked.append(link);
 }
 
-bool DownstreamQueue::can_activate(const std::string &host) const {
+bool DownstreamQueue::can_activate(const StringRef &host) const {
   auto itr = host_entries_.find(make_host_key(host));
   if (itr == std::end(host_entries_)) {
     return true;
@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ Downstream *DownstreamQueue::remove_and_get_blocked(Downstream *downstream,
 
   downstreams_.remove(downstream);
 
-  auto &host = make_host_key(downstream);
+  auto host = make_host_key(downstream);
   auto &ent = find_host_entry(host);
 
   if (downstream->get_dispatch_state() == Downstream::DISPATCH_ACTIVE) {

src/shrpx_downstream_queue.h

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ public:
   void mark_blocked(Downstream *downstream);
   // Returns true if we can make downstream connection to given
   // |host|.
-  bool can_activate(const std::string &host) const;
+  bool can_activate(const StringRef &host) const;
   // Removes and frees |downstream| object.  If |downstream| is in
   // Downstream::DISPATCH_ACTIVE, and |next_blocked| is true, this
   // function may return Downstream object with the same target host
@@ -87,8 +87,8 @@ public:
                                      bool next_blocked = true);
   Downstream *get_downstreams() const;
   HostEntry &find_host_entry(const std::string &host);
-  const std::string &make_host_key(const std::string &host) const;
+  std::string make_host_key(const StringRef &host) const;
-  const std::string &make_host_key(Downstream *downstream) const;
+  std::string make_host_key(Downstream *downstream) const;
 
 private:
   // Per target host structure to keep track of the number of

src/shrpx_downstream_test.cc

@@ -32,38 +32,28 @@
 
 namespace shrpx {
 
-void test_downstream_field_store_add_header_lower(void) {
+void test_downstream_field_store_append_last_header(void) {
-  FieldStore fs(0);
+  BlockAllocator balloc(4096, 4096);
-  fs.add_header_lower(StringRef::from_lit("1"), StringRef::from_lit("0"),
+  FieldStore fs(balloc, 0);
-                      false);
+  fs.add_header_token(StringRef::from_lit("alpha"), StringRef{}, false, -1);
-  fs.add_header_lower(StringRef::from_lit("2"), StringRef::from_lit("1"),
+  auto bravo = StringRef::from_lit("BRAVO");
-                      false);
+  fs.append_last_header_key(bravo.c_str(), bravo.size());
-  fs.add_header_lower(StringRef::from_lit("Charlie"), StringRef::from_lit("2"),
+  auto charlie = StringRef::from_lit("Charlie");
-                      false);
+  fs.append_last_header_value(charlie.c_str(), charlie.size());
-  fs.add_header_lower(StringRef::from_lit("Alpha"), StringRef::from_lit("3"),
+  auto delta = StringRef::from_lit("deltA");
-                      false);
+  fs.append_last_header_value(delta.c_str(), delta.size());
-  fs.add_header_lower(StringRef::from_lit("Delta"), StringRef::from_lit("4"),
+  fs.add_header_token(StringRef::from_lit("echo"),
-                      false);
+                      StringRef::from_lit("foxtrot"), false, -1);
-  fs.add_header_lower(StringRef::from_lit("BravO"), StringRef::from_lit("5"),
-                      false);
-  fs.add_header_lower(StringRef::from_lit(":method"), StringRef::from_lit("6"),
-                      false);
-  fs.add_header_lower(StringRef::from_lit(":authority"),
-                      StringRef::from_lit("7"), false);
 
-  auto ans = Headers{{"1", "0"},
+  auto ans = HeaderRefs{
-                     {"2", "1"},
+      {StringRef::from_lit("alphabravo"), StringRef::from_lit("CharliedeltA")},
-                     {"charlie", "2"},
+      {StringRef::from_lit("echo"), StringRef::from_lit("foxtrot")}};
-                     {"alpha", "3"},
-                     {"delta", "4"},
-                     {"bravo", "5"},
-                     {":method", "6"},
-                     {":authority", "7"}};
   CU_ASSERT(ans == fs.headers());
 }
 
 void test_downstream_field_store_header(void) {
-  FieldStore fs(0);
+  BlockAllocator balloc(4096, 4096);
+  FieldStore fs(balloc, 0);
   fs.add_header_token(StringRef::from_lit("alpha"), StringRef::from_lit("0"),
                       false, -1);
   fs.add_header_token(StringRef::from_lit(":authority"),
@@ -73,11 +63,13 @@ void test_downstream_field_store_header(void) {
                       http2::HD_CONTENT_LENGTH);
 
   // By token
-  CU_ASSERT(Header(":authority", "1") == *fs.header(http2::HD__AUTHORITY));
+  CU_ASSERT(HeaderRef(StringRef{":authority"}, StringRef{"1"}) ==
+            *fs.header(http2::HD__AUTHORITY));
   CU_ASSERT(nullptr == fs.header(http2::HD__METHOD));
 
   // By name
-  CU_ASSERT(Header("alpha", "0") == *fs.header(StringRef::from_lit("alpha")));
+  CU_ASSERT(HeaderRef(StringRef{"alpha"}, StringRef{"0"}) ==
+            *fs.header(StringRef::from_lit("alpha")));
   CU_ASSERT(nullptr == fs.header(StringRef::from_lit("bravo")));
 }
 
@@ -105,19 +97,20 @@ void test_downstream_crumble_request_cookie(void) {
   CU_ASSERT(5 == nva.size());
   CU_ASSERT(5 == num_cookies);
 
-  Headers cookies;
+  HeaderRefs cookies;
   std::transform(std::begin(nva), std::end(nva), std::back_inserter(cookies),
                  [](const nghttp2_nv &nv) {
-                   return Header(std::string(nv.name, nv.name + nv.namelen),
+                   return HeaderRef(StringRef{nv.name, nv.namelen},
-                                 std::string(nv.value, nv.value + nv.valuelen),
+                                    StringRef{nv.value, nv.valuelen},
                                     nv.flags & NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_INDEX);
                  });
 
-  Headers ans = {{"cookie", "alpha"},
+  HeaderRefs ans = {
-                 {"cookie", "bravo"},
+      {StringRef::from_lit("cookie"), StringRef::from_lit("alpha")},
-                 {"cookie", "charlie"},
+      {StringRef::from_lit("cookie"), StringRef::from_lit("bravo")},
-                 {"cookie", "delta"},
+      {StringRef::from_lit("cookie"), StringRef::from_lit("charlie")},
-                 {"cookie", "echo"}};
+      {StringRef::from_lit("cookie"), StringRef::from_lit("delta")},
+      {StringRef::from_lit("cookie"), StringRef::from_lit("echo")}};
 
   CU_ASSERT(ans == cookies);
   CU_ASSERT(cookies[0].no_index);
@@ -128,6 +121,7 @@ void test_downstream_crumble_request_cookie(void) {
 void test_downstream_assemble_request_cookie(void) {
   Downstream d(nullptr, nullptr, 0);
   auto &req = d.request();
+
   req.fs.add_header_token(StringRef::from_lit(":method"),
                           StringRef::from_lit("get"), false, -1);
   req.fs.add_header_token(StringRef::from_lit(":path"),
@@ -151,12 +145,12 @@ void test_downstream_rewrite_location_response_header(void) {
   Downstream d(nullptr, nullptr, 0);
   auto &req = d.request();
   auto &resp = d.response();
-  d.set_request_downstream_host("localhost2");
+  d.set_request_downstream_host(StringRef::from_lit("localhost2"));
-  req.authority = "localhost:8443";
+  req.authority = StringRef::from_lit("localhost:8443");
   resp.fs.add_header_token(StringRef::from_lit("location"),
                            StringRef::from_lit("http://localhost2:3000/"),
                            false, http2::HD_LOCATION);
-  d.rewrite_location_response_header("https");
+  d.rewrite_location_response_header(StringRef::from_lit("https"));
   auto location = resp.fs.header(http2::HD_LOCATION);
   CU_ASSERT("https://localhost:8443/" == (*location).value);
 }

src/shrpx_downstream_test.h

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 
 namespace shrpx {
 
-void test_downstream_field_store_add_header_lower(void);
+void test_downstream_field_store_append_last_header(void);
 void test_downstream_field_store_header(void);
 void test_downstream_crumble_request_cookie(void);
 void test_downstream_assemble_request_cookie(void);

src/shrpx_http.cc

@@ -50,69 +50,75 @@ std::string create_error_html(unsigned int status_code) {
   return res;
 }
 
-std::string create_via_header_value(int major, int minor) {
+StringRef create_forwarded(BlockAllocator &balloc, int params,
-  std::string hdrs;
+                           const StringRef &node_by, const StringRef &node_for,
-  hdrs += static_cast<char>(major + '0');
+                           const StringRef &host, const StringRef &proto) {
-  if (major < 2) {
+  size_t len = 0;
-    hdrs += '.';
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_BY) && !node_by.empty()) {
-    hdrs += static_cast<char>(minor + '0');
+    len += str_size("by=\"") + node_by.size() + str_size("\";");
+  }
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_FOR) && !node_for.empty()) {
+    len += str_size("for=\"") + node_for.size() + str_size("\";");
+  }
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_HOST) && !host.empty()) {
+    len += str_size("host=\"") + host.size() + str_size("\";");
+  }
+  if ((params & FORWARDED_PROTO) && !proto.empty()) {
+    len += str_size("proto=") + proto.size() + str_size(";");
   }
-  hdrs += " nghttpx";
-  return hdrs;
-}
 
-std::string create_forwarded(int params, const StringRef &node_by,
+  auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, len + 1);
-                             const StringRef &node_for, const StringRef &host,
+  auto p = iov.base;
-                             const StringRef &proto) {
+
-  std::string res;
   if ((params & FORWARDED_BY) && !node_by.empty()) {
     // This must be quoted-string unless it is obfuscated version
     // (which starts with "_") or some special value (e.g.,
     // "localhost" for UNIX domain socket), since ':' is not allowed
     // in token.  ':' is used to separate host and port.
     if (node_by[0] == '_' || node_by[0] == 'l') {
-      res += "by=";
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "by=");
-      res += node_by;
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(node_by), std::end(node_by), p);
-      res += ";";
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, ";");
     } else {
-      res += "by=\"";
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "by=\"");
-      res += node_by;
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(node_by), std::end(node_by), p);
-      res += "\";";
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "\";");
     }
   }
   if ((params & FORWARDED_FOR) && !node_for.empty()) {
     // We only quote IPv6 literal address only, which starts with '['.
     if (node_for[0] == '[') {
-      res += "for=\"";
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "for=\"");
-      res += node_for;
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(node_for), std::end(node_for), p);
-      res += "\";";
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "\";");
     } else {
-      res += "for=";
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, "for=");
-      res += node_for;
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(node_for), std::end(node_for), p);
-      res += ";";
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, ";");
     }
   }
   if ((params & FORWARDED_HOST) && !host.empty()) {
     // Just be quoted to skip checking characters.
-    res += "host=\"";
+    p = util::copy_lit(p, "host=\"");
-    res += host;
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(host), std::end(host), p);
-    res += "\";";
+    p = util::copy_lit(p, "\";");
   }
   if ((params & FORWARDED_PROTO) && !proto.empty()) {
     // Scheme production rule only allow characters which are all in
     // token.
-    res += "proto=";
+    p = util::copy_lit(p, "proto=");
-    res += proto;
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(proto), std::end(proto), p);
-    res += ";";
+    *p++ = ';';
   }
 
-  if (res.empty()) {
+  if (iov.base == p) {
-    return res;
+    return StringRef{};
   }
 
-  res.erase(res.size() - 1);
+  --p;
+  *p = '\0';
 
-  return res;
+  return StringRef{iov.base, p};
 }
 
 std::string colorizeHeaders(const char *hdrs) {

src/shrpx_http.h

@@ -31,20 +31,31 @@
 
 #include <nghttp2/nghttp2.h>
 
+#include "util.h"
+#include "allocator.h"
+
 namespace shrpx {
 
 namespace http {
 
 std::string create_error_html(unsigned int status_code);
 
-std::string create_via_header_value(int major, int minor);
+template <typename OutputIt>
+OutputIt create_via_header_value(OutputIt dst, int major, int minor) {
+  *dst++ = static_cast<char>(major + '0');
+  if (major < 2) {
+    *dst++ = '.';
+    *dst++ = static_cast<char>(minor + '0');
+  }
+  return util::copy_lit(dst, " nghttpx");
+}
 
 // Returns generated RFC 7239 Forwarded header field value.  The
 // |params| is bitwise-OR of zero or more of shrpx_forwarded_param
 // defined in shrpx_config.h.
-std::string create_forwarded(int params, const StringRef &node_by,
+StringRef create_forwarded(BlockAllocator &balloc, int params,
-                             const StringRef &node_for, const StringRef &host,
+                           const StringRef &node_by, const StringRef &node_for,
-                             const StringRef &proto);
+                           const StringRef &host, const StringRef &proto);
 
 // Adds ANSI color codes to HTTP headers |hdrs|.
 std::string colorizeHeaders(const char *hdrs);

src/shrpx_http2_downstream_connection.cc

@@ -266,6 +266,8 @@ int Http2DownstreamConnection::push_request_headers() {
 
   const auto &req = downstream_->request();
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream_->get_block_allocator();
+
   auto &httpconf = get_config()->http;
   auto &http2conf = get_config()->http2;
 
@@ -282,10 +284,10 @@ int Http2DownstreamConnection::push_request_headers() {
   auto authority = StringRef(downstream_hostport);
 
   if (no_host_rewrite && !req.authority.empty()) {
-    authority = StringRef(req.authority);
+    authority = req.authority;
   }
 
-  downstream_->set_request_downstream_host(authority.str());
+  downstream_->set_request_downstream_host(authority);
 
   size_t num_cookies = 0;
   if (!http2conf.no_cookie_crumbling) {
@@ -345,8 +347,6 @@ int Http2DownstreamConnection::push_request_headers() {
   auto upstream = downstream_->get_upstream();
   auto handler = upstream->get_client_handler();
 
-  std::string forwarded_value;
-
   auto &fwdconf = httpconf.forwarded;
 
   auto fwd =
@@ -360,24 +360,23 @@ int Http2DownstreamConnection::push_request_headers() {
     }
 
     auto value = http::create_forwarded(
-        params, handler->get_forwarded_by(), handler->get_forwarded_for(),
+        balloc, params, handler->get_forwarded_by(),
-        StringRef{req.authority}, StringRef{req.scheme});
+        handler->get_forwarded_for(), req.authority, req.scheme);
+
     if (fwd || !value.empty()) {
       if (fwd) {
-        forwarded_value = fwd->value;
+        if (value.empty()) {
-
+          value = fwd->value;
-        if (!value.empty()) {
+        } else {
-          forwarded_value += ", ";
+          value = concat_string_ref(balloc, fwd->value,
+                                    StringRef::from_lit(", "), value);
         }
       }
 
-      forwarded_value += value;
+      nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("forwarded", value));
-
-      nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls("forwarded", forwarded_value));
     }
   } else if (fwd) {
     nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("forwarded", fwd->value));
-    forwarded_value = fwd->value;
   }
 
   auto &xffconf = httpconf.xff;
@@ -385,17 +384,18 @@ int Http2DownstreamConnection::push_request_headers() {
   auto xff = xffconf.strip_incoming ? nullptr
                                     : req.fs.header(http2::HD_X_FORWARDED_FOR);
 
-  std::string xff_value;
-
   if (xffconf.add) {
+    StringRef xff_value;
+    auto addr = StringRef{upstream->get_client_handler()->get_ipaddr()};
     if (xff) {
-      xff_value = (*xff).value;
+      xff_value = concat_string_ref(balloc, xff->value,
-      xff_value += ", ";
+                                    StringRef::from_lit(", "), addr);
+    } else {
+      xff_value = addr;
     }
-    xff_value += upstream->get_client_handler()->get_ipaddr();
+    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("x-forwarded-for", xff_value));
-    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls("x-forwarded-for", xff_value));
   } else if (xff) {
-    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("x-forwarded-for", (*xff).value));
+    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("x-forwarded-for", xff->value));
   }
 
   if (!get_config()->http2_proxy && req.method != HTTP_CONNECT) {
@@ -403,19 +403,28 @@ int Http2DownstreamConnection::push_request_headers() {
     nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("x-forwarded-proto", req.scheme));
   }
 
-  std::string via_value;
   auto via = req.fs.header(http2::HD_VIA);
   if (httpconf.no_via) {
     if (via) {
       nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("via", (*via).value));
     }
   } else {
+    size_t vialen = 16;
     if (via) {
-      via_value = (*via).value;
+      vialen += via->value.size() + 2;
-      via_value += ", ";
     }
-    via_value += http::create_via_header_value(req.http_major, req.http_minor);
+
-    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls("via", via_value));
+    auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, vialen + 1);
+    auto p = iov.base;
+
+    if (via) {
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(via->value), std::end(via->value), p);
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, ", ");
+    }
+    p = http::create_via_header_value(p, req.http_major, req.http_minor);
+    *p = '\0';
+
+    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("via", StringRef{iov.base, p}));
   }
 
   auto te = req.fs.header(http2::HD_TE);

src/shrpx_http2_session.cc

@@ -801,10 +801,9 @@ void Http2Session::stop_settings_timer() {
 }
 
 namespace {
-int on_header_callback(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
+int on_header_callback2(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
-                       const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen,
+                        nghttp2_rcbuf *name, nghttp2_rcbuf *value,
-                       const uint8_t *value, size_t valuelen, uint8_t flags,
+                        uint8_t flags, void *user_data) {
-                       void *user_data) {
   auto http2session = static_cast<Http2Session *>(user_data);
   auto sd = static_cast<StreamData *>(
       nghttp2_session_get_stream_user_data(session, frame->hd.stream_id));
@@ -816,6 +815,9 @@ int on_header_callback(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
     return 0;
   }
 
+  auto namebuf = nghttp2_rcbuf_get_buf(name);
+  auto valuebuf = nghttp2_rcbuf_get_buf(value);
+
   auto &resp = downstream->response();
   auto &httpconf = get_config()->http;
 
@@ -824,12 +826,13 @@ int on_header_callback(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
     auto trailer = frame->headers.cat == NGHTTP2_HCAT_HEADERS &&
                    !downstream->get_expect_final_response();
 
-    if (resp.fs.buffer_size() + namelen + valuelen >
+    if (resp.fs.buffer_size() + namebuf.len + valuebuf.len >
             httpconf.response_header_field_buffer ||
         resp.fs.num_fields() >= httpconf.max_response_header_fields) {
       if (LOG_ENABLED(INFO)) {
-        DLOG(INFO, downstream) << "Too large or many header field size="
+        DLOG(INFO, downstream)
-                               << resp.fs.buffer_size() + namelen + valuelen
+            << "Too large or many header field size="
+            << resp.fs.buffer_size() + namebuf.len + valuebuf.len
             << ", num=" << resp.fs.num_fields() + 1;
       }
 
@@ -842,18 +845,23 @@ int on_header_callback(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_TEMPORAL_CALLBACK_FAILURE;
     }
 
-    auto token = http2::lookup_token(name, namelen);
+    auto token = http2::lookup_token(namebuf.base, namebuf.len);
     auto no_index = flags & NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_INDEX;
 
+    downstream->add_rcbuf(name);
+    downstream->add_rcbuf(value);
+
     if (trailer) {
       // just store header fields for trailer part
-      resp.fs.add_trailer_token(StringRef{name, namelen},
+      resp.fs.add_trailer_token(StringRef{namebuf.base, namebuf.len},
-                                StringRef{value, valuelen}, no_index, token);
+                                StringRef{valuebuf.base, valuebuf.len},
+                                no_index, token);
       return 0;
     }
 
-    resp.fs.add_header_token(StringRef{name, namelen},
+    resp.fs.add_header_token(StringRef{namebuf.base, namebuf.len},
-                             StringRef{value, valuelen}, no_index, token);
+                             StringRef{valuebuf.base, valuebuf.len}, no_index,
+                             token);
     return 0;
   }
   case NGHTTP2_PUSH_PROMISE: {
@@ -867,28 +875,35 @@ int on_header_callback(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
 
     auto promised_downstream = promised_sd->dconn->get_downstream();
 
+    auto namebuf = nghttp2_rcbuf_get_buf(name);
+    auto valuebuf = nghttp2_rcbuf_get_buf(value);
+
     assert(promised_downstream);
 
     auto &promised_req = promised_downstream->request();
 
     // We use request header limit for PUSH_PROMISE
-    if (promised_req.fs.buffer_size() + namelen + valuelen >
+    if (promised_req.fs.buffer_size() + namebuf.len + valuebuf.len >
             httpconf.request_header_field_buffer ||
         promised_req.fs.num_fields() >= httpconf.max_request_header_fields) {
       if (LOG_ENABLED(INFO)) {
         DLOG(INFO, downstream)
             << "Too large or many header field size="
-            << promised_req.fs.buffer_size() + namelen + valuelen
+            << promised_req.fs.buffer_size() + namebuf.len + valuebuf.len
             << ", num=" << promised_req.fs.num_fields() + 1;
       }
 
       return NGHTTP2_ERR_TEMPORAL_CALLBACK_FAILURE;
     }
 
-    auto token = http2::lookup_token(name, namelen);
+    promised_downstream->add_rcbuf(name);
-    promised_req.fs.add_header_token(StringRef{name, namelen},
+    promised_downstream->add_rcbuf(value);
-                                     StringRef{value, valuelen},
+
+    auto token = http2::lookup_token(namebuf.base, namebuf.len);
+    promised_req.fs.add_header_token(StringRef{namebuf.base, namebuf.len},
+                                     StringRef{valuebuf.base, valuebuf.len},
                                      flags & NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_INDEX, token);
+
     return 0;
   }
   }
@@ -1396,8 +1411,8 @@ nghttp2_session_callbacks *create_http2_downstream_callbacks() {
   nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_frame_not_send_callback(
       callbacks, on_frame_not_send_callback);
 
-  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback(callbacks,
+  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback2(callbacks,
-                                                   on_header_callback);
+                                                    on_header_callback2);
 
   nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_begin_headers_callback(
       callbacks, on_begin_headers_callback);
@@ -1986,6 +2001,8 @@ int Http2Session::handle_downstream_push_promise_complete(
     Downstream *downstream, Downstream *promised_downstream) {
   auto &promised_req = promised_downstream->request();
 
+  auto &promised_balloc = promised_downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   auto authority = promised_req.fs.header(http2::HD__AUTHORITY);
   auto path = promised_req.fs.header(http2::HD__PATH);
   auto method = promised_req.fs.header(http2::HD__METHOD);
@@ -2007,16 +2024,19 @@ int Http2Session::handle_downstream_push_promise_complete(
   // TODO Rewrite authority if we enabled rewrite host.  But we
   // really don't know how to rewrite host.  Should we use the same
   // host in associated stream?
-  promised_req.authority = http2::value_to_str(authority);
+  if (authority) {
+    promised_req.authority = authority->value;
+  }
   promised_req.method = method_token;
   // libnghttp2 ensures that we don't have CONNECT method in
   // PUSH_PROMISE, and guarantees that :scheme exists.
-  promised_req.scheme = http2::value_to_str(scheme);
+  if (scheme) {
+    promised_req.scheme = scheme->value;
+  }
 
   // For server-wide OPTIONS request, path is empty.
   if (method_token != HTTP_OPTIONS || path->value != "*") {
-    promised_req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(std::begin(path->value),
+    promised_req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(promised_balloc, path->value);
-                                                  std::end(path->value));
   }
 
   promised_downstream->inspect_http2_request();

src/shrpx_http2_upstream.cc

@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ int on_stream_close_callback(nghttp2_session *session, int32_t stream_id,
 int Http2Upstream::upgrade_upstream(HttpsUpstream *http) {
   int rv;
 
-  auto http2_settings = http->get_downstream()->get_http2_settings();
+  auto http2_settings = http->get_downstream()->get_http2_settings().str();
   util::to_base64(http2_settings);
 
   auto settings_payload =
@@ -154,13 +154,15 @@ void Http2Upstream::stop_settings_timer() {
 }
 
 namespace {
-int on_header_callback(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
+int on_header_callback2(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
-                       const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen,
+                        nghttp2_rcbuf *name, nghttp2_rcbuf *value,
-                       const uint8_t *value, size_t valuelen, uint8_t flags,
+                        uint8_t flags, void *user_data) {
-                       void *user_data) {
+  auto namebuf = nghttp2_rcbuf_get_buf(name);
+  auto valuebuf = nghttp2_rcbuf_get_buf(value);
+
   if (get_config()->http2.upstream.debug.frame_debug) {
-    verbose_on_header_callback(session, frame, name, namelen, value, valuelen,
+    verbose_on_header_callback(session, frame, namebuf.base, namebuf.len,
-                               flags, user_data);
+                               valuebuf.base, valuebuf.len, flags, user_data);
   }
   if (frame->hd.type != NGHTTP2_HEADERS) {
     return 0;
@@ -176,7 +178,7 @@ int on_header_callback(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
 
   auto &httpconf = get_config()->http;
 
-  if (req.fs.buffer_size() + namelen + valuelen >
+  if (req.fs.buffer_size() + namebuf.len + valuebuf.len >
           httpconf.request_header_field_buffer ||
       req.fs.num_fields() >= httpconf.max_request_header_fields) {
     if (downstream->get_response_state() == Downstream::MSG_COMPLETE) {
@@ -185,7 +187,7 @@ int on_header_callback(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
 
     if (LOG_ENABLED(INFO)) {
       ULOG(INFO, upstream) << "Too large or many header field size="
-                           << req.fs.buffer_size() + namelen + valuelen
+                           << req.fs.buffer_size() + namebuf.len + valuebuf.len
                            << ", num=" << req.fs.num_fields() + 1;
     }
 
@@ -201,18 +203,23 @@ int on_header_callback(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
     return 0;
   }
 
-  auto token = http2::lookup_token(name, namelen);
+  auto token = http2::lookup_token(namebuf.base, namebuf.len);
   auto no_index = flags & NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_INDEX;
 
+  downstream->add_rcbuf(name);
+  downstream->add_rcbuf(value);
+
   if (frame->headers.cat == NGHTTP2_HCAT_HEADERS) {
     // just store header fields for trailer part
-    req.fs.add_trailer_token(StringRef{name, namelen},
+    req.fs.add_trailer_token(StringRef{namebuf.base, namebuf.len},
-                             StringRef{value, valuelen}, no_index, token);
+                             StringRef{valuebuf.base, valuebuf.len}, no_index,
+                             token);
     return 0;
   }
 
-  req.fs.add_header_token(StringRef{name, namelen}, StringRef{value, valuelen},
+  req.fs.add_header_token(StringRef{namebuf.base, namebuf.len},
-                          no_index, token);
+                          StringRef{valuebuf.base, valuebuf.len}, no_index,
+                          token);
   return 0;
 }
 } // namespace
@@ -303,7 +310,9 @@ int Http2Upstream::on_request_headers(Downstream *downstream,
   }
 
   req.method = method_token;
-  req.scheme = http2::value_to_str(scheme);
+  if (scheme) {
+    req.scheme = scheme->value;
+  }
 
   // nghttp2 library guarantees either :authority or host exist
   if (!authority) {
@@ -311,16 +320,18 @@ int Http2Upstream::on_request_headers(Downstream *downstream,
     authority = req.fs.header(http2::HD_HOST);
   }
 
-  req.authority = http2::value_to_str(authority);
+  if (authority) {
+    req.authority = authority->value;
+  }
 
   if (path) {
     if (method_token == HTTP_OPTIONS && path->value == "*") {
       // Server-wide OPTIONS request.  Path is empty.
     } else if (get_config()->http2_proxy) {
-      req.path = http2::value_to_str(path);
+      req.path = path->value;
     } else {
-      const auto &value = path->value;
+      req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(downstream->get_block_allocator(),
-      req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(std::begin(value), std::end(value));
+                                           path->value);
     }
   }
 
@@ -580,26 +591,33 @@ int on_frame_send_callback(nghttp2_session *session, const nghttp2_frame *frame,
     req.http_major = 2;
     req.http_minor = 0;
 
+    auto &promised_balloc = promised_downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
     for (size_t i = 0; i < frame->push_promise.nvlen; ++i) {
       auto &nv = frame->push_promise.nva[i];
+
+      auto name =
+          make_string_ref(promised_balloc, StringRef{nv.name, nv.namelen});
+      auto value =
+          make_string_ref(promised_balloc, StringRef{nv.value, nv.valuelen});
+
       auto token = http2::lookup_token(nv.name, nv.namelen);
       switch (token) {
       case http2::HD__METHOD:
-        req.method = http2::lookup_method_token(nv.value, nv.valuelen);
+        req.method = http2::lookup_method_token(value);
         break;
       case http2::HD__SCHEME:
-        req.scheme.assign(nv.value, nv.value + nv.valuelen);
+        req.scheme = value;
         break;
       case http2::HD__AUTHORITY:
-        req.authority.assign(nv.value, nv.value + nv.valuelen);
+        req.authority = value;
         break;
       case http2::HD__PATH:
-        req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(nv.value, nv.value + nv.valuelen);
+        req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(promised_balloc, value);
         break;
       }
-      req.fs.add_header_token(StringRef{nv.name, nv.namelen},
+      req.fs.add_header_token(name, value, nv.flags & NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_INDEX,
-                              StringRef{nv.value, nv.valuelen},
+                              token);
-                              nv.flags & NGHTTP2_NV_FLAG_NO_INDEX, token);
     }
 
     promised_downstream->inspect_http2_request();
@@ -805,8 +823,8 @@ nghttp2_session_callbacks *create_http2_upstream_callbacks() {
   nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_frame_not_send_callback(
       callbacks, on_frame_not_send_callback);
 
-  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback(callbacks,
+  nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_header_callback2(callbacks,
-                                                   on_header_callback);
+                                                    on_header_callback2);
 
   nghttp2_session_callbacks_set_on_begin_headers_callback(
       callbacks, on_begin_headers_callback);
@@ -1211,20 +1229,20 @@ int Http2Upstream::send_reply(Downstream *downstream, const uint8_t *body,
   const auto &resp = downstream->response();
   auto &httpconf = get_config()->http;
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   const auto &headers = resp.fs.headers();
   auto nva = std::vector<nghttp2_nv>();
   // 2 for :status and server
   nva.reserve(2 + headers.size() + httpconf.add_response_headers.size());
 
-  std::string status_code_str;
+  auto response_status = http2::stringify_status(resp.http_status);
-  auto response_status_const = http2::stringify_status(resp.http_status);
+  if (response_status.empty()) {
-  if (response_status_const) {
+    response_status = util::make_string_ref_uint(balloc, resp.http_status);
-    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_lc_nocopy(":status", response_status_const));
-  } else {
-    status_code_str = util::utos(resp.http_status);
-    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls(":status", status_code_str));
   }
 
+  nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy(":status", response_status));
+
   for (auto &kv : headers) {
     if (kv.name.empty() || kv.name[0] == ':') {
       continue;
@@ -1272,6 +1290,8 @@ int Http2Upstream::error_reply(Downstream *downstream,
   int rv;
   auto &resp = downstream->response();
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   auto html = http::create_error_html(status_code);
   resp.http_status = status_code;
   auto body = downstream->get_response_buf();
@@ -1285,20 +1305,20 @@ int Http2Upstream::error_reply(Downstream *downstream,
   auto lgconf = log_config();
   lgconf->update_tstamp(std::chrono::system_clock::now());
 
-  auto response_status_const = http2::stringify_status(status_code);
+  auto response_status = http2::stringify_status(status_code);
-  auto content_length = util::utos(html.size());
+  if (response_status.empty()) {
+    response_status = util::make_string_ref_uint(balloc, status_code);
+  }
 
-  std::string status_code_str;
+  auto content_length = util::make_string_ref_uint(balloc, html.size());
+  auto date = make_string_ref(balloc, StringRef{lgconf->time_http_str});
 
-  auto nva = make_array(
+  auto nva = std::array<nghttp2_nv, 5>{
-      response_status_const
+      {http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy(":status", response_status),
-          ? http2::make_nv_lc_nocopy(":status", response_status_const)
-          : http2::make_nv_ls(":status",
-                              (status_code_str = util::utos(status_code))),
        http2::make_nv_ll("content-type", "text/html; charset=UTF-8"),
        http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("server", get_config()->http.server_name),
-      http2::make_nv_ls("content-length", content_length),
+       http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("content-length", content_length),
-      http2::make_nv_ls("date", lgconf->time_http_str));
+       http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("date", date)}};
 
   rv = nghttp2_submit_response(session_, downstream->get_stream_id(),
                                nva.data(), nva.size(), &data_prd);
@@ -1339,6 +1359,8 @@ int Http2Upstream::on_downstream_header_complete(Downstream *downstream) {
   const auto &req = downstream->request();
   auto &resp = downstream->response();
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   if (LOG_ENABLED(INFO)) {
     if (downstream->get_non_final_response()) {
       DLOG(INFO, downstream) << "HTTP non-final response header";
@@ -1377,17 +1399,14 @@ int Http2Upstream::on_downstream_header_complete(Downstream *downstream) {
   // field.
   nva.reserve(resp.fs.headers().size() + 4 +
               httpconf.add_response_headers.size());
-  std::string via_value;
-  std::string response_status;
 
-  auto response_status_const = http2::stringify_status(resp.http_status);
+  auto response_status = http2::stringify_status(resp.http_status);
-  if (response_status_const) {
+  if (response_status.empty()) {
-    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_lc_nocopy(":status", response_status_const));
+    response_status = util::make_string_ref_uint(balloc, resp.http_status);
-  } else {
-    response_status = util::utos(resp.http_status);
-    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls(":status", response_status));
   }
 
+  nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy(":status", response_status));
+
   if (downstream->get_non_final_response()) {
     http2::copy_headers_to_nva(nva, resp.fs.headers());
 
@@ -1433,13 +1452,23 @@ int Http2Upstream::on_downstream_header_complete(Downstream *downstream) {
       nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("via", (*via).value));
     }
   } else {
+    // we don't create more than 16 bytes in
+    // http::create_via_header_value.
+    size_t len = 16;
     if (via) {
-      via_value = (*via).value;
+      len += via->value.size() + 2;
-      via_value += ", ";
     }
-    via_value +=
+
-        http::create_via_header_value(resp.http_major, resp.http_minor);
+    auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, len + 1);
-    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls("via", via_value));
+    auto p = iov.base;
+    if (via) {
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(via->value), std::end(via->value), p);
+      p = util::copy_lit(p, ", ");
+    }
+    p = http::create_via_header_value(p, resp.http_major, resp.http_minor);
+    *p = '\0';
+
+    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy("via", StringRef{iov.base, p}));
   }
 
   for (auto &p : httpconf.add_response_headers) {
@@ -1746,6 +1775,8 @@ int Http2Upstream::prepare_push_promise(Downstream *downstream) {
     return 0;
   }
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   for (auto &kv : resp.fs.headers()) {
     if (kv.token != http2::HD_LINK) {
       continue;
@@ -1753,28 +1784,23 @@ int Http2Upstream::prepare_push_promise(Downstream *downstream) {
     for (auto &link :
          http2::parse_link_header(kv.value.c_str(), kv.value.size())) {
 
-      const std::string *scheme_ptr, *authority_ptr;
+      StringRef scheme, authority, path;
-      std::string scheme, authority, path;
 
-      rv = http2::construct_push_component(scheme, authority, path, base,
+      rv = http2::construct_push_component(balloc, scheme, authority, path,
-                                           link.uri);
+                                           base, link.uri);
       if (rv != 0) {
         continue;
       }
 
       if (scheme.empty()) {
-        scheme_ptr = &req.scheme;
+        scheme = req.scheme;
-      } else {
-        scheme_ptr = &scheme;
       }
 
       if (authority.empty()) {
-        authority_ptr = &req.authority;
+        authority = req.authority;
-      } else {
-        authority_ptr = &authority;
       }
 
-      rv = submit_push_promise(*scheme_ptr, *authority_ptr, path, downstream);
+      rv = submit_push_promise(scheme, authority, path, downstream);
       if (rv != 0) {
         return -1;
       }
@@ -1783,9 +1809,9 @@ int Http2Upstream::prepare_push_promise(Downstream *downstream) {
   return 0;
 }
 
-int Http2Upstream::submit_push_promise(const std::string &scheme,
+int Http2Upstream::submit_push_promise(const StringRef &scheme,
-                                       const std::string &authority,
+                                       const StringRef &authority,
-                                       const std::string &path,
+                                       const StringRef &path,
                                        Downstream *downstream) {
   const auto &req = downstream->request();
 
@@ -1795,9 +1821,9 @@ int Http2Upstream::submit_push_promise(const std::string &scheme,
 
   // juse use "GET" for now
   nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ll(":method", "GET"));
-  nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls(":scheme", scheme));
+  nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy(":scheme", scheme));
-  nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls(":path", path));
+  nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy(":path", path));
-  nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls(":authority", authority));
+  nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls_nocopy(":authority", authority));
 
   for (auto &kv : req.fs.headers()) {
     switch (kv.token) {
@@ -1865,27 +1891,25 @@ int Http2Upstream::initiate_push(Downstream *downstream, const StringRef &uri) {
     return -1;
   }
 
-  const std::string *scheme_ptr, *authority_ptr;
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
-  std::string scheme, authority, path;
 
-  rv = http2::construct_push_component(scheme, authority, path, base, uri);
+  StringRef scheme, authority, path;
+
+  rv = http2::construct_push_component(balloc, scheme, authority, path, base,
+                                       uri);
   if (rv != 0) {
     return -1;
   }
 
   if (scheme.empty()) {
-    scheme_ptr = &req.scheme;
+    scheme = req.scheme;
-  } else {
-    scheme_ptr = &scheme;
   }
 
   if (authority.empty()) {
-    authority_ptr = &req.authority;
+    authority = req.authority;
-  } else {
-    authority_ptr = &authority;
   }
 
-  rv = submit_push_promise(*scheme_ptr, *authority_ptr, path, downstream);
+  rv = submit_push_promise(scheme, authority, path, downstream);
 
   if (rv != 0) {
     return -1;
@@ -1943,7 +1967,7 @@ int Http2Upstream::on_downstream_push_promise_complete(
   nva.reserve(headers.size());
 
   for (auto &kv : headers) {
-    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_nocopy(kv.name, kv.value, kv.no_index));
+    nva.push_back(http2::make_nv(kv.name, kv.value, kv.no_index));
   }
 
   auto promised_stream_id = nghttp2_submit_push_promise(

src/shrpx_http2_upstream.h

@@ -111,9 +111,8 @@ public:
   void check_shutdown();
 
   int prepare_push_promise(Downstream *downstream);
-  int submit_push_promise(const std::string &scheme,
+  int submit_push_promise(const StringRef &scheme, const StringRef &authority,
-                          const std::string &authority, const std::string &path,
+                          const StringRef &path, Downstream *downstream);
-                          Downstream *downstream);
 
   int on_request_headers(Downstream *downstream, const nghttp2_frame *frame);
 

src/shrpx_http_downstream_connection.cc

@@ -272,6 +272,8 @@ int HttpDownstreamConnection::push_request_headers() {
   const auto &downstream_hostport = addr_->hostport;
   const auto &req = downstream_->request();
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream_->get_block_allocator();
+
   auto connect_method = req.method == HTTP_CONNECT;
 
   auto &httpconf = get_config()->http;
@@ -283,10 +285,10 @@ int HttpDownstreamConnection::push_request_headers() {
       httpconf.no_host_rewrite || get_config()->http2_proxy || connect_method;
 
   if (no_host_rewrite && !req.authority.empty()) {
-    authority = StringRef(req.authority);
+    authority = req.authority;
   }
 
-  downstream_->set_request_downstream_host(authority.str());
+  downstream_->set_request_downstream_host(authority);
 
   auto buf = downstream_->get_request_buf();
 
@@ -367,8 +369,9 @@ int HttpDownstreamConnection::push_request_headers() {
     }
 
     auto value = http::create_forwarded(
-        params, handler->get_forwarded_by(), handler->get_forwarded_for(),
+        balloc, params, handler->get_forwarded_by(),
-        StringRef{req.authority}, StringRef{req.scheme});
+        handler->get_forwarded_for(), req.authority, req.scheme);
+
     if (fwd || !value.empty()) {
       buf->append("Forwarded: ");
       if (fwd) {
@@ -424,7 +427,10 @@ int HttpDownstreamConnection::push_request_headers() {
       buf->append((*via).value);
       buf->append(", ");
     }
-    buf->append(http::create_via_header_value(req.http_major, req.http_minor));
+    std::array<char, 16> viabuf;
+    auto end = http::create_via_header_value(viabuf.data(), req.http_major,
+                                             req.http_minor);
+    buf->append(viabuf.data(), end - viabuf.data());
     buf->append("\r\n");
   }
 
@@ -690,6 +696,7 @@ int htp_hdr_keycb(http_parser *htp, const char *data, size_t len) {
   auto downstream = static_cast<Downstream *>(htp->data);
   auto &resp = downstream->response();
   auto &httpconf = get_config()->http;
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
 
   if (ensure_header_field_buffer(downstream, httpconf, len) != 0) {
     return -1;
@@ -702,7 +709,9 @@ int htp_hdr_keycb(http_parser *htp, const char *data, size_t len) {
       if (ensure_max_header_fields(downstream, httpconf) != 0) {
         return -1;
       }
-      resp.fs.add_header_lower(StringRef{data, len}, StringRef{}, false);
+      auto name = http2::copy_lower(balloc, StringRef{data, len});
+      auto token = http2::lookup_token(name);
+      resp.fs.add_header_token(name, StringRef{}, false, token);
     }
   } else {
     // trailer part
@@ -715,7 +724,9 @@ int htp_hdr_keycb(http_parser *htp, const char *data, size_t len) {
         // wrong place or crash if trailer fields are currently empty.
         return -1;
       }
-      resp.fs.add_trailer_lower(StringRef(data, len), StringRef{}, false);
+      auto name = http2::copy_lower(balloc, StringRef{data, len});
+      auto token = http2::lookup_token(name);
+      resp.fs.add_trailer_token(name, StringRef{}, false, token);
     }
   }
   return 0;

src/shrpx_http_test.cc

@@ -38,9 +38,11 @@
 namespace shrpx {
 
 void test_shrpx_http_create_forwarded(void) {
+  BlockAllocator balloc(1024, 1024);
+
   CU_ASSERT("by=\"example.com:3000\";for=\"[::1]\";host=\"www.example.com\";"
             "proto=https" ==
-            http::create_forwarded(FORWARDED_BY | FORWARDED_FOR |
+            http::create_forwarded(balloc, FORWARDED_BY | FORWARDED_FOR |
                                                FORWARDED_HOST | FORWARDED_PROTO,
                                    StringRef::from_lit("example.com:3000"),
                                    StringRef::from_lit("[::1]"),
@@ -48,28 +50,42 @@ void test_shrpx_http_create_forwarded(void) {
                                    StringRef::from_lit("https")));
 
   CU_ASSERT("for=192.168.0.1" ==
-            http::create_forwarded(FORWARDED_FOR, StringRef::from_lit("alpha"),
+            http::create_forwarded(
+                balloc, FORWARDED_FOR, StringRef::from_lit("alpha"),
                 StringRef::from_lit("192.168.0.1"),
-                                   StringRef::from_lit("bravo"),
+                StringRef::from_lit("bravo"), StringRef::from_lit("charlie")));
-                                   StringRef::from_lit("charlie")));
 
   CU_ASSERT("by=_hidden;for=\"[::1]\"" ==
             http::create_forwarded(
-                FORWARDED_BY | FORWARDED_FOR, StringRef::from_lit("_hidden"),
+                balloc, FORWARDED_BY | FORWARDED_FOR,
-                StringRef::from_lit("[::1]"), StringRef::from_lit(""),
+                StringRef::from_lit("_hidden"), StringRef::from_lit("[::1]"),
-                StringRef::from_lit("")));
+                StringRef::from_lit(""), StringRef::from_lit("")));
 
   CU_ASSERT("by=\"[::1]\";for=_hidden" ==
             http::create_forwarded(
-                FORWARDED_BY | FORWARDED_FOR, StringRef::from_lit("[::1]"),
+                balloc, FORWARDED_BY | FORWARDED_FOR,
-                StringRef::from_lit("_hidden"), StringRef::from_lit(""),
+                StringRef::from_lit("[::1]"), StringRef::from_lit("_hidden"),
-                StringRef::from_lit("")));
+                StringRef::from_lit(""), StringRef::from_lit("")));
 
-  CU_ASSERT("" ==
+  CU_ASSERT("" == http::create_forwarded(
-            http::create_forwarded(
+                      balloc, FORWARDED_BY | FORWARDED_FOR | FORWARDED_HOST |
-                FORWARDED_BY | FORWARDED_FOR | FORWARDED_HOST | FORWARDED_PROTO,
+                                  FORWARDED_PROTO,
                       StringRef::from_lit(""), StringRef::from_lit(""),
                       StringRef::from_lit(""), StringRef::from_lit("")));
 }
 
+void test_shrpx_http_create_via_header_value(void) {
+  std::array<char, 16> buf;
+
+  auto end = http::create_via_header_value(std::begin(buf), 1, 1);
+
+  CU_ASSERT(("1.1 nghttpx" == StringRef{std::begin(buf), end}));
+
+  std::fill(std::begin(buf), std::end(buf), '\0');
+
+  end = http::create_via_header_value(std::begin(buf), 2, 0);
+
+  CU_ASSERT(("2 nghttpx" == StringRef{std::begin(buf), end}));
+}
+
 } // namespace shrpx

src/shrpx_http_test.h

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@
 namespace shrpx {
 
 void test_shrpx_http_create_forwarded(void);
+void test_shrpx_http_create_via_header_value(void);
 
 } // namespace shrpx
 

src/shrpx_https_upstream.cc

@@ -86,6 +86,8 @@ int htp_uricb(http_parser *htp, const char *data, size_t len) {
   auto downstream = upstream->get_downstream();
   auto &req = downstream->request();
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   // We happen to have the same value for method token.
   req.method = htp->method;
 
@@ -103,9 +105,10 @@ int htp_uricb(http_parser *htp, const char *data, size_t len) {
   req.fs.add_extra_buffer_size(len);
 
   if (req.method == HTTP_CONNECT) {
-    req.authority.append(data, len);
+    req.authority =
+        concat_string_ref(balloc, req.authority, StringRef{data, len});
   } else {
-    req.path.append(data, len);
+    req.path = concat_string_ref(balloc, req.path, StringRef{data, len});
   }
 
   return 0;
@@ -118,6 +121,7 @@ int htp_hdr_keycb(http_parser *htp, const char *data, size_t len) {
   auto downstream = upstream->get_downstream();
   auto &req = downstream->request();
   auto &httpconf = get_config()->http;
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
 
   if (req.fs.buffer_size() + len > httpconf.request_header_field_buffer) {
     if (LOG_ENABLED(INFO)) {
@@ -142,7 +146,9 @@ int htp_hdr_keycb(http_parser *htp, const char *data, size_t len) {
             Downstream::HTTP1_REQUEST_HEADER_TOO_LARGE);
         return -1;
       }
-      req.fs.add_header_lower(StringRef{data, len}, StringRef{}, false);
+      auto name = http2::copy_lower(balloc, StringRef{data, len});
+      auto token = http2::lookup_token(name);
+      req.fs.add_header_token(name, StringRef{}, false, token);
     }
   } else {
     // trailer part
@@ -156,7 +162,9 @@ int htp_hdr_keycb(http_parser *htp, const char *data, size_t len) {
         }
         return -1;
       }
-      req.fs.add_trailer_lower(StringRef{data, len}, StringRef{}, false);
+      auto name = http2::copy_lower(balloc, StringRef{data, len});
+      auto token = http2::lookup_token(name);
+      req.fs.add_trailer_token(name, StringRef{}, false, token);
     }
   }
   return 0;
@@ -190,30 +198,51 @@ int htp_hdr_valcb(http_parser *htp, const char *data, size_t len) {
 } // namespace
 
 namespace {
-void rewrite_request_host_path_from_uri(Request &req, const char *uri,
+void rewrite_request_host_path_from_uri(BlockAllocator &balloc, Request &req,
+                                        const StringRef &uri,
                                         http_parser_url &u) {
   assert(u.field_set & (1 << UF_HOST));
 
-  auto &authority = req.authority;
-  authority.clear();
   // As per https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-5.4, we
   // rewrite host header field with authority component.
-  http2::copy_url_component(authority, &u, UF_HOST, uri);
+  auto authority = util::get_uri_field(uri.c_str(), u, UF_HOST);
   // TODO properly check IPv6 numeric address
-  if (authority.find(':') != std::string::npos) {
+  auto ipv6 = std::find(std::begin(authority), std::end(authority), ':') !=
-    authority = '[' + authority;
+              std::end(authority);
-    authority += ']';
+  auto authoritylen = authority.size();
+  if (ipv6) {
+    authoritylen += 2;
   }
   if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_PORT)) {
-    authority += ':';
+    authoritylen += 1 + str_size("65535");
-    authority += util::utos(u.port);
+  }
+  if (authoritylen > authority.size()) {
+    auto iovec = make_byte_ref(balloc, authoritylen + 1);
+    auto p = iovec.base;
+    if (ipv6) {
+      *p++ = '[';
+    }
+    p = std::copy(std::begin(authority), std::end(authority), p);
+    if (ipv6) {
+      *p++ = ']';
     }
 
-  http2::copy_url_component(req.scheme, &u, UF_SCHEMA, uri);
+    if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_PORT)) {
+      *p++ = ':';
+      p = util::utos(p, u.port);
+    }
+    *p = '\0';
 
-  std::string path;
+    req.authority = StringRef{iovec.base, p};
+  } else {
+    req.authority = authority;
+  }
+
+  req.scheme = util::get_uri_field(uri.c_str(), u, UF_SCHEMA);
+
+  StringRef path;
   if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_PATH)) {
-    http2::copy_url_component(path, &u, UF_PATH, uri);
+    path = util::get_uri_field(uri.c_str(), u, UF_PATH);
   } else if (req.method == HTTP_OPTIONS) {
     // Server-wide OPTIONS takes following form in proxy request:
     //
@@ -221,21 +250,35 @@ void rewrite_request_host_path_from_uri(Request &req, const char *uri,
     //
     // Notice that no slash after authority. See
     // http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7230#section-5.3.4
-    req.path = "";
+    req.path = StringRef::from_lit("");
     // we ignore query component here
     return;
   } else {
-    path = "/";
+    path = StringRef::from_lit("/");
   }
+
   if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_QUERY)) {
     auto &fdata = u.field_data[UF_QUERY];
-    path += '?';
+
-    path.append(uri + fdata.off, fdata.len);
+    if (u.field_set & (1 << UF_PATH)) {
-  }
+      auto q = util::get_uri_field(uri.c_str(), u, UF_QUERY);
-  if (get_config()->http2_proxy) {
+      path = StringRef{std::begin(path), std::end(q)};
-    req.path = std::move(path);
     } else {
-    req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(std::begin(path), std::end(path));
+      auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, path.size() + 1 + fdata.len + 1);
+      auto p = iov.base;
+
+      p = std::copy(std::begin(path), std::end(path), p);
+      *p++ = '?';
+      p = std::copy_n(&uri[fdata.off], fdata.len, p);
+      *p = '\0';
+      path = StringRef{iov.base, p};
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (get_config()->http2_proxy) {
+    req.path = path;
+  } else {
+    req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(balloc, path);
   }
 }
 } // namespace
@@ -299,12 +342,11 @@ int htp_hdrs_completecb(http_parser *htp) {
 
   downstream->inspect_http1_request();
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   if (method != HTTP_CONNECT) {
     http_parser_url u{};
-    // make a copy of request path, since we may set request path
+    rv = http_parser_parse_url(req.path.c_str(), req.path.size(), 0, &u);
-    // while we are refering to original request path.
-    auto path = req.path;
-    rv = http_parser_parse_url(path.c_str(), path.size(), 0, &u);
     if (rv != 0) {
       // Expect to respond with 400 bad request
       return -1;
@@ -318,10 +360,10 @@ int htp_hdrs_completecb(http_parser *htp) {
 
       req.no_authority = true;
 
-      if (method == HTTP_OPTIONS && path == "*") {
+      if (method == HTTP_OPTIONS && req.path == "*") {
-        req.path = "";
+        req.path = StringRef{};
       } else {
-        req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(std::begin(path), std::end(path));
+        req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(balloc, req.path);
       }
 
       if (host) {
@@ -329,12 +371,12 @@ int htp_hdrs_completecb(http_parser *htp) {
       }
 
       if (handler->get_ssl()) {
-        req.scheme = "https";
+        req.scheme = StringRef::from_lit("https");
       } else {
-        req.scheme = "http";
+        req.scheme = StringRef::from_lit("http");
       }
     } else {
-      rewrite_request_host_path_from_uri(req, path.c_str(), u);
+      rewrite_request_host_path_from_uri(balloc, req, req.path, u);
     }
   }
 
@@ -1032,8 +1074,10 @@ int HttpsUpstream::on_downstream_header_complete(Downstream *downstream) {
       buf->append((*via).value);
       buf->append(", ");
     }
-    buf->append(
+    std::array<char, 16> viabuf;
-        http::create_via_header_value(resp.http_major, resp.http_minor));
+    auto end = http::create_via_header_value(viabuf.data(), resp.http_major,
+                                             resp.http_minor);
+    buf->append(viabuf.data(), end - std::begin(viabuf));
     buf->append("\r\n");
   }
 

src/shrpx_mruby_module.cc

@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ mrb_value init_module(mrb_state *mrb) {
   return create_env(mrb);
 }
 
-mrb_value create_headers_hash(mrb_state *mrb, const Headers &headers) {
+mrb_value create_headers_hash(mrb_state *mrb, const HeaderRefs &headers) {
   auto hash = mrb_hash_new(mrb);
 
   for (auto &hd : headers) {

src/shrpx_mruby_module.h

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ mrb_value init_module(mrb_state *mrb);
 
 void delete_downstream_from_module(mrb_state *mrb, Downstream *downstream);
 
-mrb_value create_headers_hash(mrb_state *mrb, const Headers &headers);
+mrb_value create_headers_hash(mrb_state *mrb, const HeaderRefs &headers);
 
 } // namespace mruby
 

src/shrpx_mruby_module_request.cc

@@ -116,6 +116,8 @@ mrb_value request_set_authority(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self) {
   auto downstream = data->downstream;
   auto &req = downstream->request();
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   check_phase(mrb, data->phase, PHASE_REQUEST);
 
   const char *authority;
@@ -125,7 +127,8 @@ mrb_value request_set_authority(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "authority must not be empty string");
   }
 
-  req.authority.assign(authority, n);
+  req.authority =
+      make_string_ref(balloc, StringRef{authority, static_cast<size_t>(n)});
 
   return self;
 }
@@ -147,6 +150,8 @@ mrb_value request_set_scheme(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self) {
   auto downstream = data->downstream;
   auto &req = downstream->request();
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   check_phase(mrb, data->phase, PHASE_REQUEST);
 
   const char *scheme;
@@ -156,7 +161,8 @@ mrb_value request_set_scheme(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "scheme must not be empty string");
   }
 
-  req.scheme.assign(scheme, n);
+  req.scheme =
+      make_string_ref(balloc, StringRef{scheme, static_cast<size_t>(n)});
 
   return self;
 }
@@ -178,13 +184,16 @@ mrb_value request_set_path(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self) {
   auto downstream = data->downstream;
   auto &req = downstream->request();
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   check_phase(mrb, data->phase, PHASE_REQUEST);
 
   const char *path;
   mrb_int pathlen;
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "s", &path, &pathlen);
 
-  req.path.assign(path, pathlen);
+  req.path =
+      make_string_ref(balloc, StringRef{path, static_cast<size_t>(pathlen)});
 
   return self;
 }
@@ -204,6 +213,7 @@ mrb_value request_mod_header(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self, bool repl) {
   auto data = static_cast<MRubyAssocData *>(mrb->ud);
   auto downstream = data->downstream;
   auto &req = downstream->request();
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
 
   check_phase(mrb, data->phase, PHASE_REQUEST);
 
@@ -217,7 +227,8 @@ mrb_value request_mod_header(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self, bool repl) {
   key = mrb_funcall(mrb, key, "downcase", 0);
 
   auto keyref =
-      StringRef{RSTRING_PTR(key), static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(key))};
+      make_string_ref(balloc, StringRef{RSTRING_PTR(key),
+                                        static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(key))});
   auto token = http2::lookup_token(keyref.byte(), keyref.size());
 
   if (repl) {
@@ -240,14 +251,18 @@ mrb_value request_mod_header(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self, bool repl) {
     for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
       auto value = mrb_ary_entry(values, i);
       req.fs.add_header_token(
-          keyref, StringRef{RSTRING_PTR(value),
+          keyref,
-                            static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(value))},
+          make_string_ref(balloc,
+                          StringRef{RSTRING_PTR(value),
+                                    static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(value))}),
           false, token);
     }
   } else if (!mrb_nil_p(values)) {
-    req.fs.add_header_token(keyref,
+    req.fs.add_header_token(
+        keyref,
+        make_string_ref(balloc,
                         StringRef{RSTRING_PTR(values),
-                                      static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(values))},
+                                  static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(values))}),
         false, token);
   }
 

src/shrpx_mruby_module_response.cc

@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ mrb_value response_mod_header(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self, bool repl) {
   auto data = static_cast<MRubyAssocData *>(mrb->ud);
   auto downstream = data->downstream;
   auto &resp = downstream->response();
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
 
   mrb_value key, values;
   mrb_get_args(mrb, "oo", &key, &values);
@@ -118,7 +119,8 @@ mrb_value response_mod_header(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self, bool repl) {
   key = mrb_funcall(mrb, key, "downcase", 0);
 
   auto keyref =
-      StringRef{RSTRING_PTR(key), static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(key))};
+      make_string_ref(balloc, StringRef{RSTRING_PTR(key),
+                                        static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(key))});
   auto token = http2::lookup_token(keyref.byte(), keyref.size());
 
   if (repl) {
@@ -141,14 +143,18 @@ mrb_value response_mod_header(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self, bool repl) {
     for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
       auto value = mrb_ary_entry(values, i);
       resp.fs.add_header_token(
-          keyref, StringRef{RSTRING_PTR(value),
+          keyref,
-                            static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(value))},
+          make_string_ref(balloc,
+                          StringRef{RSTRING_PTR(value),
+                                    static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(value))}),
           false, token);
     }
   } else if (!mrb_nil_p(values)) {
     resp.fs.add_header_token(
-        keyref, StringRef{RSTRING_PTR(values),
+        keyref,
-                          static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(values))},
+        make_string_ref(balloc,
+                        StringRef{RSTRING_PTR(values),
+                                  static_cast<size_t>(RSTRING_LEN(values))}),
         false, token);
   }
 
@@ -187,6 +193,8 @@ mrb_value response_return(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self) {
   auto &resp = downstream->response();
   int rv;
 
+  auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
   if (downstream->get_response_state() == Downstream::MSG_COMPLETE) {
     mrb_raise(mrb, E_RUNTIME_ERROR, "response has already been committed");
   }
@@ -207,13 +215,14 @@ mrb_value response_return(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self) {
     bodylen = vallen;
   }
 
+  auto content_length = util::make_string_ref_uint(balloc, bodylen);
+
   auto cl = resp.fs.header(http2::HD_CONTENT_LENGTH);
   if (cl) {
-    cl->value = util::utos(bodylen);
+    cl->value = content_length;
   } else {
     resp.fs.add_header_token(StringRef::from_lit("content-length"),
-                             StringRef{util::utos(bodylen)}, false,
+                             content_length, false, http2::HD_CONTENT_LENGTH);
-                             http2::HD_CONTENT_LENGTH);
   }
   resp.fs.content_length = bodylen;
 
@@ -221,8 +230,9 @@ mrb_value response_return(mrb_state *mrb, mrb_value self) {
   if (!date) {
     auto lgconf = log_config();
     lgconf->update_tstamp(std::chrono::system_clock::now());
-    resp.fs.add_header_token(StringRef::from_lit("date"),
+    resp.fs.add_header_token(
-                             StringRef{lgconf->time_http_str}, false,
+        StringRef::from_lit("date"),
+        make_string_ref(balloc, StringRef{lgconf->time_http_str}), false,
         http2::HD_DATE);
   }
 

src/shrpx_spdy_upstream.cc

@@ -159,6 +159,8 @@ void on_ctrl_recv_callback(spdylay_session *session, spdylay_frame_type type,
 
     auto &req = downstream->request();
 
+    auto &balloc = downstream->get_block_allocator();
+
     downstream->reset_upstream_rtimer();
 
     auto nv = frame->syn_stream.nv;
@@ -195,7 +197,9 @@ void on_ctrl_recv_callback(spdylay_session *session, spdylay_frame_type type,
       auto name = StringRef{nv[i]};
       auto value = StringRef{nv[i + 1]};
       auto token = http2::lookup_token(name.byte(), name.size());
-      req.fs.add_header_token(name, value, false, token);
+      req.fs.add_header_token(make_string_ref(balloc, StringRef{name}),
+                              make_string_ref(balloc, StringRef{value}), false,
+                              token);
     }
 
     if (req.fs.parse_content_length() != 0) {
@@ -271,8 +275,7 @@ void on_ctrl_recv_callback(spdylay_session *session, spdylay_frame_type type,
       } else if (method_token == HTTP_OPTIONS && path->value == "*") {
         // Server-wide OPTIONS request.  Path is empty.
       } else {
-        req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(std::begin(path->value),
+        req.path = http2::rewrite_clean_path(balloc, path->value);
-                                             std::end(path->value));
       }
     }
 
@@ -1069,11 +1072,13 @@ int SpdyUpstream::on_downstream_header_complete(Downstream *downstream) {
     }
   } else {
     if (via) {
-      via_value = via->value;
+      via_value = via->value.str();
       via_value += ", ";
     }
-    via_value +=
+    std::array<char, 16> viabuf;
-        http::create_via_header_value(resp.http_major, resp.http_minor);
+    auto end = http::create_via_header_value(std::begin(viabuf),
+                                             resp.http_major, resp.http_minor);
+    via_value.append(std::begin(viabuf), end);
     nv[hdidx++] = "via";
     nv[hdidx++] = via_value.c_str();
   }

src/template.h

@@ -401,18 +401,20 @@ public:
   explicit StringRef(const ImmutableString &s)
       : base(s.c_str()), len(s.size()) {}
   explicit StringRef(const char *s) : base(s), len(strlen(s)) {}
+  constexpr StringRef(const char *s, size_t n) : base(s), len(n) {}
   template <typename CharT>
-  constexpr StringRef(const CharT *s, size_t n)
+  StringRef(const CharT *s, size_t n)
       : base(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(s)), len(n) {}
   template <typename InputIt>
   StringRef(InputIt first, InputIt last)
       : base(&*first), len(std::distance(first, last)) {}
   template <typename InputIt>
   StringRef(InputIt *first, InputIt *last)
-      : base(first), len(std::distance(first, last)) {}
+      : base(reinterpret_cast<const char *>(first)),
+        len(std::distance(first, last)) {}
   template <typename CharT, size_t N>
   constexpr static StringRef from_lit(const CharT(&s)[N]) {
-    return StringRef(s, N - 1);
+    return StringRef{s, N - 1};
   }
   static StringRef from_maybe_nullptr(const char *s) {
     if (s == nullptr) {
@@ -443,6 +445,11 @@ private:
   size_type len;
 };
 
+inline bool operator==(const StringRef &lhs, const StringRef &rhs) {
+  return lhs.size() == rhs.size() &&
+         std::equal(std::begin(lhs), std::end(lhs), std::begin(rhs));
+}
+
 inline bool operator==(const StringRef &lhs, const std::string &rhs) {
   return lhs.size() == rhs.size() &&
          std::equal(std::begin(lhs), std::end(lhs), std::begin(rhs));
@@ -477,6 +484,11 @@ inline bool operator!=(const char *lhs, const StringRef &rhs) {
   return !(rhs == lhs);
 }
 
+inline bool operator<(const StringRef &lhs, const StringRef &rhs) {
+  return std::lexicographical_compare(std::begin(lhs), std::end(lhs),
+                                      std::begin(rhs), std::end(rhs));
+}
+
 inline std::ostream &operator<<(std::ostream &o, const StringRef &s) {
   return o.write(s.c_str(), s.size());
 }

src/util.cc

@@ -339,7 +339,7 @@ std::string iso8601_date(int64_t ms) {
   return res;
 }
 
-time_t parse_http_date(const std::string &s) {
+time_t parse_http_date(const StringRef &s) {
   tm tm{};
   char *r = strptime(s.c_str(), "%a, %d %b %Y %H:%M:%S GMT", &tm);
   if (r == 0) {
@@ -1056,6 +1056,10 @@ int64_t parse_uint(const std::string &s) {
   return parse_uint(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(s.c_str()), s.size());
 }
 
+int64_t parse_uint(const StringRef &s) {
+  return parse_uint(s.byte(), s.size());
+}
+
 int64_t parse_uint(const uint8_t *s, size_t len) {
   int64_t n;
   size_t i;

src/util.h

@@ -51,6 +51,7 @@
 
 #include "template.h"
 #include "network.h"
+#include "allocator.h"
 
 namespace nghttp2 {
 
@@ -149,7 +150,7 @@ std::string common_log_date(time_t t);
 // 2014-11-15T12:58:24.741Z)
 std::string iso8601_date(int64_t ms);
 
-time_t parse_http_date(const std::string &s);
+time_t parse_http_date(const StringRef &s);
 
 char upcase(char c);
 
@@ -261,6 +262,11 @@ bool iends_with_l(const std::string &a, const CharT(&b)[N]) {
   return iends_with(std::begin(a), std::end(a), b, b + N - 1);
 }
 
+template <typename CharT, size_t N>
+bool iends_with_l(const StringRef &a, const CharT(&b)[N]) {
+  return iends_with(std::begin(a), std::end(a), b, b + N - 1);
+}
+
 int strcompare(const char *a, const uint8_t *b, size_t n);
 
 template <typename InputIt> bool strieq(const char *a, InputIt b, size_t bn) {
@@ -310,6 +316,11 @@ bool strieq_l(const CharT(&a)[N], const std::string &b) {
   return strieq(a, N - 1, std::begin(b), b.size());
 }
 
+template <typename CharT, size_t N>
+bool strieq_l(const CharT(&a)[N], const StringRef &b) {
+  return strieq(a, N - 1, std::begin(b), b.size());
+}
+
 template <typename InputIt> bool streq(const char *a, InputIt b, size_t bn) {
   if (!a) {
     return false;
@@ -377,6 +388,33 @@ template <typename T> std::string utos(T n) {
   return res;
 }
 
+template <typename T, typename OutputIt> OutputIt utos(OutputIt dst, T n) {
+  if (n == 0) {
+    *dst++ = '0';
+    return dst;
+  }
+  int i = 0;
+  T t = n;
+  for (; t; t /= 10, ++i)
+    ;
+  --i;
+  auto p = dst + i;
+  auto res = p + 1;
+  for (; n; --i, n /= 10) {
+    *p-- = (n % 10) + '0';
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+StringRef make_string_ref_uint(BlockAllocator &balloc, T n) {
+  auto iov = make_byte_ref(balloc, str_size("18446744073709551615") + 1);
+  auto p = iov.base;
+  p = util::utos(p, n);
+  *p = '\0';
+  return StringRef{iov.base, p};
+}
+
 template <typename T> std::string utos_unit(T n) {
   char u = 0;
   if (n >= (1 << 30)) {
@@ -609,6 +647,7 @@ int64_t parse_uint_with_unit(const char *s);
 int64_t parse_uint(const char *s);
 int64_t parse_uint(const uint8_t *s, size_t len);
 int64_t parse_uint(const std::string &s);
+int64_t parse_uint(const StringRef &s);
 
 // Parses NULL terminated string |s| as unsigned integer and returns
 // the parsed integer casted to double.  If |s| ends with "s", the
@@ -684,6 +723,11 @@ std::string random_alpha_digit(Generator &gen, size_t len) {
   return res;
 }
 
+template <typename OutputIterator, typename CharT, size_t N>
+OutputIterator copy_lit(OutputIterator it, CharT(&s)[N]) {
+  return std::copy_n(s, N - 1, it);
+}
+
 } // namespace util
 
 } // namespace nghttp2

src/util_test.cc

@@ -234,6 +234,24 @@ void test_util_ipv6_numeric_addr(void) {
   CU_ASSERT(!util::ipv6_numeric_addr("localhost"));
 }
 
+void test_util_utos(void) {
+  uint8_t buf[32];
+
+  CU_ASSERT(("0" == StringRef{buf, util::utos(buf, 0)}));
+  CU_ASSERT(("123" == StringRef{buf, util::utos(buf, 123)}));
+  CU_ASSERT(("18446744073709551615" ==
+             StringRef{buf, util::utos(buf, 18446744073709551615ULL)}));
+}
+
+void test_util_make_string_ref_uint(void) {
+  BlockAllocator balloc(1024, 1024);
+
+  CU_ASSERT("0" == util::make_string_ref_uint(balloc, 0));
+  CU_ASSERT("123" == util::make_string_ref_uint(balloc, 123));
+  CU_ASSERT("18446744073709551615" ==
+            util::make_string_ref_uint(balloc, 18446744073709551615ULL));
+}
+
 void test_util_utos_unit(void) {
   CU_ASSERT("0" == util::utos_unit(0));
   CU_ASSERT("1023" == util::utos_unit(1023));
@@ -383,8 +401,8 @@ void test_util_ends_with(void) {
 }
 
 void test_util_parse_http_date(void) {
-  CU_ASSERT(1001939696 ==
+  CU_ASSERT(1001939696 == util::parse_http_date(StringRef::from_lit(
-            util::parse_http_date("Mon, 1 Oct 2001 12:34:56 GMT"));
+                              "Mon, 1 Oct 2001 12:34:56 GMT")));
 }
 
 void test_util_localtime_date(void) {

src/util_test.h

@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ void test_util_utox(void);
 void test_util_http_date(void);
 void test_util_select_h2(void);
 void test_util_ipv6_numeric_addr(void);
+void test_util_utos(void);
+void test_util_make_string_ref_uint(void);
 void test_util_utos_unit(void);
 void test_util_utos_funit(void);
 void test_util_parse_uint_with_unit(void);

tests/nghttp2_hd_test.c

@@ -295,11 +295,6 @@ void test_nghttp2_hd_inflate_indname_inc(void) {
   assert_nv_equal(&nv, out.nva, 1, mem);
   CU_ASSERT(1 == inflater.ctx.hd_table.len);
   CU_ASSERT(62 == nghttp2_hd_inflate_get_num_table_entries(&inflater));
-  assert_nv_equal(&nv,
-                  &nghttp2_hd_table_get(&inflater.ctx,
-                                        NGHTTP2_STATIC_TABLE_LENGTH +
-                                            inflater.ctx.hd_table.len - 1)->nv,
-                  1, mem);
   assert_nv_equal(&nv, nghttp2_hd_inflate_get_table_entry(
                            &inflater, NGHTTP2_STATIC_TABLE_LENGTH +
                                           inflater.ctx.hd_table.len),
@@ -429,10 +424,9 @@ void test_nghttp2_hd_inflate_newname_inc(void) {
   CU_ASSERT(1 == out.nvlen);
   assert_nv_equal(&nv, out.nva, 1, mem);
   CU_ASSERT(1 == inflater.ctx.hd_table.len);
-  assert_nv_equal(&nv,
+  assert_nv_equal(&nv, nghttp2_hd_inflate_get_table_entry(
-                  &nghttp2_hd_table_get(&inflater.ctx,
+                           &inflater, NGHTTP2_STATIC_TABLE_LENGTH +
-                                        NGHTTP2_STATIC_TABLE_LENGTH +
+                                          inflater.ctx.hd_table.len),
-                                            inflater.ctx.hd_table.len - 1)->nv,
                   1, mem);
 
   nva_out_reset(&out, mem);
@@ -1352,13 +1346,15 @@ void test_nghttp2_hd_decode_length(void) {
 void test_nghttp2_hd_huff_encode(void) {
   int rv;
   ssize_t len;
-  nghttp2_bufs bufs, outbufs;
+  nghttp2_buf outbuf;
+  nghttp2_bufs bufs;
   nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context ctx;
   const uint8_t t1[] = {22, 21, 20, 19, 18, 17, 16, 15, 14, 13, 12, 11,
                         10, 9,  8,  7,  6,  5,  4,  3,  2,  1,  0};
+  uint8_t b[256];
 
+  nghttp2_buf_wrap_init(&outbuf, b, sizeof(b));
   frame_pack_bufs_init(&bufs);
-  frame_pack_bufs_init(&outbufs);
 
   rv = nghttp2_hd_huff_encode(&bufs, t1, sizeof(t1));
 
@@ -1366,14 +1362,13 @@ void test_nghttp2_hd_huff_encode(void) {
 
   nghttp2_hd_huff_decode_context_init(&ctx);
 
-  len = nghttp2_hd_huff_decode(&ctx, &outbufs, bufs.cur->buf.pos,
+  len = nghttp2_hd_huff_decode(&ctx, &outbuf, bufs.cur->buf.pos,
                                nghttp2_bufs_len(&bufs), 1);
 
   CU_ASSERT((ssize_t)nghttp2_bufs_len(&bufs) == len);
-  CU_ASSERT((ssize_t)sizeof(t1) == nghttp2_bufs_len(&outbufs));
+  CU_ASSERT((ssize_t)sizeof(t1) == nghttp2_buf_len(&outbuf));
 
-  CU_ASSERT(0 == memcmp(t1, outbufs.cur->buf.pos, sizeof(t1)));
+  CU_ASSERT(0 == memcmp(t1, outbuf.pos, sizeof(t1)));
 
   nghttp2_bufs_free(&bufs);
-  nghttp2_bufs_free(&outbufs);
 }