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/*
* nghttp2 - HTTP/2 C Library
*
* Copyright (c) 2014 Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa
*
* Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
* a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
* "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
* without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
* distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
* permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
* the following conditions:
*
* The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
* included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
*
* THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
* EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
* MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
* NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
* LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
* OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
* WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
*/
#include "h2load.h"
#include <getopt.h>
#include <signal.h>
#ifdef HAVE_NETINET_IN_H
#include <netinet/in.h>
#endif // HAVE_NETINET_IN_H
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#ifdef HAVE_FCNTL_H
#include <fcntl.h>
#endif // HAVE_FCNTL_H
#include <cstdio>
#include <cassert>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <fstream>
#include <chrono>
#include <thread>
#include <future>
#include <random>
#ifdef HAVE_SPDYLAY
#include <spdylay/spdylay.h>
#endif // HAVE_SPDYLAY
#include <openssl/err.h>
#include "http-parser/http_parser.h"
#include "h2load_http1_session.h"
#include "h2load_http2_session.h"
#ifdef HAVE_SPDYLAY
#include "h2load_spdy_session.h"
#endif // HAVE_SPDYLAY
#include "tls.h"
#include "http2.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "template.h"
#ifndef O_BINARY
#define O_BINARY (0)
#endif // O_BINARY
using namespace nghttp2;
namespace h2load {
namespace {
bool recorded(const std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point &t) {
return std::chrono::steady_clock::duration::zero() != t.time_since_epoch();
}
} // namespace
Config::Config()
: ciphers(tls::DEFAULT_CIPHER_LIST),
data_length(-1),
addrs(nullptr),
nreqs(1),
nclients(1),
nthreads(1),
max_concurrent_streams(1),
window_bits(30),
connection_window_bits(30),
rate(0),
rate_period(1.0),
conn_active_timeout(0.),
conn_inactivity_timeout(0.),
no_tls_proto(PROTO_HTTP2),
header_table_size(4_k),
encoder_header_table_size(4_k),
data_fd(-1),
port(0),
default_port(0),
verbose(false),
timing_script(false),
base_uri_unix(false),
unix_addr{} {}
Config::~Config() {
if (addrs) {
if (base_uri_unix) {
delete addrs;
} else {
freeaddrinfo(addrs);
}
}
if (data_fd != -1) {
close(data_fd);
}
}
bool Config::is_rate_mode() const { return (this->rate != 0); }
bool Config::has_base_uri() const { return (!this->base_uri.empty()); }
Config config;
namespace {
constexpr size_t MAX_SAMPLES = 1000000;
} // namespace
Stats::Stats(size_t req_todo, size_t nclients)
: req_todo(req_todo),
req_started(0),
req_done(0),
req_success(0),
req_status_success(0),
req_failed(0),
req_error(0),
req_timedout(0),
bytes_total(0),
bytes_head(0),
bytes_head_decomp(0),
bytes_body(0),
status() {}
Stream::Stream() : req_stat{}, status_success(-1) {}
namespace {
std::random_device rd;
} // namespace
namespace {
std::mt19937 gen(rd());
} // namespace
namespace {
void sampling_init(Sampling &smp, size_t total, size_t max_samples) {
smp.n = 0;
if (total <= max_samples) {
smp.interval = 0.;
smp.point = 0.;
return;
}
smp.interval = static_cast<double>(total) / max_samples;
std::uniform_real_distribution<> dis(0., smp.interval);
smp.point = dis(gen);
}
} // namespace
namespace {
bool sampling_should_pick(Sampling &smp) {
return smp.interval == 0. || smp.n == ceil(smp.point);
}
} // namespace
namespace {
void sampling_advance_point(Sampling &smp) { smp.point += smp.interval; }
} // namespace
namespace {
void writecb(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) {
auto client = static_cast<Client *>(w->data);
client->restart_timeout();
auto rv = client->do_write();
if (rv == Client::ERR_CONNECT_FAIL) {
client->disconnect();
// Try next address
client->current_addr = nullptr;
rv = client->connect();
if (rv != 0) {
client->fail();
delete client;
return;
}
return;
}
if (rv != 0) {
client->fail();
delete client;
}
}
} // namespace
namespace {
void readcb(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_io *w, int revents) {
auto client = static_cast<Client *>(w->data);
client->restart_timeout();
if (client->do_read() != 0) {
if (client->try_again_or_fail() == 0) {
return;
}
delete client;
return;
}
writecb(loop, &client->wev, revents);
// client->disconnect() and client->fail() may be called
}
} // namespace
namespace {
// Called every rate_period when rate mode is being used
void rate_period_timeout_w_cb(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents) {
auto worker = static_cast<Worker *>(w->data);
auto nclients_per_second = worker->rate;
auto conns_remaining = worker->nclients - worker->nconns_made;
auto nclients = std::min(nclients_per_second, conns_remaining);
for (size_t i = 0; i < nclients; ++i) {
auto req_todo = worker->nreqs_per_client;
if (worker->nreqs_rem > 0) {
++req_todo;
--worker->nreqs_rem;
}
auto client =
make_unique<Client>(worker->next_client_id++, worker, req_todo);
++worker->nconns_made;
if (client->connect() != 0) {
std::cerr << "client could not connect to host" << std::endl;
client->fail();
} else {
client.release();
}
worker->report_rate_progress();
}
if (worker->nconns_made >= worker->nclients) {
ev_timer_stop(worker->loop, w);
}
}
} // namespace
namespace {
// Called when an a connection has been inactive for a set period of time
// or a fixed amount of time after all requests have been made on a
// connection
void conn_timeout_cb(EV_P_ ev_timer *w, int revents) {
auto client = static_cast<Client *>(w->data);
ev_timer_stop(client->worker->loop, &client->conn_inactivity_watcher);
ev_timer_stop(client->worker->loop, &client->conn_active_watcher);
if (util::check_socket_connected(client->fd)) {
client->timeout();
}
}
} // namespace
namespace {
bool check_stop_client_request_timeout(Client *client, ev_timer *w) {
if (client->req_left == 0 ||
client->streams.size() >= client->session->max_concurrent_streams()) {
// no more requests to make, stop timer
ev_timer_stop(client->worker->loop, w);
return true;
}
return false;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
void client_request_timeout_cb(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_timer *w, int revents) {
auto client = static_cast<Client *>(w->data);
if (client->submit_request() != 0) {
ev_timer_stop(client->worker->loop, w);
client->process_request_failure();
return;
}
client->signal_write();
if (check_stop_client_request_timeout(client, w)) {
return;
}
ev_tstamp duration =
config.timings[client->reqidx] - config.timings[client->reqidx - 1];
while (duration < 1e-9) {
if (client->submit_request() != 0) {
ev_timer_stop(client->worker->loop, w);
client->process_request_failure();
return;
}
client->signal_write();
if (check_stop_client_request_timeout(client, w)) {
return;
}
duration =
config.timings[client->reqidx] - config.timings[client->reqidx - 1];
}
client->request_timeout_watcher.repeat = duration;
ev_timer_again(client->worker->loop, &client->request_timeout_watcher);
}
} // namespace
Client::Client(uint32_t id, Worker *worker, size_t req_todo)
: wb(&worker->mcpool),
cstat{},
worker(worker),
ssl(nullptr),
next_addr(config.addrs),
current_addr(nullptr),
reqidx(0),
state(CLIENT_IDLE),
req_todo(req_todo),
req_left(req_todo),
req_inflight(0),
req_started(0),
req_done(0),
id(id),
fd(-1),
new_connection_requested(false),
final(false) {
ev_io_init(&wev, writecb, 0, EV_WRITE);
ev_io_init(&rev, readcb, 0, EV_READ);
wev.data = this;
rev.data = this;
ev_timer_init(&conn_inactivity_watcher, conn_timeout_cb, 0.,
worker->config->conn_inactivity_timeout);
conn_inactivity_watcher.data = this;
ev_timer_init(&conn_active_watcher, conn_timeout_cb,
worker->config->conn_active_timeout, 0.);
conn_active_watcher.data = this;
ev_timer_init(&request_timeout_watcher, client_request_timeout_cb, 0., 0.);
request_timeout_watcher.data = this;
}
Client::~Client() {
disconnect();
if (ssl) {
SSL_free(ssl);
}
if (sampling_should_pick(worker->client_smp)) {
sampling_advance_point(worker->client_smp);
worker->sample_client_stat(&cstat);
}
++worker->client_smp.n;
}
int Client::do_read() { return readfn(*this); }
int Client::do_write() { return writefn(*this); }
int Client::make_socket(addrinfo *addr) {
fd = util::create_nonblock_socket(addr->ai_family);
if (fd == -1) {
return -1;
}
if (config.scheme == "https") {
if (!ssl) {
ssl = SSL_new(worker->ssl_ctx);
}
auto config = worker->config;
if (!util::numeric_host(config->host.c_str())) {
SSL_set_tlsext_host_name(ssl, config->host.c_str());
}
SSL_set_fd(ssl, fd);
SSL_set_connect_state(ssl);
}
auto rv = ::connect(fd, addr->ai_addr, addr->ai_addrlen);
if (rv != 0 && errno != EINPROGRESS) {
if (ssl) {
SSL_free(ssl);
ssl = nullptr;
}
close(fd);
fd = -1;
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int Client::connect() {
int rv;
record_client_start_time();
clear_connect_times();
record_connect_start_time();
if (worker->config->conn_inactivity_timeout > 0.) {
ev_timer_again(worker->loop, &conn_inactivity_watcher);
}
if (current_addr) {
rv = make_socket(current_addr);
if (rv == -1) {
return -1;
}
} else {
addrinfo *addr = nullptr;
while (next_addr) {
addr = next_addr;
next_addr = next_addr->ai_next;
rv = make_socket(addr);
if (rv == 0) {
break;
}
}
if (fd == -1) {
return -1;
}
assert(addr);
current_addr = addr;
}
writefn = &Client::connected;
ev_io_set(&rev, fd, EV_READ);
ev_io_set(&wev, fd, EV_WRITE);
ev_io_start(worker->loop, &wev);
return 0;
}
void Client::timeout() {
process_timedout_streams();
disconnect();
}
void Client::restart_timeout() {
if (worker->config->conn_inactivity_timeout > 0.) {
ev_timer_again(worker->loop, &conn_inactivity_watcher);
}
}
int Client::try_again_or_fail() {
disconnect();
if (new_connection_requested) {
new_connection_requested = false;
if (req_left) {
// At the moment, we don't have a facility to re-start request
// already in in-flight. Make them fail.
worker->stats.req_failed += req_inflight;
worker->stats.req_error += req_inflight;
req_inflight = 0;
// Keep using current address
if (connect() == 0) {
return 0;
}
std::cerr << "client could not connect to host" << std::endl;
}
}
process_abandoned_streams();
return -1;
}
void Client::fail() {
disconnect();
process_abandoned_streams();
}
void Client::disconnect() {
record_client_end_time();
ev_timer_stop(worker->loop, &conn_inactivity_watcher);
ev_timer_stop(worker->loop, &conn_active_watcher);
ev_timer_stop(worker->loop, &request_timeout_watcher);
streams.clear();
session.reset();
wb.reset();
state = CLIENT_IDLE;
ev_io_stop(worker->loop, &wev);
ev_io_stop(worker->loop, &rev);
if (ssl) {
SSL_set_shutdown(ssl, SSL_get_shutdown(ssl) | SSL_RECEIVED_SHUTDOWN);
ERR_clear_error();
if (SSL_shutdown(ssl) != 1) {
SSL_free(ssl);
ssl = nullptr;
}
}
if (fd != -1) {
shutdown(fd, SHUT_WR);
close(fd);
fd = -1;
}
final = false;
}
int Client::submit_request() {
if (session->submit_request() != 0) {
return -1;
}
++worker->stats.req_started;
--req_left;
++req_started;
++req_inflight;
// if an active timeout is set and this is the last request to be submitted
// on this connection, start the active timeout.
if (worker->config->conn_active_timeout > 0. && req_left == 0) {
ev_timer_start(worker->loop, &conn_active_watcher);
}
return 0;
}
void Client::process_timedout_streams() {
for (auto &p : streams) {
auto &req_stat = p.second.req_stat;
if (!req_stat.completed) {
req_stat.stream_close_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
}
}
worker->stats.req_timedout += req_inflight;
process_abandoned_streams();
}
void Client::process_abandoned_streams() {
auto req_abandoned = req_inflight + req_left;
worker->stats.req_failed += req_abandoned;
worker->stats.req_error += req_abandoned;
req_inflight = 0;
req_left = 0;
}
void Client::process_request_failure() {
worker->stats.req_failed += req_left;
worker->stats.req_error += req_left;
req_left = 0;
if (req_inflight == 0) {
terminate_session();
}
}
namespace {
void print_server_tmp_key(SSL *ssl) {
// libressl does not have SSL_get_server_tmp_key
#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10002000L && defined(SSL_get_server_tmp_key)
EVP_PKEY *key;
if (!SSL_get_server_tmp_key(ssl, &key)) {
return;
}
auto key_del = defer(EVP_PKEY_free, key);
std::cout << "Server Temp Key: ";
auto pkey_id = EVP_PKEY_id(key);
switch (pkey_id) {
case EVP_PKEY_RSA:
std::cout << "RSA " << EVP_PKEY_bits(key) << " bits" << std::endl;
break;
case EVP_PKEY_DH:
std::cout << "DH " << EVP_PKEY_bits(key) << " bits" << std::endl;
break;
case EVP_PKEY_EC: {
auto ec = EVP_PKEY_get1_EC_KEY(key);
auto ec_del = defer(EC_KEY_free, ec);
auto nid = EC_GROUP_get_curve_name(EC_KEY_get0_group(ec));
auto cname = EC_curve_nid2nist(nid);
if (!cname) {
cname = OBJ_nid2sn(nid);
}
std::cout << "ECDH " << cname << " " << EVP_PKEY_bits(key) << " bits"
<< std::endl;
break;
}
default:
std::cout << OBJ_nid2sn(pkey_id) << " " << EVP_PKEY_bits(key) << " bits"
<< std::endl;
break;
}
#endif // OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10002000L
}
} // namespace
void Client::report_tls_info() {
if (worker->id == 0 && !worker->tls_info_report_done) {
worker->tls_info_report_done = true;
auto cipher = SSL_get_current_cipher(ssl);
std::cout << "TLS Protocol: " << tls::get_tls_protocol(ssl) << "\n"
<< "Cipher: " << SSL_CIPHER_get_name(cipher) << std::endl;
print_server_tmp_key(ssl);
}
}
void Client::report_app_info() {
if (worker->id == 0 && !worker->app_info_report_done) {
worker->app_info_report_done = true;
std::cout << "Application protocol: " << selected_proto << std::endl;
}
}
void Client::terminate_session() {
session->terminate();
// http1 session needs writecb to tear down session.
signal_write();
}
void Client::on_request(int32_t stream_id) { streams[stream_id] = Stream(); }
void Client::on_header(int32_t stream_id, const uint8_t *name, size_t namelen,
const uint8_t *value, size_t valuelen) {
auto itr = streams.find(stream_id);
if (itr == std::end(streams)) {
return;
}
auto &stream = (*itr).second;
if (stream.status_success == -1 && namelen == 7 &&
util::streq_l(":status", name, namelen)) {
int status = 0;
for (size_t i = 0; i < valuelen; ++i) {
if ('0' <= value[i] && value[i] <= '9') {
status *= 10;
status += value[i] - '0';
if (status > 999) {
stream.status_success = 0;
return;
}
} else {
break;
}
}
if (status >= 200 && status < 300) {
++worker->stats.status[2];
stream.status_success = 1;
} else if (status < 400) {
++worker->stats.status[3];
stream.status_success = 1;
} else if (status < 600) {
++worker->stats.status[status / 100];
stream.status_success = 0;
} else {
stream.status_success = 0;
}
}
}
void Client::on_status_code(int32_t stream_id, uint16_t status) {
auto itr = streams.find(stream_id);
if (itr == std::end(streams)) {
return;
}
auto &stream = (*itr).second;
if (status >= 200 && status < 300) {
++worker->stats.status[2];
stream.status_success = 1;
} else if (status < 400) {
++worker->stats.status[3];
stream.status_success = 1;
} else if (status < 600) {
++worker->stats.status[status / 100];
stream.status_success = 0;
} else {
stream.status_success = 0;
}
}
void Client::on_stream_close(int32_t stream_id, bool success, bool final) {
++req_done;
--req_inflight;
auto req_stat = get_req_stat(stream_id);
if (!req_stat) {
return;
}
req_stat->stream_close_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
if (success) {
req_stat->completed = true;
++worker->stats.req_success;
++cstat.req_success;
if (streams[stream_id].status_success == 1) {
++worker->stats.req_status_success;
} else {
++worker->stats.req_failed;
}
if (sampling_should_pick(worker->request_times_smp)) {
sampling_advance_point(worker->request_times_smp);
worker->sample_req_stat(req_stat);
}
// Count up in successful cases only
++worker->request_times_smp.n;
} else {
++worker->stats.req_failed;
++worker->stats.req_error;
}
++worker->stats.req_done;
worker->report_progress();
streams.erase(stream_id);
if (req_left == 0 && req_inflight == 0) {
terminate_session();
return;
}
if (!config.timing_script && !final && req_left > 0 &&
submit_request() != 0) {
process_request_failure();
return;
}
}
RequestStat *Client::get_req_stat(int32_t stream_id) {
auto it = streams.find(stream_id);
if (it == std::end(streams)) {
return nullptr;
}
return &(*it).second.req_stat;
}
int Client::connection_made() {
if (ssl) {
report_tls_info();
const unsigned char *next_proto = nullptr;
unsigned int next_proto_len;
SSL_get0_next_proto_negotiated(ssl, &next_proto, &next_proto_len);
#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10002000L
if (next_proto == nullptr) {
SSL_get0_alpn_selected(ssl, &next_proto, &next_proto_len);
}
#endif // OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10002000L
if (next_proto) {
auto proto = StringRef{next_proto, next_proto_len};
if (util::check_h2_is_selected(proto)) {
session = make_unique<Http2Session>(this);
} else if (util::streq(NGHTTP2_H1_1, proto)) {
session = make_unique<Http1Session>(this);
}
#ifdef HAVE_SPDYLAY
else {
auto spdy_version = spdylay_npn_get_version(next_proto, next_proto_len);
if (spdy_version) {
session = make_unique<SpdySession>(this, spdy_version);
}
}
#endif // HAVE_SPDYLAY
// Just assign next_proto to selected_proto anyway to show the
// negotiation result.
selected_proto = proto.str();
} else {
std::cout << "No protocol negotiated. Fallback behaviour may be activated"
<< std::endl;
for (const auto &proto : config.npn_list) {
if (util::streq(NGHTTP2_H1_1_ALPN, StringRef{proto})) {
std::cout
<< "Server does not support NPN/ALPN. Falling back to HTTP/1.1."
<< std::endl;
session = make_unique<Http1Session>(this);
selected_proto = NGHTTP2_H1_1.str();
break;
}
}
}
if (!selected_proto.empty()) {
report_app_info();
}
if (!session) {
std::cout
<< "No supported protocol was negotiated. Supported protocols were:"
<< std::endl;
for (const auto &proto : config.npn_list) {
std::cout << proto.substr(1) << std::endl;
}
disconnect();
return -1;
}
} else {
switch (config.no_tls_proto) {
case Config::PROTO_HTTP2:
session = make_unique<Http2Session>(this);
selected_proto = NGHTTP2_CLEARTEXT_PROTO_VERSION_ID;
break;
case Config::PROTO_HTTP1_1:
session = make_unique<Http1Session>(this);
selected_proto = NGHTTP2_H1_1.str();
break;
#ifdef HAVE_SPDYLAY
case Config::PROTO_SPDY2:
session = make_unique<SpdySession>(this, SPDYLAY_PROTO_SPDY2);
selected_proto = "spdy/2";
break;
case Config::PROTO_SPDY3:
session = make_unique<SpdySession>(this, SPDYLAY_PROTO_SPDY3);
selected_proto = "spdy/3";
break;
case Config::PROTO_SPDY3_1:
session = make_unique<SpdySession>(this, SPDYLAY_PROTO_SPDY3_1);
selected_proto = "spdy/3.1";
break;
#endif // HAVE_SPDYLAY
default:
// unreachable
assert(0);
}
report_app_info();
}
state = CLIENT_CONNECTED;
session->on_connect();
record_connect_time();
if (!config.timing_script) {
auto nreq = std::min(req_left, session->max_concurrent_streams());
for (; nreq > 0; --nreq) {
if (submit_request() != 0) {
process_request_failure();
break;
}
}
} else {
ev_tstamp duration = config.timings[reqidx];
while (duration < 1e-9) {
if (submit_request() != 0) {
process_request_failure();
break;
}
duration = config.timings[reqidx];
if (reqidx == 0) {
// if reqidx wraps around back to 0, we uses up all lines and
// should break
break;
}
}
if (duration >= 1e-9) {
// double check since we may have break due to reqidx wraps
// around back to 0
request_timeout_watcher.repeat = duration;
ev_timer_again(worker->loop, &request_timeout_watcher);
}
}
signal_write();
return 0;
}
int Client::on_read(const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
auto rv = session->on_read(data, len);
if (rv != 0) {
return -1;
}
worker->stats.bytes_total += len;
signal_write();
return 0;
}
int Client::on_write() {
if (wb.rleft() >= BACKOFF_WRITE_BUFFER_THRES) {
return 0;
}
if (session->on_write() != 0) {
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int Client::read_clear() {
uint8_t buf[8_k];
for (;;) {
ssize_t nread;
while ((nread = read(fd, buf, sizeof(buf))) == -1 && errno == EINTR)
;
if (nread == -1) {
if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
return 0;
}
return -1;
}
if (nread == 0) {
return -1;
}
if (on_read(buf, nread) != 0) {
return -1;
}
}
return 0;
}
int Client::write_clear() {
std::array<struct iovec, 2> iov;
for (;;) {
if (on_write() != 0) {
return -1;
}
auto iovcnt = wb.riovec(iov.data(), iov.size());
if (iovcnt == 0) {
break;
}
ssize_t nwrite;
while ((nwrite = writev(fd, iov.data(), iovcnt)) == -1 && errno == EINTR)
;
if (nwrite == -1) {
if (errno == EAGAIN || errno == EWOULDBLOCK) {
ev_io_start(worker->loop, &wev);
return 0;
}
return -1;
}
wb.drain(nwrite);
}
ev_io_stop(worker->loop, &wev);
return 0;
}
int Client::connected() {
if (!util::check_socket_connected(fd)) {
return ERR_CONNECT_FAIL;
}
ev_io_start(worker->loop, &rev);
ev_io_stop(worker->loop, &wev);
if (ssl) {
readfn = &Client::tls_handshake;
writefn = &Client::tls_handshake;
return do_write();
}
readfn = &Client::read_clear;
writefn = &Client::write_clear;
if (connection_made() != 0) {
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int Client::tls_handshake() {
ERR_clear_error();
auto rv = SSL_do_handshake(ssl);
if (rv <= 0) {
auto err = SSL_get_error(ssl, rv);
switch (err) {
case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
ev_io_stop(worker->loop, &wev);
return 0;
case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
ev_io_start(worker->loop, &wev);
return 0;
default:
return -1;
}
}
ev_io_stop(worker->loop, &wev);
readfn = &Client::read_tls;
writefn = &Client::write_tls;
if (connection_made() != 0) {
return -1;
}
return 0;
}
int Client::read_tls() {
uint8_t buf[8_k];
ERR_clear_error();
for (;;) {
auto rv = SSL_read(ssl, buf, sizeof(buf));
if (rv <= 0) {
auto err = SSL_get_error(ssl, rv);
switch (err) {
case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
return 0;
case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
// renegotiation started
return -1;
default:
return -1;
}
}
if (on_read(buf, rv) != 0) {
return -1;
}
}
}
int Client::write_tls() {
ERR_clear_error();
struct iovec iov;
for (;;) {
if (on_write() != 0) {
return -1;
}
auto iovcnt = wb.riovec(&iov, 1);
if (iovcnt == 0) {
break;
}
auto rv = SSL_write(ssl, iov.iov_base, iov.iov_len);
if (rv <= 0) {
auto err = SSL_get_error(ssl, rv);
switch (err) {
case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
// renegotiation started
return -1;
case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
ev_io_start(worker->loop, &wev);
return 0;
default:
return -1;
}
}
wb.drain(rv);
}
ev_io_stop(worker->loop, &wev);
return 0;
}
void Client::record_request_time(RequestStat *req_stat) {
req_stat->request_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
}
void Client::record_connect_start_time() {
cstat.connect_start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
}
void Client::record_connect_time() {
cstat.connect_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
}
void Client::record_ttfb() {
if (recorded(cstat.ttfb)) {
return;
}
cstat.ttfb = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
}
void Client::clear_connect_times() {
cstat.connect_start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point();
cstat.connect_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point();
cstat.ttfb = std::chrono::steady_clock::time_point();
}
void Client::record_client_start_time() {
// Record start time only once at the very first connection is going
// to be made.
if (recorded(cstat.client_start_time)) {
return;
}
cstat.client_start_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
}
void Client::record_client_end_time() {
// Unlike client_start_time, we overwrite client_end_time. This
// handles multiple connect/disconnect for HTTP/1.1 benchmark.
cstat.client_end_time = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
}
void Client::signal_write() { ev_io_start(worker->loop, &wev); }
void Client::try_new_connection() { new_connection_requested = true; }
namespace {
int get_ev_loop_flags() {
if (ev_supported_backends() & ~ev_recommended_backends() & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE) {
return ev_recommended_backends() | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE;
}
return 0;
}
} // namespace
Worker::Worker(uint32_t id, SSL_CTX *ssl_ctx, size_t req_todo, size_t nclients,
size_t rate, size_t max_samples, Config *config)
: stats(req_todo, nclients),
loop(ev_loop_new(get_ev_loop_flags())),
ssl_ctx(ssl_ctx),
config(config),
id(id),
tls_info_report_done(false),
app_info_report_done(false),
nconns_made(0),
nclients(nclients),
nreqs_per_client(req_todo / nclients),
nreqs_rem(req_todo % nclients),
rate(rate),
max_samples(max_samples),
next_client_id(0) {
if (!config->is_rate_mode()) {
progress_interval = std::max(static_cast<size_t>(1), req_todo / 10);
} else {
progress_interval = std::max(static_cast<size_t>(1), nclients / 10);
}
// create timer that will go off every rate_period
ev_timer_init(&timeout_watcher, rate_period_timeout_w_cb, 0.,
config->rate_period);
timeout_watcher.data = this;
stats.req_stats.reserve(std::min(req_todo, max_samples));
stats.client_stats.reserve(std::min(nclients, max_samples));
sampling_init(request_times_smp, req_todo, max_samples);
sampling_init(client_smp, nclients, max_samples);
}
Worker::~Worker() {
ev_timer_stop(loop, &timeout_watcher);
ev_loop_destroy(loop);
}
void Worker::run() {
if (!config->is_rate_mode()) {
for (size_t i = 0; i < nclients; ++i) {
auto req_todo = nreqs_per_client;
if (nreqs_rem > 0) {
++req_todo;
--nreqs_rem;
}
auto client = make_unique<Client>(next_client_id++, this, req_todo);
if (client->connect() != 0) {
std::cerr << "client could not connect to host" << std::endl;
client->fail();
} else {
client.release();
}
}
} else {
ev_timer_again(loop, &timeout_watcher);
// call callback so that we don't waste the first rate_period
rate_period_timeout_w_cb(loop, &timeout_watcher, 0);
}
ev_run(loop, 0);
}
void Worker::sample_req_stat(RequestStat *req_stat) {
stats.req_stats.push_back(*req_stat);
assert(stats.req_stats.size() <= max_samples);
}
void Worker::sample_client_stat(ClientStat *cstat) {
stats.client_stats.push_back(*cstat);
assert(stats.client_stats.size() <= max_samples);
}
void Worker::report_progress() {
if (id != 0 || config->is_rate_mode() || stats.req_done % progress_interval) {
return;
}
std::cout << "progress: " << stats.req_done * 100 / stats.req_todo << "% done"
<< std::endl;
}
void Worker::report_rate_progress() {
if (id != 0 || nconns_made % progress_interval) {
return;
}
std::cout << "progress: " << nconns_made * 100 / nclients
<< "% of clients started" << std::endl;
}
namespace {
// Returns percentage of number of samples within mean +/- sd.
double within_sd(const std::vector<double> &samples, double mean, double sd) {
if (samples.size() == 0) {
return 0.0;
}
auto lower = mean - sd;
auto upper = mean + sd;
auto m = std::count_if(
std::begin(samples), std::end(samples),
[&lower, &upper](double t) { return lower <= t && t <= upper; });
return (m / static_cast<double>(samples.size())) * 100;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
// Computes statistics using |samples|. The min, max, mean, sd, and
// percentage of number of samples within mean +/- sd are computed.
// If |sampling| is true, this computes sample variance. Otherwise,
// population variance.
SDStat compute_time_stat(const std::vector<double> &samples,
bool sampling = false) {
if (samples.empty()) {
return {0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0};
}
// standard deviation calculated using Rapid calculation method:
// https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_deviation#Rapid_calculation_methods
double a = 0, q = 0;
size_t n = 0;
double sum = 0;
auto res = SDStat{std::numeric_limits<double>::max(),
std::numeric_limits<double>::min()};
for (const auto &t : samples) {
++n;
res.min = std::min(res.min, t);
res.max = std::max(res.max, t);
sum += t;
auto na = a + (t - a) / n;
q += (t - a) * (t - na);
a = na;
}
assert(n > 0);
res.mean = sum / n;
res.sd = sqrt(q / (sampling && n > 1 ? n - 1 : n));
res.within_sd = within_sd(samples, res.mean, res.sd);
return res;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
SDStats
process_time_stats(const std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Worker>> &workers) {
auto request_times_sampling = false;
auto client_times_sampling = false;
size_t nrequest_times = 0;
size_t nclient_times = 0;
for (const auto &w : workers) {
nrequest_times += w->stats.req_stats.size();
if (w->request_times_smp.interval != 0.) {
request_times_sampling = true;
}
nclient_times += w->stats.client_stats.size();
if (w->client_smp.interval != 0.) {
client_times_sampling = true;
}
}
std::vector<double> request_times;
request_times.reserve(nrequest_times);
std::vector<double> connect_times, ttfb_times, rps_values;
connect_times.reserve(nclient_times);
ttfb_times.reserve(nclient_times);
rps_values.reserve(nclient_times);
for (const auto &w : workers) {
for (const auto &req_stat : w->stats.req_stats) {
if (!req_stat.completed) {
continue;
}
request_times.push_back(
std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<double>>(
req_stat.stream_close_time - req_stat.request_time)
.count());
}
const auto &stat = w->stats;
for (const auto &cstat : stat.client_stats) {
if (recorded(cstat.client_start_time) &&
recorded(cstat.client_end_time)) {
auto t = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<double>>(
cstat.client_end_time - cstat.client_start_time)
.count();
if (t > 1e-9) {
rps_values.push_back(cstat.req_success / t);
}
}
// We will get connect event before FFTB.
if (!recorded(cstat.connect_start_time) ||
!recorded(cstat.connect_time)) {
continue;
}
connect_times.push_back(
std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<double>>(
cstat.connect_time - cstat.connect_start_time)
.count());
if (!recorded(cstat.ttfb)) {
continue;
}
ttfb_times.push_back(
std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::duration<double>>(
cstat.ttfb - cstat.connect_start_time)
.count());
}
}
return {compute_time_stat(request_times, request_times_sampling),
compute_time_stat(connect_times, client_times_sampling),
compute_time_stat(ttfb_times, client_times_sampling),
compute_time_stat(rps_values, client_times_sampling)};
}
} // namespace
namespace {
void resolve_host() {
if (config.base_uri_unix) {
auto res = make_unique<addrinfo>();
res->ai_family = config.unix_addr.sun_family;
res->ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
res->ai_addrlen = sizeof(config.unix_addr);
res->ai_addr =
static_cast<struct sockaddr *>(static_cast<void *>(&config.unix_addr));
config.addrs = res.release();
return;
};
int rv;
addrinfo hints{}, *res;
hints.ai_family = AF_UNSPEC;
hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
hints.ai_protocol = 0;
hints.ai_flags = AI_ADDRCONFIG;
rv = getaddrinfo(config.host.c_str(), util::utos(config.port).c_str(), &hints,
&res);
if (rv != 0) {
std::cerr << "getaddrinfo() failed: " << gai_strerror(rv) << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (res == nullptr) {
std::cerr << "No address returned" << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
config.addrs = res;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
std::string get_reqline(const char *uri, const http_parser_url &u) {
std::string reqline;
if (util::has_uri_field(u, UF_PATH)) {
reqline = util::get_uri_field(uri, u, UF_PATH).str();
} else {
reqline = "/";
}
if (util::has_uri_field(u, UF_QUERY)) {
reqline += '?';
reqline += util::get_uri_field(uri, u, UF_QUERY);
}
return reqline;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
int client_select_next_proto_cb(SSL *ssl, unsigned char **out,
unsigned char *outlen, const unsigned char *in,
unsigned int inlen, void *arg) {
if (util::select_protocol(const_cast<const unsigned char **>(out), outlen, in,
inlen, config.npn_list)) {
return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_OK;
}
// OpenSSL will terminate handshake with fatal alert if we return
// NOACK. So there is no way to fallback.
return SSL_TLSEXT_ERR_NOACK;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
constexpr char UNIX_PATH_PREFIX[] = "unix:";
} // namespace
namespace {
bool parse_base_uri(const StringRef &base_uri) {
http_parser_url u{};
if (http_parser_parse_url(base_uri.c_str(), base_uri.size(), 0, &u) != 0 ||
!util::has_uri_field(u, UF_SCHEMA) || !util::has_uri_field(u, UF_HOST)) {
return false;
}
config.scheme = util::get_uri_field(base_uri.c_str(), u, UF_SCHEMA).str();
config.host = util::get_uri_field(base_uri.c_str(), u, UF_HOST).str();
config.default_port = util::get_default_port(base_uri.c_str(), u);
if (util::has_uri_field(u, UF_PORT)) {
config.port = u.port;
} else {
config.port = config.default_port;
}
return true;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
// Use std::vector<std::string>::iterator explicitly, without that,
// http_parser_url u{} fails with clang-3.4.
std::vector<std::string> parse_uris(std::vector<std::string>::iterator first,
std::vector<std::string>::iterator last) {
std::vector<std::string> reqlines;
if (first == last) {
std::cerr << "no URI available" << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (!config.has_base_uri()) {
if (!parse_base_uri(StringRef{*first})) {
std::cerr << "invalid URI: " << *first << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
config.base_uri = *first;
}
for (; first != last; ++first) {
http_parser_url u{};
auto uri = (*first).c_str();
if (http_parser_parse_url(uri, (*first).size(), 0, &u) != 0) {
std::cerr << "invalid URI: " << uri << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
reqlines.push_back(get_reqline(uri, u));
}
return reqlines;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
std::vector<std::string> read_uri_from_file(std::istream &infile) {
std::vector<std::string> uris;
std::string line_uri;
while (std::getline(infile, line_uri)) {
uris.push_back(line_uri);
}
return uris;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
void read_script_from_file(std::istream &infile,
std::vector<ev_tstamp> &timings,
std::vector<std::string> &uris) {
std::string script_line;
int line_count = 0;
while (std::getline(infile, script_line)) {
line_count++;
if (script_line.empty()) {
std::cerr << "Empty line detected at line " << line_count
<< ". Ignoring and continuing." << std::endl;
continue;
}
std::size_t pos = script_line.find("\t");
if (pos == std::string::npos) {
std::cerr << "Invalid line format detected, no tab character at line "
<< line_count << ". \n\t" << script_line << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
const char *start = script_line.c_str();
char *end;
auto v = std::strtod(start, &end);
errno = 0;
if (v < 0.0 || !std::isfinite(v) || end == start || errno != 0) {
auto error = errno;
std::cerr << "Time value error at line " << line_count << ". \n\t"
<< "value = " << script_line.substr(0, pos) << std::endl;
if (error != 0) {
std::cerr << "\t" << strerror(error) << std::endl;
}
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
timings.push_back(v / 1000.0);
uris.push_back(script_line.substr(pos + 1, script_line.size()));
}
}
} // namespace
namespace {
std::unique_ptr<Worker> create_worker(uint32_t id, SSL_CTX *ssl_ctx,
size_t nreqs, size_t nclients,
size_t rate, size_t max_samples) {
std::stringstream rate_report;
if (config.is_rate_mode() && nclients > rate) {
rate_report << "Up to " << rate << " client(s) will be created every "
<< util::duration_str(config.rate_period) << " ";
}
std::cout << "spawning thread #" << id << ": " << nclients
<< " total client(s). " << rate_report.str() << nreqs
<< " total requests" << std::endl;
return make_unique<Worker>(id, ssl_ctx, nreqs, nclients, rate, max_samples,
&config);
}
} // namespace
namespace {
int parse_header_table_size(uint32_t &dst, const char *opt,
const char *optarg) {
auto n = util::parse_uint_with_unit(optarg);
if (n == -1) {
std::cerr << "--" << opt << ": Bad option value: " << optarg << std::endl;
return -1;
}
if (n > std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max()) {
std::cerr << "--" << opt
<< ": Value too large. It should be less than or equal to "
<< std::numeric_limits<uint32_t>::max() << std::endl;
return -1;
}
dst = n;
return 0;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
void print_version(std::ostream &out) {
out << "h2load nghttp2/" NGHTTP2_VERSION << std::endl;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
void print_usage(std::ostream &out) {
out << R"(Usage: h2load [OPTIONS]... [URI]...
benchmarking tool for HTTP/2 and SPDY server)"
<< std::endl;
}
} // namespace
namespace {
constexpr char DEFAULT_NPN_LIST[] = "h2,h2-16,h2-14"
#ifdef HAVE_SPDYLAY
",spdy/3.1,spdy/3,spdy/2"
#endif // HAVE_SPDYLAY
",http/1.1";
} // namespace
namespace {
void print_help(std::ostream &out) {
print_usage(out);
auto config = Config();
out << R"(
<URI> Specify URI to access. Multiple URIs can be specified.
URIs are used in this order for each client. All URIs
are used, then first URI is used and then 2nd URI, and
so on. The scheme, host and port in the subsequent
URIs, if present, are ignored. Those in the first URI
are used solely. Definition of a base URI overrides all
scheme, host or port values.
Options:
-n, --requests=<N>
Number of requests across all clients. If it is used
with --timing-script-file option, this option specifies
the number of requests each client performs rather than
the number of requests across all clients.
Default: )"
<< config.nreqs << R"(
-c, --clients=<N>
Number of concurrent clients. With -r option, this
specifies the maximum number of connections to be made.
Default: )"
<< config.nclients << R"(
-t, --threads=<N>
Number of native threads.
Default: )"
<< config.nthreads << R"(
-i, --input-file=<PATH>
Path of a file with multiple URIs are separated by EOLs.
This option will disable URIs getting from command-line.
If '-' is given as <PATH>, URIs will be read from stdin.
URIs are used in this order for each client. All URIs
are used, then first URI is used and then 2nd URI, and
so on. The scheme, host and port in the subsequent
URIs, if present, are ignored. Those in the first URI
are used solely. Definition of a base URI overrides all
scheme, host or port values.
-m, --max-concurrent-streams=<N>
Max concurrent streams to issue per session. When
http/1.1 is used, this specifies the number of HTTP
pipelining requests in-flight.
Default: 1
-w, --window-bits=<N>
Sets the stream level initial window size to (2**<N>)-1.
For SPDY, 2**<N> is used instead.
Default: )"
<< config.window_bits << R"(
-W, --connection-window-bits=<N>
Sets the connection level initial window size to
(2**<N>)-1. For SPDY, if <N> is strictly less than 16,
this option is ignored. Otherwise 2**<N> is used for
SPDY.
Default: )"
<< config.connection_window_bits << R"(
-H, --header=<HEADER>
Add/Override a header to the requests.
--ciphers=<SUITE>
Set allowed cipher list. The format of the string is
described in OpenSSL ciphers(1).
Default: )"
<< config.ciphers << R"(
-p, --no-tls-proto=<PROTOID>
Specify ALPN identifier of the protocol to be used when
accessing http URI without SSL/TLS.)";
#ifdef HAVE_SPDYLAY
out << R"(
Available protocols: spdy/2, spdy/3, spdy/3.1, )";
#else // !HAVE_SPDYLAY
out << R"(
Available protocols: )";
#endif // !HAVE_SPDYLAY
out << NGHTTP2_CLEARTEXT_PROTO_VERSION_ID << R"( and
)"
<< NGHTTP2_H1_1 << R"(
Default: )"
<< NGHTTP2_CLEARTEXT_PROTO_VERSION_ID << R"(
-d, --data=<PATH>
Post FILE to server. The request method is changed to
POST. For http/1.1 connection, if -d is used, the
maximum number of in-flight pipelined requests is set to
1.
-r, --rate=<N>
Specifies the fixed rate at which connections are
created. The rate must be a positive integer,
representing the number of connections to be made per
rate period. The maximum number of connections to be
made is given in -c option. This rate will be
distributed among threads as evenly as possible. For
example, with -t2 and -r4, each thread gets 2
connections per period. When the rate is 0, the program
will run as it normally does, creating connections at
whatever variable rate it wants. The default value for
this option is 0.
--rate-period=<DURATION>
Specifies the time period between creating connections.
The period must be a positive number, representing the
length of the period in time. This option is ignored if
the rate option is not used. The default value for this
option is 1s.
-T, --connection-active-timeout=<DURATION>
Specifies the maximum time that h2load is willing to
keep a connection open, regardless of the activity on
said connection. <DURATION> must be a positive integer,
specifying the amount of time to wait. When no timeout
value is set (either active or inactive), h2load will
keep a connection open indefinitely, waiting for a
response.
-N, --connection-inactivity-timeout=<DURATION>
Specifies the amount of time that h2load is willing to
wait to see activity on a given connection. <DURATION>
must be a positive integer, specifying the amount of
time to wait. When no timeout value is set (either
active or inactive), h2load will keep a connection open
indefinitely, waiting for a response.
--timing-script-file=<PATH>
Path of a file containing one or more lines separated by
EOLs. Each script line is composed of two tab-separated
fields. The first field represents the time offset from
the start of execution, expressed as a positive value of
milliseconds with microsecond resolution. The second
field represents the URI. This option will disable URIs
getting from command-line. If '-' is given as <PATH>,
script lines will be read from stdin. Script lines are
used in order for each client. If -n is given, it must
be less than or equal to the number of script lines,
larger values are clamped to the number of script lines.
If -n is not given, the number of requests will default
to the number of script lines. The scheme, host and
port defined in the first URI are used solely. Values
contained in other URIs, if present, are ignored.
Definition of a base URI overrides all scheme, host or
port values.
-B, --base-uri=(<URI>|unix:<PATH>)
Specify URI from which the scheme, host and port will be
used for all requests. The base URI overrides all
values defined either at the command line or inside
input files. If argument starts with "unix:", then the
rest of the argument will be treated as UNIX domain
socket path. The connection is made through that path
instead of TCP. In this case, scheme is inferred from
the first URI appeared in the command line or inside
input files as usual.
--npn-list=<LIST>
Comma delimited list of ALPN protocol identifier sorted
in the order of preference. That means most desirable
protocol comes first. This is used in both ALPN and
NPN. The parameter must be delimited by a single comma
only and any white spaces are treated as a part of
protocol string.
Default: )"
<< DEFAULT_NPN_LIST << R"(
--h1 Short hand for --npn-list=http/1.1
--no-tls-proto=http/1.1, which effectively force
http/1.1 for both http and https URI.
--header-table-size=<SIZE>
Specify decoder header table size.
Default: )"
<< util::utos_unit(config.header_table_size) << R"(
--encoder-header-table-size=<SIZE>
Specify encoder header table size. The decoder (server)
specifies the maximum dynamic table size it accepts.
Then the negotiated dynamic table size is the minimum of
this option value and the value which server specified.
Default: )"
<< util::utos_unit(config.encoder_header_table_size) << R"(
-v, --verbose
Output debug information.
--version Display version information and exit.
-h, --help Display this help and exit.
--
The <SIZE> argument is an integer and an optional unit (e.g., 10K is
10 * 1024). Units are K, M and G (powers of 1024).
The <DURATION> argument is an integer and an optional unit (e.g., 1s
is 1 second and 500ms is 500 milliseconds). Units are h, m, s or ms
(hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds, respectively). If a unit
is omitted, a second is used as unit.)"
<< std::endl;
}
} // namespace
int main(int argc, char **argv) {
tls::libssl_init();
#ifndef NOTHREADS
tls::LibsslGlobalLock lock;
#endif // NOTHREADS
std::string datafile;
bool nreqs_set_manually = false;
while (1) {
static int flag = 0;
constexpr static option long_options[] = {
{"requests", required_argument, nullptr, 'n'},
{"clients", required_argument, nullptr, 'c'},
{"data", required_argument, nullptr, 'd'},
{"threads", required_argument, nullptr, 't'},
{"max-concurrent-streams", required_argument, nullptr, 'm'},
{"window-bits", required_argument, nullptr, 'w'},
{"connection-window-bits", required_argument, nullptr, 'W'},
{"input-file", required_argument, nullptr, 'i'},
{"header", required_argument, nullptr, 'H'},
{"no-tls-proto", required_argument, nullptr, 'p'},
{"verbose", no_argument, nullptr, 'v'},
{"help", no_argument, nullptr, 'h'},
{"version", no_argument, &flag, 1},
{"ciphers", required_argument, &flag, 2},
{"rate", required_argument, nullptr, 'r'},
{"connection-active-timeout", required_argument, nullptr, 'T'},
{"connection-inactivity-timeout", required_argument, nullptr, 'N'},
{"timing-script-file", required_argument, &flag, 3},
{"base-uri", required_argument, nullptr, 'B'},
{"npn-list", required_argument, &flag, 4},
{"rate-period", required_argument, &flag, 5},
{"h1", no_argument, &flag, 6},
{"header-table-size", required_argument, &flag, 7},
{"encoder-header-table-size", required_argument, &flag, 8},
{nullptr, 0, nullptr, 0}};
int option_index = 0;
auto c =
getopt_long(argc, argv, "hvW:c:d:m:n:p:t:w:H:i:r:T:N:B:", long_options,
&option_index);
if (c == -1) {
break;
}
switch (c) {
case 'n':
config.nreqs = strtoul(optarg, nullptr, 10);
nreqs_set_manually = true;
break;
case 'c':
config.nclients = strtoul(optarg, nullptr, 10);
break;
case 'd':
datafile = optarg;
break;
case 't':
#ifdef NOTHREADS
std::cerr << "-t: WARNING: Threading disabled at build time, "
<< "no threads created." << std::endl;
#else
config.nthreads = strtoul(optarg, nullptr, 10);
#endif // NOTHREADS
break;
case 'm':
config.max_concurrent_streams = strtoul(optarg, nullptr, 10);
break;
case 'w':
case 'W': {
errno = 0;
char *endptr = nullptr;
auto n = strtoul(optarg, &endptr, 10);
if (errno == 0 && *endptr == '\0' && n < 31) {
if (c == 'w') {
config.window_bits = n;
} else {
config.connection_window_bits = n;
}
} else {
std::cerr << "-" << static_cast<char>(c)
<< ": specify the integer in the range [0, 30], inclusive"
<< std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
break;
}
case 'H': {
char *header = optarg;
// Skip first possible ':' in the header name
char *value = strchr(optarg + 1, ':');
if (!value || (header[0] == ':' && header + 1 == value)) {
std::cerr << "-H: invalid header: " << optarg << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
*value = 0;
value++;
while (isspace(*value)) {
value++;
}
if (*value == 0) {
// This could also be a valid case for suppressing a header
// similar to curl
std::cerr << "-H: invalid header - value missing: " << optarg
<< std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
// Note that there is no processing currently to handle multiple
// message-header fields with the same field name
config.custom_headers.emplace_back(header, value);
util::inp_strlower(config.custom_headers.back().name);
break;
}
case 'i':
config.ifile = optarg;
break;
case 'p': {
auto proto = StringRef{optarg};
if (util::strieq(StringRef::from_lit(NGHTTP2_CLEARTEXT_PROTO_VERSION_ID),
proto)) {
config.no_tls_proto = Config::PROTO_HTTP2;
} else if (util::strieq(NGHTTP2_H1_1, proto)) {
config.no_tls_proto = Config::PROTO_HTTP1_1;
#ifdef HAVE_SPDYLAY
} else if (util::strieq_l("spdy/2", proto)) {
config.no_tls_proto = Config::PROTO_SPDY2;
} else if (util::strieq_l("spdy/3", proto)) {
config.no_tls_proto = Config::PROTO_SPDY3;
} else if (util::strieq_l("spdy/3.1", proto)) {
config.no_tls_proto = Config::PROTO_SPDY3_1;
#endif // HAVE_SPDYLAY
} else {
std::cerr << "-p: unsupported protocol " << proto << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
break;
}
case 'r':
config.rate = strtoul(optarg, nullptr, 10);
if (config.rate == 0) {
std::cerr << "-r: the rate at which connections are made "
<< "must be positive." << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
break;
case 'T':
config.conn_active_timeout = util::parse_duration_with_unit(optarg);
if (!std::isfinite(config.conn_active_timeout)) {
std::cerr << "-T: bad value for the conn_active_timeout wait time: "
<< optarg << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
break;
case 'N':
config.conn_inactivity_timeout = util::parse_duration_with_unit(optarg);
if (!std::isfinite(config.conn_inactivity_timeout)) {
std::cerr << "-N: bad value for the conn_inactivity_timeout wait time: "
<< optarg << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
break;
case 'B': {
auto arg = StringRef{optarg};
config.base_uri = "";
config.base_uri_unix = false;
if (util::istarts_with_l(arg, UNIX_PATH_PREFIX)) {
// UNIX domain socket path
sockaddr_un un;
auto path = StringRef{std::begin(arg) + str_size(UNIX_PATH_PREFIX),
std::end(arg)};
if (path.size() == 0 || path.size() + 1 > sizeof(un.sun_path)) {
std::cerr << "--base-uri: invalid UNIX domain socket path: " << arg
<< std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
config.base_uri_unix = true;
auto &unix_addr = config.unix_addr;
std::copy(std::begin(path), std::end(path), unix_addr.sun_path);
unix_addr.sun_path[path.size()] = '\0';
unix_addr.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
break;
}
if (!parse_base_uri(arg)) {
std::cerr << "--base-uri: invalid base URI: " << arg << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
config.base_uri = arg.str();
break;
}
case 'v':
config.verbose = true;
break;
case 'h':
print_help(std::cout);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
case '?':
util::show_candidates(argv[optind - 1], long_options);
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
case 0:
switch (flag) {
case 1:
// version option
print_version(std::cout);
exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
case 2:
// ciphers option
config.ciphers = optarg;
break;
case 3:
// timing-script option
config.ifile = optarg;
config.timing_script = true;
break;
case 4:
// npn-list option
config.npn_list = util::parse_config_str_list(StringRef{optarg});
break;
case 5:
// rate-period
config.rate_period = util::parse_duration_with_unit(optarg);
if (!std::isfinite(config.rate_period)) {
std::cerr << "--rate-period: value error " << optarg << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
break;
case 6:
// --h1
config.npn_list =
util::parse_config_str_list(StringRef::from_lit("http/1.1"));
config.no_tls_proto = Config::PROTO_HTTP1_1;
break;
case 7:
// --header-table-size
if (parse_header_table_size(config.header_table_size,
"header-table-size", optarg) != 0) {
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
break;
case 8:
// --encoder-header-table-size
if (parse_header_table_size(config.encoder_header_table_size,
"encoder-header-table-size", optarg) != 0) {
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
break;
}
break;
default:
break;
}
}
if (argc == optind) {
if (config.ifile.empty()) {
std::cerr << "no URI or input file given" << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
if (config.nclients == 0) {
std::cerr << "-c: the number of clients must be strictly greater than 0."
<< std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (config.npn_list.empty()) {
config.npn_list =
util::parse_config_str_list(StringRef::from_lit(DEFAULT_NPN_LIST));
}
// serialize the APLN tokens
for (auto &proto : config.npn_list) {
proto.insert(proto.begin(), static_cast<unsigned char>(proto.size()));
}
std::vector<std::string> reqlines;
if (config.ifile.empty()) {
std::vector<std::string> uris;
std::copy(&argv[optind], &argv[argc], std::back_inserter(uris));
reqlines = parse_uris(std::begin(uris), std::end(uris));
} else {
std::vector<std::string> uris;
if (!config.timing_script) {
if (config.ifile == "-") {
uris = read_uri_from_file(std::cin);
} else {
std::ifstream infile(config.ifile);
if (!infile) {
std::cerr << "cannot read input file: " << config.ifile << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
uris = read_uri_from_file(infile);
}
} else {
if (config.ifile == "-") {
read_script_from_file(std::cin, config.timings, uris);
} else {
std::ifstream infile(config.ifile);
if (!infile) {
std::cerr << "cannot read input file: " << config.ifile << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
read_script_from_file(infile, config.timings, uris);
}
if (nreqs_set_manually) {
if (config.nreqs > uris.size()) {
std::cerr << "-n: the number of requests must be less than or equal "
"to the number of timing script entries. Setting number "
"of requests to "
<< uris.size() << std::endl;
config.nreqs = uris.size();
}
} else {
config.nreqs = uris.size();
}
}
reqlines = parse_uris(std::begin(uris), std::end(uris));
}
if (reqlines.empty()) {
std::cerr << "No URI given" << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (config.nreqs == 0) {
std::cerr << "-n: the number of requests must be strictly greater than 0."
<< std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (config.max_concurrent_streams == 0) {
std::cerr << "-m: the max concurrent streams must be strictly greater "
<< "than 0." << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (config.nthreads == 0) {
std::cerr << "-t: the number of threads must be strictly greater than 0."
<< std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (config.nthreads > std::thread::hardware_concurrency()) {
std::cerr << "-t: warning: the number of threads is greater than hardware "
<< "cores." << std::endl;
}
// With timing script, we don't distribute config.nreqs to each
// client or thread.
if (!config.timing_script && config.nreqs < config.nclients) {
std::cerr << "-n, -c: the number of requests must be greater than or "
<< "equal to the clients." << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (config.nclients < config.nthreads) {
std::cerr << "-c, -t: the number of clients must be greater than or equal "
"to the number of threads."
<< std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (config.is_rate_mode()) {
if (config.rate < config.nthreads) {
std::cerr << "-r, -t: the connection rate must be greater than or equal "
<< "to the number of threads." << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (config.rate > config.nclients) {
std::cerr << "-r, -c: the connection rate must be smaller than or equal "
"to the number of clients."
<< std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
}
if (!datafile.empty()) {
config.data_fd = open(datafile.c_str(), O_RDONLY | O_BINARY);
if (config.data_fd == -1) {
std::cerr << "-d: Could not open file " << datafile << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
struct stat data_stat;
if (fstat(config.data_fd, &data_stat) == -1) {
std::cerr << "-d: Could not stat file " << datafile << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
config.data_length = data_stat.st_size;
}
struct sigaction act {};
act.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
sigaction(SIGPIPE, &act, nullptr);
auto ssl_ctx = SSL_CTX_new(SSLv23_client_method());
if (!ssl_ctx) {
std::cerr << "Failed to create SSL_CTX: "
<< ERR_error_string(ERR_get_error(), nullptr) << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
auto ssl_opts = (SSL_OP_ALL & ~SSL_OP_DONT_INSERT_EMPTY_FRAGMENTS) |
SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2 | SSL_OP_NO_SSLv3 | SSL_OP_NO_COMPRESSION |
SSL_OP_NO_SESSION_RESUMPTION_ON_RENEGOTIATION;
SSL_CTX_set_options(ssl_ctx, ssl_opts);
SSL_CTX_set_mode(ssl_ctx, SSL_MODE_AUTO_RETRY);
SSL_CTX_set_mode(ssl_ctx, SSL_MODE_RELEASE_BUFFERS);
if (nghttp2::tls::ssl_ctx_set_proto_versions(
ssl_ctx, nghttp2::tls::NGHTTP2_TLS_MIN_VERSION,
nghttp2::tls::NGHTTP2_TLS_MAX_VERSION) != 0) {
std::cerr << "Could not set TLS versions" << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
if (SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(ssl_ctx, config.ciphers.c_str()) == 0) {
std::cerr << "SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list with " << config.ciphers
<< " failed: " << ERR_error_string(ERR_get_error(), nullptr)
<< std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
SSL_CTX_set_next_proto_select_cb(ssl_ctx, client_select_next_proto_cb,
nullptr);
#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10002000L
std::vector<unsigned char> proto_list;
for (const auto &proto : config.npn_list) {
std::copy_n(proto.c_str(), proto.size(), std::back_inserter(proto_list));
}
SSL_CTX_set_alpn_protos(ssl_ctx, proto_list.data(), proto_list.size());
#endif // OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x10002000L
std::string user_agent = "h2load nghttp2/" NGHTTP2_VERSION;
Headers shared_nva;
shared_nva.emplace_back(":scheme", config.scheme);
if (config.port != config.default_port) {
shared_nva.emplace_back(":authority",
config.host + ":" + util::utos(config.port));
} else {
shared_nva.emplace_back(":authority", config.host);
}
shared_nva.emplace_back(":method", config.data_fd == -1 ? "GET" : "POST");
shared_nva.emplace_back("user-agent", user_agent);
// list overridalbe headers
auto override_hdrs = make_array<std::string>(":authority", ":host", ":method",
":scheme", "user-agent");
for (auto &kv : config.custom_headers) {
if (std::find(std::begin(override_hdrs), std::end(override_hdrs),
kv.name) != std::end(override_hdrs)) {
// override header
for (auto &nv : shared_nva) {
if ((nv.name == ":authority" && kv.name == ":host") ||
(nv.name == kv.name)) {
nv.value = kv.value;
}
}
} else {
// add additional headers
shared_nva.push_back(kv);
}
}
std::string content_length_str;
if (config.data_fd != -1) {
content_length_str = util::utos(config.data_length);
}
auto method_it =
std::find_if(std::begin(shared_nva), std::end(shared_nva),
[](const Header &nv) { return nv.name == ":method"; });
assert(method_it != std::end(shared_nva));
config.h1reqs.reserve(reqlines.size());
config.nva.reserve(reqlines.size());
config.nv.reserve(reqlines.size());
for (auto &req : reqlines) {
// For HTTP/1.1
auto h1req = (*method_it).value;
h1req += ' ';
h1req += req;
h1req += " HTTP/1.1\r\n";
for (auto &nv : shared_nva) {
if (nv.name == ":authority") {
h1req += "Host: ";
h1req += nv.value;
h1req += "\r\n";
continue;
}
if (nv.name[0] == ':') {
continue;
}
h1req += nv.name;
h1req += ": ";
h1req += nv.value;
h1req += "\r\n";
}
if (!content_length_str.empty()) {
h1req += "Content-Length: ";
h1req += content_length_str;
h1req += "\r\n";
}
h1req += "\r\n";
config.h1reqs.push_back(std::move(h1req));
// For nghttp2
std::vector<nghttp2_nv> nva;
// 2 for :path, and possible content-length
nva.reserve(2 + shared_nva.size());
nva.push_back(http2::make_nv_ls(":path", req));
for (auto &nv : shared_nva) {
nva.push_back(http2::make_nv(nv.name, nv.value, false));
}
if (!content_length_str.empty()) {
nva.push_back(http2::make_nv(StringRef::from_lit("content-length"),
StringRef{content_length_str}));
}
config.nva.push_back(std::move(nva));
// For spdylay
std::vector<const char *> cva;
// 3 for :path, :version, and possible content-length, 1 for
// terminal nullptr
cva.reserve(2 * (3 + shared_nva.size()) + 1);
cva.push_back(":path");
cva.push_back(req.c_str());
for (auto &nv : shared_nva) {
if (nv.name == ":authority") {
cva.push_back(":host");
} else {
cva.push_back(nv.name.c_str());
}
cva.push_back(nv.value.c_str());
}
cva.push_back(":version");
cva.push_back("HTTP/1.1");
if (!content_length_str.empty()) {
cva.push_back("content-length");
cva.push_back(content_length_str.c_str());
}
cva.push_back(nullptr);
config.nv.push_back(std::move(cva));
}
// Don't DOS our server!
if (config.host == "nghttp2.org") {
std::cerr << "Using h2load against public server " << config.host
<< " should be prohibited." << std::endl;
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
resolve_host();
std::cout << "starting benchmark..." << std::endl;
std::vector<std::unique_ptr<Worker>> workers;
workers.reserve(config.nthreads);
#ifndef NOTHREADS
size_t nreqs_per_thread = 0;
ssize_t nreqs_rem = 0;
if (!config.timing_script) {
nreqs_per_thread = config.nreqs / config.nthreads;
nreqs_rem = config.nreqs % config.nthreads;
}
size_t nclients_per_thread = config.nclients / config.nthreads;
ssize_t nclients_rem = config.nclients % config.nthreads;
size_t rate_per_thread = config.rate / config.nthreads;
ssize_t rate_per_thread_rem = config.rate % config.nthreads;
size_t max_samples_per_thread =
std::max(static_cast<size_t>(256), MAX_SAMPLES / config.nthreads);
std::mutex mu;
std::condition_variable cv;
auto ready = false;
std::vector<std::future<void>> futures;
for (size_t i = 0; i < config.nthreads; ++i) {
auto rate = rate_per_thread;
if (rate_per_thread_rem > 0) {
--rate_per_thread_rem;
++rate;
}
auto nclients = nclients_per_thread;
if (nclients_rem > 0) {
--nclients_rem;
++nclients;
}
size_t nreqs;
if (config.timing_script) {
// With timing script, each client issues config.nreqs requests.
// We divide nreqs by number of clients in Worker ctor to
// distribute requests to those clients evenly, so multiply
// config.nreqs here by config.nclients.
nreqs = config.nreqs * nclients;
} else {
nreqs = nreqs_per_thread;
if (nreqs_rem > 0) {
--nreqs_rem;
++nreqs;
}
}
workers.push_back(create_worker(i, ssl_ctx, nreqs, nclients, rate,
max_samples_per_thread));
auto &worker = workers.back();
futures.push_back(
std::async(std::launch::async, [&worker, &mu, &cv, &ready]() {
{
std::unique_lock<std::mutex> ulk(mu);
cv.wait(ulk, [&ready] { return ready; });
}
worker->run();
}));
}
{
std::lock_guard<std::mutex> lg(mu);
ready = true;
cv.notify_all();
}
auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
for (auto &fut : futures) {
fut.get();
}
#else // NOTHREADS
auto rate = config.rate;
auto nclients = config.nclients;
auto nreqs =
config.timing_script ? config.nreqs * config.nclients : config.nreqs;
workers.push_back(
create_worker(0, ssl_ctx, nreqs, nclients, rate, MAX_SAMPLES));
auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
workers.back()->run();
#endif // NOTHREADS
auto end = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
auto duration =
std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::microseconds>(end - start);
Stats stats(0, 0);
for (const auto &w : workers) {
const auto &s = w->stats;
stats.req_todo += s.req_todo;
stats.req_started += s.req_started;
stats.req_done += s.req_done;
stats.req_timedout += s.req_timedout;
stats.req_success += s.req_success;
stats.req_status_success += s.req_status_success;
stats.req_failed += s.req_failed;
stats.req_error += s.req_error;
stats.bytes_total += s.bytes_total;
stats.bytes_head += s.bytes_head;
stats.bytes_head_decomp += s.bytes_head_decomp;
stats.bytes_body += s.bytes_body;
for (size_t i = 0; i < stats.status.size(); ++i) {
stats.status[i] += s.status[i];
}
}
auto ts = process_time_stats(workers);
// Requests which have not been issued due to connection errors, are
// counted towards req_failed and req_error.
auto req_not_issued =
stats.req_todo - stats.req_status_success - stats.req_failed;
stats.req_failed += req_not_issued;
stats.req_error += req_not_issued;
// UI is heavily inspired by weighttp[1] and wrk[2]
//
// [1] https://github.com/lighttpd/weighttp
// [2] https://github.com/wg/wrk
double rps = 0;
int64_t bps = 0;
if (duration.count() > 0) {
auto secd = std::chrono::duration_cast<
std::chrono::duration<double, std::chrono::seconds::period>>(duration);
rps = stats.req_success / secd.count();
bps = stats.bytes_total / secd.count();
}
double header_space_savings = 0.;
if (stats.bytes_head_decomp > 0) {
header_space_savings =
1. - static_cast<double>(stats.bytes_head) / stats.bytes_head_decomp;
}
std::cout << std::fixed << std::setprecision(2) << R"(
finished in )"
<< util::format_duration(duration) << ", " << rps << " req/s, "
<< util::utos_funit(bps) << R"(B/s
requests: )" << stats.req_todo
<< " total, " << stats.req_started << " started, " << stats.req_done
<< " done, " << stats.req_status_success << " succeeded, "
<< stats.req_failed << " failed, " << stats.req_error
<< " errored, " << stats.req_timedout << R"( timeout
status codes: )"
<< stats.status[2] << " 2xx, " << stats.status[3] << " 3xx, "
<< stats.status[4] << " 4xx, " << stats.status[5] << R"( 5xx
traffic: )" << util::utos_funit(stats.bytes_total)
<< "B (" << stats.bytes_total << ") total, "
<< util::utos_funit(stats.bytes_head) << "B (" << stats.bytes_head
<< ") headers (space savings " << header_space_savings * 100
<< "%), " << util::utos_funit(stats.bytes_body) << "B ("
<< stats.bytes_body << R"() data
min max mean sd +/- sd
time for request: )"
<< std::setw(10) << util::format_duration(ts.request.min) << " "
<< std::setw(10) << util::format_duration(ts.request.max) << " "
<< std::setw(10) << util::format_duration(ts.request.mean) << " "
<< std::setw(10) << util::format_duration(ts.request.sd)
<< std::setw(9) << util::dtos(ts.request.within_sd) << "%"
<< "\ntime for connect: " << std::setw(10)
<< util::format_duration(ts.connect.min) << " " << std::setw(10)
<< util::format_duration(ts.connect.max) << " " << std::setw(10)
<< util::format_duration(ts.connect.mean) << " " << std::setw(10)
<< util::format_duration(ts.connect.sd) << std::setw(9)
<< util::dtos(ts.connect.within_sd) << "%"
<< "\ntime to 1st byte: " << std::setw(10)
<< util::format_duration(ts.ttfb.min) << " " << std::setw(10)
<< util::format_duration(ts.ttfb.max) << " " << std::setw(10)
<< util::format_duration(ts.ttfb.mean) << " " << std::setw(10)
<< util::format_duration(ts.ttfb.sd) << std::setw(9)
<< util::dtos(ts.ttfb.within_sd) << "%"
<< "\nreq/s : " << std::setw(10) << ts.rps.min << " "
<< std::setw(10) << ts.rps.max << " " << std::setw(10)
<< ts.rps.mean << " " << std::setw(10) << ts.rps.sd << std::setw(9)
<< util::dtos(ts.rps.within_sd) << "%" << std::endl;
SSL_CTX_free(ssl_ctx);
return 0;
}
} // namespace h2load
int main(int argc, char **argv) { return h2load::main(argc, argv); }
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