Previously, in server side, we used closed streams to detect the error
that the misbehaving client sends a frame on the incoming stream it
explicitly closed. With this commit, we make a further step, and
detect one more error case. Since we retain closed streams as long as
the sum of its size and the number of opened streams are equal or less
than max concurrent streams, we can safely say that if we get a frame
which is sent on the stream that is not found in either closed or
opened stream, it is already closed or has not existed. Then we can
send GOAWAY.
The previous code shrinks closed streams when we closed another
stream, but now it is removed. It is enough to adjust closed streams
when new incoming stream is created.
While creating this commit, we noticed that
NGHTTP2_INITIAL_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS is defined as INT32_MAX. But
since SETTINGS can contain value up to UINT32_MAX, it is not enough.
However, since the stream ID space is limited to INT32_MAX, it is high
enough. We could keep this value, but this time we deprecate
NGHTTP2_INITIAL_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS macro. While it is in public
header, the effect of deprecating it is negligible because of the
reason we wrote above, and usually application sets much smaller value
(say, 100) as SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS.
This function sets the maximum length of header block (a set of header
fields per HEADERS frame) to send. The length of given set of header
fields is calculated using nghttp2_hd_deflate_bound(). Previously,
this is hard-coded, and is 64KiB.
This option prevents the nghttp2 library from sending PING frame with
ACK flag set in the reply to incoming PING frame. To allow the
application to send PING with ACK flag set, nghttp2_submit_ping() now
recognizes NGHTTP2_FLAG_PING in its flags parameter.
Previously, we use session->next_stream_id to detect that given stream
ID was idle or not. But this was suboptimal, since it was updated
when stream ID was assigned, and it did not necessarily mean that it
actually has been sent to the peer. Now we introduced
session->sent_stream_id, which only updated when HEADERS/PUSH_PROMISE
has sent. Using sent_stream_id instead of next_stream_id tightens
idle stream detection, and misbehaved peer which sends frame with
stream ID that has not been generated.
This commit also overhauls test code which involves opening streams.
Now we have some wrapper functions for nghttp2_session_open_stream()
which also take care of updating next_stream_id and
last_recv_stream_id. They are crucial for some tests.
Previously, stream object for pushed resource was not created during
nghttp2_submit_push_promise(). It was created just before
nghttp2_before_frame_send_callback was called for that PUSH_PROMISE
frame. This means that application could not call
nghttp2_submit_response for the pushed resource before
nghttp2_before_frame_send_callback was called. This could be solved
by callback chaining, but for web server with back pressure from
backend stream, it is a bit unnecessarily hard to use.
This commit changes nghttp2_submit_push_promise() behaviour so that
stream object is created during that call. It makes application call
nghttp2_submit_response right after successful
nghttp2_submit_push_promise call.
Previously, nghttp2_session_end_request_headers_received assumes
stream is still writable (in other words, local endpoint has not sent
END_STREAM). But this assumption is false, because application can
send response in nghttp2_on_begin_frame_callback. Probably, this
assumption was made before the callback was introduced. This commit
addresses this issue. Since all
nghttp2_session_end_*_headers_received functions are identical, we
refactored them into one function.
This will improve performance since we can avoid indirect call of
internal functions. The downside is we now require libnghttp2 static
library to run unit tests.
Application can utilize this framework to send/receive user defined
extension frames. These frames are expected not to change existing
protocol behaviour.
This change adds new return error code from nghttp2_session_mem_recv
and nghttp2_session_recv functions, namely NGHTTP2_ERR_FLOODED. It is
fatal error, and is returned when flooding was detected.
RFC 7540 does not enforce any limit on the number of incoming reserved
streams (in RFC 7540 terms, streams in reserved (remote) state). This
only affects client side, since only server can push streams.
Malicious server can push arbitrary number of streams, and make
client's memory exhausted. The new option,
nghttp2_set_max_reserved_remote_streams, can set the maximum number of
such incoming streams to avoid possible memory exhaustion. If this
option is set, and pushed streams are automatically closed on
reception, without calling user provided callback, if they exceed the
given limit. The default value is 200. If session is configured as
server side, this option has no effect. Server can control the number
of streams to push.
We now use priority queue per stream, which contains the stream which
has ready to send a frame, or one of its descendants have a frame to
send. We maintain invariant that if a stream is queued, then its
ancestors are also queued (except for root). When we re-schedule
stream after transmission, we re-schedule all ancestors, so that
streams on the other path can get a chance to send. This is basically
the same mechanism h2o project uses, but there are differences in the
details.
Previously, the number of stream in one dependency tree (not including
root) is limited to 120. This is due to the fact that we use
recursive calls to traverse trees. Now we replaced recursive calls
with loop, we can remove this limitation. Also now all streams are
descendant of root stream, rather than linked list of individual
subtree root.
After reviewing codebase, only queue for DATA frames requires
priorities. Other frames can be replaced multiple linear queues.
Replacing priority queue with linear queue allows us to simplify
codebase a bit; for example, now nghttp2_session.next_seq is gone.
Previously nghttp2_session_send() and nghttp2_session_mem_send() did
not send 24 bytes client magic byte string (MAGIC). We made
nghttp2_session_recv() and nghttp2_session_mem_recv() process MAGIC by
default, so it is natural to make library send MAGIC as well. This
commit makes nghttp2_session_send() and nghttp2_session_mem_send()
send MAGIC. This commit also replace "connection preface" with
"client magic", since we call MAGIC as "connection preface" but it is
just a part of connection preface. NGHTTP2_CLIENT_CONNECTION_PREFACE
macro was replaced with NGHTTP2_CLIENT_MAGIC. The already deprecated
NGHTTP2_CLIENT_CONNECTION_HEADER macro was removed permanently.
nghttp2_option_set_no_recv_client_preface() was renamed as
nghttp2_option_set_no_recv_client_magic(). NGHTTP2_ERR_BAD_PREFACE
was renamed as NGHTTP2_ERR_BAD_CLIENT_MAGIC.
Since HTTP/2 spec requires for client to send connection preface, it
is reasonable to make this option enabled by default. It is still a
use case to disable this, so replace this option with
nghttp2_option_set_no_recv_client_preface().
To avoid buffer copy in nghttp2_data_source_read_callback, this commit
introduces NGHTTP2_DATA_FLAG_NO_COPY and nghttp2_send_data_callback.
By using NGHTTP2_DATA_FLAG_NO_COPY in
nghttp2_data_source_read_callback, application can avoid to copy
application data to given buffer. Instead, application has to
implement nghttp2_send_data_callback to send complete DATA frame by
itself. We see noticeable performance increase in nghttpd and
tiny-nghttpd using this new feature. On the other hand, nghttpx does
not show such difference, probably because buffer copy is not
bottleneck. Using nghttp2_send_data_callback adds complexity, so it
is recommended to measure the performance to see whether this extra
complexity worth it.
After we sent SETTINGS including ENABLE_PUSH = 0, peer may already
issue PUSH_PROMISE before receiving our SETTINGS and react it to
SETTINGS ACK. Previously we accept this PUSH_PROMISE. In this
commit, we check the pending ENABLE_PUSH value and if it means
disabling push, we refuse PUSH_PROMISE with RST_STREAM of error
REFUSED_STREAM.
Previously we did not check HTTP semantics and it is left out for
application. Although checking is relatively easy, but they are
scattered and error prone. We have implemented these checks in our
applications and also feel they are tedious. To make application
development a bit easier, this commit adds basic HTTP semantics
validation to library code. We do following checks:
server:
* HEADERS is either request header or trailer header. Other type of
header is disallowed.
client:
* HEADERS is either zero or more non-final response header or final
response header or trailer header. Other type of header is
disallowed.
For both:
* Check mandatory pseudo header fields.
* Make sure that content-length matches the amount of DATA we
received.
If validation fails, RST_STREAM of type PROTOCOL_ERROR is issued.
Previously we treat stream in NGHTTP2_STREAM_RESERVED state specially,
that is we don't increment or decrement streams counts if stream is in
that state. Because of this, we don't change the stream state to
NGHTTP2_STREAM_CLOSING if stream is in NGHTTP2_STREAM_RESERVED. But
it turns out that it causes a problem. If client canceled pushed
stream before push response HEADERS, stream is still in
NGHTTP2_STREAM_RESERVED state. If push response HEADERS arrived in
this state, library happily accepts it and passed to application.
With this commit, this bug was corrected. We now change stream state
to NGHTTP2_STREAM_CLOSING even if it was in NGHTTP2_STREAM_RESERVED
state. We now use NGHTTP2_STREAM_FLAG_PUSH to determine whether we
have to increase/decrase stream count.
nghttp2_submit_shutdown_notice() is used to notify the client that
graceful shutdown is started. We expect that after this call, the
server application should send another GOAWAY using
nghttp2_submit_goaway() with appropriate last_stream_id. In this
commit, we also added nghttp2_session_get_last_proc_stream_id(), which
can be used as last_stream_id parameter.
This commit implements graceful shutdown in nghttpx. The integration
test for graceful shutdown is also added.
Previously we handle idle streams as closed streams. We only keeps
sum of closed streams and active streams under max concurrent streams
limit, idle streams gets deleted earlier than client expects.
In this change, idle streams are kept in separate list and not handled
as closed streams. To mitigate possible attack vector to make
unlimited idle streams, we cap the number of idle streams in a half of
max concurrent streams. This is arbitrary choice. It may be adjusted
in the future when we have interop experience.
Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa
Alexis La Goutte