nghttp2 - HTTP/2 C Library ========================== This is an implementation of Hypertext Transfer Protocol version 2 in C. The framing layer of HTTP/2 is implemented as form of reusable C library. On top of that, we have implemented HTTP/2 client, server and proxy. Also we have developed load test/benchmarking tool for HTTP/2 and SPDY. HPACK encoding and decoding are available as public API. We have Python binding of this libary, but we have not covered everything yet. Development Status ------------------ We started to implement h2-14 (http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-http2-14), the header compression (http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-header-compression-09) and HTTP Alternative Services (http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-alt-svc-02). The nghttp2 code base was forked from spdylay project. =========================== ======= HTTP/2 Features Support =========================== ======= Core frames handling Yes Dependency Tree Yes Large header (CONTINUATION) Yes ALTSVC extension Yes =========================== ======= Public Test Server ------------------ The following endpoints are available to try out nghttp2 implementation. * https://nghttp2.org/ (TLS + ALPN/NPN) NPN offer ``h2-14``, ``spdy/3.1`` and ``http/1.1``. This endpoint requires TLSv1.2 and DHE or EDCHE with GCM cipher suite for HTTP/2 connection. * http://nghttp2.org/ (Upgrade / Direct) ``h2c-14`` and ``http/1.1``. We configured this server to send ALTSVC frame or Alt-Svc header field to announce that alternative service is available at port 443. Requirements ------------ The following package is required to build the libnghttp2 library: * pkg-config >= 0.20 To build and run the unit test programs, the following package is required: * cunit >= 2.1 To build the documentation, you need to install: * sphinx (http://sphinx-doc.org/) To build and run the application programs (``nghttp``, ``nghttpd`` and ``nghttpx``) in ``src`` directory, the following packages are required: * OpenSSL >= 1.0.1 * libevent-openssl >= 2.0.8 * zlib >= 1.2.3 ALPN support requires unreleased version OpenSSL >= 1.0.2. To enable SPDY protocol in the application program ``nghttpx`` and ``h2load``, the following package is required: * spdylay >= 1.3.0 To enable ``-a`` option (getting linked assets from the downloaded resource) in ``nghttp``, the following package is required: * libxml2 >= 2.7.7 The HPACK tools require the following package: * jansson >= 2.5 To mitigate heap fragmentation in long running server programs (``nghttpd`` and ``nghttpx``), jemalloc is recommended: * jemalloc The Python bindings require the following packages: * cython >= 0.19 * python >= 2.7 If you are using Ubuntu 14.04 LTS, you need the following packages installed: * autoconf * automake * autotools-dev * libtool * pkg-config * zlib1g-dev * libcunit1-dev * libssl-dev * libxml2-dev * libevent-dev * libjansson-dev * libjemalloc-dev * cython * python3.4-dev spdylay is not packaged in Ubuntu, so you need to build it yourself: http://tatsuhiro-t.github.io/spdylay/ Build from git -------------- Building from git is easy, but please be sure that at least autoconf 2.68 is used:: $ autoreconf -i $ automake $ autoconf $ ./configure $ make To compile source code, gcc >= 4.8.3 or clang >= 3.4 is required. .. note:: Mac OS X users may need ``--disable-threads`` configure option to disable multi threading in nghttpd, nghttpx and h2load to prevent them from crashing. Patch is welcome to make multi threading work on Mac OS X platform. Building documentation ---------------------- .. note:: Documentation is still incomplete. To build documentation, run:: $ make html The documents will be generated under ``doc/manual/html/``. The generated documents will not be installed with ``make install``. The online documentation is available at https://nghttp2.org/documentation/ Client, Server and Proxy programs --------------------------------- The src directory contains HTTP/2 client, server and proxy programs. nghttp - client +++++++++++++++ ``nghttp`` is a HTTP/2 client. It can connect to the HTTP/2 server with prior knowledge, HTTP Upgrade and NPN/ALPN TLS extension. It has verbose output mode for framing information. Here is sample output from ``nghttp`` client:: $ src/nghttp -nv https://nghttp2.org [ 0.033][NPN] server offers: * h2-14 * spdy/3.1 * http/1.1 The negotiated protocol: h2-14 [ 0.068] send SETTINGS frame (niv=3) [SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100] [SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535] [SETTINGS_COMPRESS_DATA(5):1] [ 0.068] send HEADERS frame ; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS (padlen=0) ; Open new stream :authority: nghttp2.org :method: GET :path: / :scheme: https accept: */* accept-encoding: gzip, deflate user-agent: nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV [ 0.068] recv SETTINGS frame (niv=2) [SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100] [SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535] [ 0.068] send SETTINGS frame ; ACK (niv=0) [ 0.079] recv SETTINGS frame ; ACK (niv=0) [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) :status: 200 [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) accept-ranges: bytes [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) age: 15 [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) content-length: 40243 [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) content-type: text/html [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) date: Wed, 14 May 2014 15:14:30 GMT [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) etag: "535d0eea-9d33" [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) last-modified: Sun, 27 Apr 2014 14:06:34 GMT [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) server: nginx/1.4.6 (Ubuntu) [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) x-varnish: 2114900538 2114900537 [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) via: 1.1 varnish, 1.1 nghttpx [ 0.080] (stream_id=1, noind=0) strict-transport-security: max-age=31536000 [ 0.080] recv HEADERS frame ; END_HEADERS (padlen=0) ; First response header [ 0.080] recv DATA frame [ 0.080] recv DATA frame [ 0.081] recv DATA frame [ 0.093] recv DATA frame [ 0.093] recv DATA frame [ 0.094] recv DATA frame [ 0.094] recv DATA frame [ 0.094] recv DATA frame [ 0.096] recv DATA frame [ 0.096] send WINDOW_UPDATE frame (window_size_increment=36554) [ 0.096] send WINDOW_UPDATE frame (window_size_increment=36554) [ 0.108] recv DATA frame [ 0.108] recv DATA frame ; END_STREAM [ 0.108] send GOAWAY frame (last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0), opaque_data(0)=[]) The HTTP Upgrade is performed like this:: $ src/nghttp -nvu http://nghttp2.org [ 0.013] HTTP Upgrade request GET / HTTP/1.1 Host: nghttp2.org Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings Upgrade: h2c-14 HTTP2-Settings: AwAAAGQEAAD__wUAAAAB Accept: */* User-Agent: nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV [ 0.024] HTTP Upgrade response HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols Connection: Upgrade Upgrade: h2c-14 [ 0.024] HTTP Upgrade success [ 0.024] send SETTINGS frame (niv=3) [SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100] [SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535] [SETTINGS_COMPRESS_DATA(5):1] [ 0.024] recv SETTINGS frame (niv=2) [SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100] [SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535] [ 0.024] recv ALTSVC frame (max-age=86400, port=443, protocol_id=h2-14, host=nghttp2.org, origin=http://nghttp2.org) [ 0.024] send SETTINGS frame ; ACK (niv=0) [ 0.024] (stream_id=1, noind=0) :status: 200 [ 0.024] (stream_id=1, noind=0) accept-ranges: bytes [ 0.024] (stream_id=1, noind=0) age: 10 [ 0.024] (stream_id=1, noind=0) content-length: 40243 [ 0.024] (stream_id=1, noind=0) content-type: text/html [ 0.024] (stream_id=1, noind=0) date: Wed, 14 May 2014 15:16:34 GMT [ 0.024] (stream_id=1, noind=0) etag: "535d0eea-9d33" [ 0.024] (stream_id=1, noind=0) last-modified: Sun, 27 Apr 2014 14:06:34 GMT [ 0.024] (stream_id=1, noind=0) server: nginx/1.4.6 (Ubuntu) [ 0.024] (stream_id=1, noind=0) x-varnish: 2114900541 2114900540 [ 0.024] (stream_id=1, noind=0) via: 1.1 varnish, 1.1 nghttpx [ 0.024] recv HEADERS frame ; END_HEADERS (padlen=0) ; First response header [ 0.024] recv DATA frame [ 0.025] recv DATA frame [ 0.031] recv DATA frame [ 0.031] recv DATA frame [ 0.032] recv DATA frame [ 0.032] recv DATA frame [ 0.033] recv DATA frame [ 0.033] recv DATA frame [ 0.033] send WINDOW_UPDATE frame (window_size_increment=33164) [ 0.033] send WINDOW_UPDATE frame (window_size_increment=33164) [ 0.038] recv DATA frame [ 0.038] recv DATA frame [ 0.038] recv DATA frame ; END_STREAM [ 0.038] recv SETTINGS frame ; ACK (niv=0) [ 0.038] send GOAWAY frame (last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0), opaque_data(0)=[]) nghttpd - server ++++++++++++++++ ``nghttpd`` is a multi-threaded static web server. By default, it uses SSL/TLS connection. Use ``--no-tls`` option to disable it. ``nghttpd`` only accepts the HTTP/2 connection via NPN/ALPN or direct HTTP/2 connection. No HTTP Upgrade is supported. ``-p`` option allows users to configure server push. Just like ``nghttp``, it has verbose output mode for framing information. Here is sample output from ``nghttpd`` server:: $ src/nghttpd --no-tls -v 8080 IPv4: listen on port 8080 IPv6: listen on port 8080 [id=1] [ 15.921] send SETTINGS frame (niv=2) [SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100] [SETTINGS_COMPRESS_DATA(5):1] [id=1] [ 15.921] recv SETTINGS frame (niv=3) [SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100] [SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535] [SETTINGS_COMPRESS_DATA(5):1] [id=1] [ 15.921] (stream_id=1, noind=0) :authority: localhost:8080 [id=1] [ 15.921] (stream_id=1, noind=0) :method: GET [id=1] [ 15.921] (stream_id=1, noind=0) :path: / [id=1] [ 15.921] (stream_id=1, noind=0) :scheme: http [id=1] [ 15.921] (stream_id=1, noind=0) accept: */* [id=1] [ 15.921] (stream_id=1, noind=0) accept-encoding: gzip, deflate [id=1] [ 15.921] (stream_id=1, noind=0) user-agent: nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV [id=1] [ 15.921] recv HEADERS frame ; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS (padlen=0) ; Open new stream [id=1] [ 15.921] recv SETTINGS frame ; ACK (niv=0) [id=1] [ 15.921] send SETTINGS frame ; ACK (niv=0) [id=1] [ 15.921] send HEADERS frame ; END_HEADERS (padlen=0) ; First response header :status: 200 cache-control: max-age=3600 content-length: 612 date: Wed, 14 May 2014 15:19:03 GMT last-modified: Sat, 08 Mar 2014 16:04:06 GMT server: nghttpd nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV [id=1] [ 15.922] send DATA frame ; COMPRESSED [id=1] [ 15.922] send DATA frame ; END_STREAM [id=1] [ 15.922] stream_id=1 closed [id=1] [ 15.922] recv GOAWAY frame (last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0), opaque_data(0)=[]) [id=1] [ 15.922] closed nghttpx - proxy +++++++++++++++ ``nghttpx`` is a multi-threaded reverse proxy for ``h2-14``, SPDY and HTTP/1.1 and powers nghttp2.org site. It has several operation modes: ================== ============================ ============== ============= Mode option Frontend Backend Note ================== ============================ ============== ============= default mode HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS) HTTP/1.1 Reverse proxy ``--http2-proxy`` HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS) HTTP/1.1 SPDY proxy ``--http2-bridge`` HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS) HTTP/2 (TLS) ``--client`` HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1 HTTP/2 (TLS) ``--client-proxy`` HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1 HTTP/2 (TLS) Forward proxy ================== ============================ ============== ============= The interesting mode at the moment is the default mode. It works like a reverse proxy and listens for ``h2-14``, SPDY and HTTP/1.1 and can be deployed SSL/TLS terminator for existing web server. The default mode, ``--http2-proxy`` and ``--http2-bridge`` modes use SSL/TLS in the frontend connection by default. To disable SSL/TLS, use ``--frontend-no-tls`` option. If that option is used, SPDY is disabled in the frontend and incoming HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2 through HTTP Upgrade. The ``--http2-bridge``, ``--client`` and ``--client-proxy`` modes use SSL/TLS in the backend connection by deafult. To disable SSL/TLS, use ``--backend-no-tls`` option. ``nghttpx`` supports configuration file. See ``--conf`` option and sample configuration file ``nghttpx.conf.sample``. ``nghttpx`` does not support server push. In the default mode, (without any of ``--http2-proxy``, ``--http2-bridge``, ``--client-proxy`` and ``--client`` options), ``nghttpx`` works as reverse proxy to the backend server:: Client <-- (HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/1.1) --> Web Server [reverse proxy] With ``--http2-proxy`` option, it works as so called secure proxy (aka SPDY proxy):: Client <-- (HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/1.1) --> Proxy [secure proxy] (e.g., Squid, ATS) The ``Client`` in the above is needs to be configured to use ``nghttpx`` as secure proxy. At the time of this writing, Chrome is the only browser which supports secure proxy. The one way to configure Chrome to use secure proxy is create proxy.pac script like this: .. code-block:: javascript function FindProxyForURL(url, host) { return "HTTPS SERVERADDR:PORT"; } ``SERVERADDR`` and ``PORT`` is the hostname/address and port of the machine nghttpx is running. Please note that Chrome requires valid certificate for secure proxy. Then run Chrome with the following arguments:: $ google-chrome --proxy-pac-url=file:///path/to/proxy.pac --use-npn With ``--http2-bridge``, it accepts HTTP/2, SPDY and HTTP/1.1 connections and communicates with backend in HTTP/2:: Client <-- (HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2) --> Web or HTTP/2 Proxy etc (e.g., nghttpx -s) With ``--client-proxy`` option, it works as forward proxy and expects that the backend is HTTP/2 proxy:: Client <-- (HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2) --> HTTP/2 Proxy [forward proxy] (e.g., nghttpx -s) The ``Client`` needs to be configured to use nghttpx as forward proxy. The frontend HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2 through HTTP Upgrade. With the above configuration, one can use HTTP/1.1 client to access and test their HTTP/2 servers. With ``--client`` option, it works as reverse proxy and expects that the backend is HTTP/2 Web server:: Client <-- (HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2) --> Web Server [reverse proxy] The frontend HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2 through HTTP Upgrade. For the operation modes which talk to the backend in HTTP/2 over SSL/TLS, the backend connections can be tunneled through HTTP proxy. The proxy is specified using ``--backend-http-proxy-uri`` option. The following figure illustrates the example of ``--http2-bridge`` and ``--backend-http-proxy-uri`` options to talk to the outside HTTP/2 proxy through HTTP proxy:: Client <-- (HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1) --> nghttpx <-- (HTTP/2) -- --===================---> HTTP/2 Proxy (HTTP proxy tunnel) (e.g., nghttpx -s) Benchmarking tool ----------------- The ``h2load`` program is a benchmarking tool for HTTP/2 and SPDY. The SPDY support is enabled if the program was built with spdylay library. The UI of ``h2load`` is heavily inspired by ``weighttp`` (https://github.com/lighttpd/weighttp). The typical usage is as follows:: $ src/h2load -n1000 -c10 -m10 https://127.0.0.1:8443/ starting benchmark... progress: 10% done progress: 20% done progress: 30% done progress: 40% done progress: 50% done progress: 60% done progress: 70% done progress: 80% done progress: 90% done progress: 100% done finished in 0 sec, 152 millisec and 152 microsec, 6572 req/s, 749 kbytes/s requests: 1000 total, 1000 started, 1000 done, 0 succeeded, 1000 failed, 0 errored status codes: 0 2xx, 0 3xx, 1000 4xx, 0 5xx traffic: 141100 bytes total, 840 bytes headers, 116000 bytes data The above example issued total 1000 requests, using 10 concurrent clients (thus 10 HTTP/2 sessions), and maximum 10 streams per client. With ``-t`` option, ``h2load`` will use multiple native threads to avoid saturating single core on client side. .. warning:: **Don't use this tool against publicly available servers.** That is considered a DOS attack. Please only use against your private servers. HPACK tools ----------- The ``src`` directory contains HPACK tools. The ``deflatehd`` is a command-line header compression tool. The ``inflatehd`` is command-line header decompression tool. Both tools read input from stdin and write output to stdout. The errors are written to stderr. They take JSON as input and output. We use (mostly) same JSON data format described at https://github.com/http2jp/hpack-test-case deflatehd - header compressor +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The ``deflatehd`` reads JSON data or HTTP/1-style header fields from stdin and outputs compressed header block in JSON. For the JSON input, the root JSON object must include ``cases`` key. Its value has to include the sequence of input header set. They share the same compression context and are processed in the order they appear. Each item in the sequence is a JSON object and it must include ``headers`` key. Its value is an array of a JSON object, which includes exactly one name/value pair. Example: .. code-block:: json { "cases": [ { "headers": [ { ":method": "GET" }, { ":path": "/" } ] }, { "headers": [ { ":method": "POST" }, { ":path": "/" } ] } ] } With ``-t`` option, the program can accept more familiar HTTP/1 style header field block. Each header set is delimited by empty line: Example:: :method: GET :scheme: https :path: / :method: POST user-agent: nghttp2 The output is JSON object. It should include ``cases`` key and its value is an array of JSON object, which has at least following keys: seq The index of header set in the input. input_length The sum of length of name/value pair in the input. output_length The length of compressed header block. percentage_of_original_size ``input_length`` / ``output_length`` * 100 wire The compressed header block in hex string. headers The input header set. header_table_size The header table size adjusted before deflating header set. Examples: .. code-block:: json { "cases": [ { "seq": 0, "input_length": 66, "output_length": 20, "percentage_of_original_size": 30.303030303030305, "wire": "01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f", "headers": [ { ":authority": "example.org" }, { ":method": "GET" }, { ":path": "/" }, { ":scheme": "https" }, { "user-agent": "nghttp2" } ], "header_table_size": 4096 } , { "seq": 1, "input_length": 74, "output_length": 10, "percentage_of_original_size": 13.513513513513514, "wire": "88448504252dd5918485", "headers": [ { ":authority": "example.org" }, { ":method": "POST" }, { ":path": "/account" }, { ":scheme": "https" }, { "user-agent": "nghttp2" } ], "header_table_size": 4096 } ] } The output can be used as the input for ``inflatehd`` and ``deflatehd``. With ``-d`` option, the extra ``header_table`` key is added and its associated value includes the state of dynamic header table after the corresponding header set was processed. The value includes at least the following keys: entries The entry in the header table. If ``referenced`` is ``true``, it is in the reference set. The ``size`` includes the overhead (32 bytes). The ``index`` corresponds to the index of header table. The ``name`` is the header field name and the ``value`` is the header field value. size The sum of the spaces entries occupied, this includes the entry overhead. max_size The maximum header table size. deflate_size The sum of the spaces entries occupied within ``max_deflate_size``. max_deflate_size The maximum header table size encoder uses. This can be smaller than ``max_size``. In this case, encoder only uses up to first ``max_deflate_size`` buffer. Since the header table size is still ``max_size``, the encoder has to keep track of entries ouside the ``max_deflate_size`` but inside the ``max_size`` and make sure that they are no longer referenced. Example: .. code-block:: json { "cases": [ { "seq": 0, "input_length": 66, "output_length": 20, "percentage_of_original_size": 30.303030303030305, "wire": "01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f", "headers": [ { ":authority": "example.org" }, { ":method": "GET" }, { ":path": "/" }, { ":scheme": "https" }, { "user-agent": "nghttp2" } ], "header_table_size": 4096, "header_table": { "entries": [ { "index": 1, "name": "user-agent", "value": "nghttp2", "referenced": true, "size": 49 }, { "index": 2, "name": ":scheme", "value": "https", "referenced": true, "size": 44 }, { "index": 3, "name": ":path", "value": "/", "referenced": true, "size": 38 }, { "index": 4, "name": ":method", "value": "GET", "referenced": true, "size": 42 }, { "index": 5, "name": ":authority", "value": "example.org", "referenced": true, "size": 53 } ], "size": 226, "max_size": 4096, "deflate_size": 226, "max_deflate_size": 4096 } } , { "seq": 1, "input_length": 74, "output_length": 10, "percentage_of_original_size": 13.513513513513514, "wire": "88448504252dd5918485", "headers": [ { ":authority": "example.org" }, { ":method": "POST" }, { ":path": "/account" }, { ":scheme": "https" }, { "user-agent": "nghttp2" } ], "header_table_size": 4096, "header_table": { "entries": [ { "index": 1, "name": ":method", "value": "POST", "referenced": true, "size": 43 }, { "index": 2, "name": "user-agent", "value": "nghttp2", "referenced": true, "size": 49 }, { "index": 3, "name": ":scheme", "value": "https", "referenced": true, "size": 44 }, { "index": 4, "name": ":path", "value": "/", "referenced": false, "size": 38 }, { "index": 5, "name": ":method", "value": "GET", "referenced": false, "size": 42 }, { "index": 6, "name": ":authority", "value": "example.org", "referenced": true, "size": 53 } ], "size": 269, "max_size": 4096, "deflate_size": 269, "max_deflate_size": 4096 } } ] } inflatehd - header decompressor +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ The ``inflatehd`` reads JSON data from stdin and outputs decompressed name/value pairs in JSON. The root JSON object must include ``cases`` key. Its value has to include the sequence of compressed header block. They share the same compression context and are processed in the order they appear. Each item in the sequence is a JSON object and it must have at least ``wire`` key. Its value is a compressed header block in hex string. Example: .. code-block:: json { "cases": [ { "wire": "8285" }, { "wire": "8583" } ] } The output is JSON object. It should include ``cases`` key and its value is an array of JSON object, which has at least following keys: seq The index of header set in the input. headers The JSON array includes decompressed name/value pairs. wire The compressed header block in hex string. header_table_size The header table size adjusted before inflating compressed header block. Example: .. code-block:: json { "cases": [ { "seq": 0, "wire": "01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f", "headers": [ { ":authority": "example.org" }, { ":method": "GET" }, { ":path": "/" }, { ":scheme": "https" }, { "user-agent": "nghttp2" } ], "header_table_size": 4096 } , { "seq": 1, "wire": "88448504252dd5918485", "headers": [ { ":method": "POST" }, { ":path": "/account" }, { "user-agent": "nghttp2" }, { ":scheme": "https" }, { ":authority": "example.org" } ], "header_table_size": 4096 } ] } The output can be used as the input for ``deflatehd`` and ``inflatehd``. With ``-d`` option, the extra ``header_table`` key is added and its associated value includes the state of dynamic header table after the corresponding header set was processed. The format is the same as ``deflatehd``. Python bindings --------------- This ``python`` directory contains nghttp2 Python bindings. The bindings currently provide HPACK compressor and decompressor classes and HTTP/2 server. The extension module is called ``nghttp2``. ``make`` will build the bindings and target Python version is determined by configure script. If the detected Python version is not what you expect, specify a path to Python executable in ``PYTHON`` variable as an argument to configure script (e.g., ``./configure PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3.4``). The following example code illustrates basic usage of HPACK compressor and decompressor in Python: .. code-block:: python import binascii import nghttp2 deflater = nghttp2.HDDeflater() inflater = nghttp2.HDInflater() data = deflater.deflate([(b'foo', b'bar'), (b'baz', b'buz')]) print(binascii.b2a_hex(data)) hdrs = inflater.inflate(data) print(hdrs) The ``nghttp2.HTTP2Server`` class builds on top of the asyncio event loop. On construction, *RequestHandlerClass* must be given, which must be a subclass of ``nghttp2.BaseRequestHandler`` class. The ``BaseRequestHandler`` class is used to handle the HTTP/2 stream. By default, it does nothing. It must be subclassed to handle each event callback method. The first callback method invoked is ``on_headers()``. It is called when HEADERS frame, which includes request header fields, has arrived. If request has request body, ``on_data(data)`` is invoked for each chunk of received data. When whole request is received, ``on_request_done()`` is invoked. When stream is closed, ``on_close(error_code)`` is called. The application can send response using ``send_response()`` method. It can be used in ``on_headers()``, ``on_data()`` or ``on_request_done()``. The application can push resource using ``push()`` method. It must be used before ``send_response()`` call. The following instance variables are available: client_address Contains a tuple of the form (host, port) referring to the client's address. stream_id Stream ID of this stream. scheme Scheme of the request URI. This is a value of :scheme header field. method Method of this stream. This is a value of :method header field. host This is a value of :authority or host header field. path This is a value of :path header field. The following example illustrates the HTTP2Server and BaseRequestHandler usage: .. code-block:: python #!/usr/bin/env python import io, ssl import nghttp2 class Handler(nghttp2.BaseRequestHandler): def on_headers(self): self.push(path='/css/bootstrap.css', request_headers = [('content-length', '3')], status=200, body='foo') self.push(path='/js/bootstrap.js', method='GET', request_headers = [('content-length', '10')], status=200, body='foobarbuzz') self.send_response(status=200, headers = [('content-type', 'text/plain')], body=io.BytesIO(b'nghttp2-python FTW')) ctx = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23) ctx.options = ssl.OP_ALL | ssl.OP_NO_SSLv2 ctx.load_cert_chain('server.crt', 'server.key') # give None to ssl to make the server non-SSL/TLS server = nghttp2.HTTP2Server(('127.0.0.1', 8443), Handler, ssl=ctx) server.serve_forever() Contribution ------------ [This text was composed based on 1.2. License section of curl/libcurl project.] When contributing with code, you agree to put your changes and new code under the same license nghttp2 is already using unless stated and agreed otherwise. When changing existing source code, you do not alter the copyright of the original file(s). The copyright will still be owned by the original creator(s) or those who have been assigned copyright by the original author(s). By submitting a patch to the nghttp2 project, you are assumed to have the right to the code and to be allowed by your employer or whatever to hand over that patch/code to us. We will credit you for your changes as far as possible, to give credit but also to keep a trace back to who made what changes. Please always provide us with your full real name when contributing!