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<div class="section" id="nghttp2-http-2-0-c-library">
<h1>nghttp2 - HTTP/2.0 C Library<a class="headerlink" href="#nghttp2-http-2-0-c-library" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>This is an experimental implementation of Hypertext Transfer Protocol
version 2.0.</p>
<div class="section" id="development-status">
<h2>Development Status<a class="headerlink" href="#development-status" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>We started to implement HTTP-defat-04/2.0
(<a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-http2-04">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-http2-04</a>) based on
spdylay code base. The header compression is based on
<a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-header-compression-01">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-header-compression-01</a></p>
<p>Currently, the library lacks the following features:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>Header continuation</li>
<li>ALPN: instead, NPN is used</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="requirements">
<h2>Requirements<a class="headerlink" href="#requirements" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The following packages are needed to build the library:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>pkg-config &gt;= 0.20</li>
<li>zlib &gt;= 1.2.3</li>
</ul>
<p>To build and run the unit test programs, the following packages are
required:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>cunit &gt;= 2.1</li>
</ul>
<p>To build and run the application programs (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpd</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt>) in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">src</span></tt> directory, the following packages are
required:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>OpenSSL &gt;= 1.0.1</li>
<li>libevent-openssl &gt;= 2.0.8</li>
</ul>
<p>To enable SPDY protocol in the application program <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt>, the
following packages are required:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>spdylay &gt;= 1.0.0</li>
</ul>
<p>To enable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-a</span></tt> option (getting linked assets from the downloaded
resouce) in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp</span></tt>, the following
packages are needed:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>libxml2 &gt;= 2.7.7</li>
</ul>
<p>If you are using Ubuntu 12.04, you need the following packages
installed:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>autoconf</li>
<li>automake</li>
<li>autotools-dev</li>
<li>libtool</li>
<li>pkg-config</li>
<li>zlib1g-dev</li>
<li>libcunit1-dev</li>
<li>libssl-dev</li>
<li>libxml2-dev</li>
<li>libevent-dev</li>
</ul>
<p>spdylay is not packaged in Ubuntu, so you need to build it yourself:
<a class="reference external" href="http://spdylay.sourceforge.net/">http://spdylay.sourceforge.net/</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="build-from-git">
<h2>Build from git<a class="headerlink" href="#build-from-git" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Building from git is easy, but please be sure that at least autoconf 2.68 is
used:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><pre>$ autoreconf -i
$ automake
$ autoconf
$ ./configure
$ make</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="building-documentation">
<h2>Building documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#building-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Documentation is still incomplete.</p>
</div>
<p>To build documentation, run:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><pre>$ make html</pre>
</div>
<p>The documents will be generated under <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">doc/manual/html/</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The generated documents will not be installed with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">install</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The online documentation is available at
<a class="reference external" href="http://tatsuhiro-t.github.io/nghttp2/">http://tatsuhiro-t.github.io/nghttp2/</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="client-server-and-proxy-programs">
<h2>Client, Server and Proxy programs<a class="headerlink" href="#client-server-and-proxy-programs" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The src directory contains HTTP/2.0 client, server and proxy programs.</p>
<div class="section" id="nghttp-client">
<h3>nghttp - client<a class="headerlink" href="#nghttp-client" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp</span></tt> is HTTP-default04/2.0 client. It can connect to the
HTTP/2.0 server with prior knowledge, HTTP Upgrade and NPN TLS
extension.</p>
<p>By default, it uses SSL/TLS connection. Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--no-tls</span></tt> option to
disable it.</p>
<p>It has verbose output mode for framing information. Here is sample
output from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp</span></tt> client:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><pre>$ src/nghttp -nv https://localhost:3000/
[ 0.000] NPN select next protocol: the remote server offers:
* HTTP-draft-04/2.0
* spdy/3
* spdy/2
* http/1.1
NPN selected the protocol: HTTP-draft-04/2.0
[ 0.005] send SETTINGS frame &lt;length=0, flags=0, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=0)
[ 0.005] send HEADERS frame &lt;length=58, flags=5, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS
; Open new stream
:host: localhost:3000
:method: GET
:path: /
:scheme: https
accept: */*
accept-encoding: gzip, deflate
user-agent: nghttp2/0.1.0-DEV
[ 0.005] recv SETTINGS frame &lt;length=16, flags=0, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=2)
[4:100]
[7:65536]
[ 0.005] recv WINDOW_UPDATE frame &lt;length=4, flags=1, stream_id=0&gt;
; END_FLOW_CONTROL
(window_size_increment=0)
[ 0.006] recv HEADERS frame &lt;length=179, flags=4, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_HEADERS
; First response header
:status: 200 OK
accept-ranges: bytes
content-encoding: gzip
content-length: 56
content-type: text/html
date: Sat, 27 Jul 2013 12:08:56 GMT
etag: "cf405c-2d-45adabdf282c0"
last-modified: Tue, 04 Nov 2008 10:44:03 GMT
server: Apache/2.2.22 (Debian)
vary: Accept-Encoding
via: 1.1 nghttpx
[ 0.006] recv DATA frame (length=56, flags=0, stream_id=1)
[ 0.006] recv DATA frame (length=0, flags=1, stream_id=1)
[ 0.006] send GOAWAY frame &lt;length=8, flags=0, stream_id=0&gt;
(last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0), opaque_data=)</pre>
</div>
<p>The HTTP Upgrade is performed like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><pre>$ src/nghttp --no-tls -nvu http://localhost:3000/
[ 0.000] HTTP Upgrade request
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:3000
Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings
Upgrade: HTTP-draft-04/2.0
HTTP2-Settings: AAAABAAAAGQAAAAHAAD__w
Accept: */*
User-Agent: nghttp2/0.1.0-DEV
[ 0.183] HTTP Upgrade response
HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Connection: Upgrade
Upgrade: HTTP/2.0
[ 0.183] HTTP Upgrade success
[ 0.183] send SETTINGS frame &lt;length=16, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=2)
[4:100]
[7:65535]
[ 0.202] recv SETTINGS frame &lt;length=16, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=2)
[4:100]
[7:65536]
[ 0.202] recv WINDOW_UPDATE frame &lt;length=4, flags=0x01, stream_id=0&gt;
; END_FLOW_CONTROL
(window_size_increment=0)
[ 0.275] recv HEADERS frame &lt;length=198, flags=0x04, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_HEADERS
; First response header
:status: 200 OK
accept-ranges: bytes
content-length: 45
content-type: text/html
date: Sat, 03 Aug 2013 10:21:20 GMT
etag: "cf405c-2d-45adabdf282c0"
last-modified: Tue, 04 Nov 2008 10:44:03 GMT
server: Apache/2.2.22 (Debian)
vary: Accept-Encoding
via: 1.1 nghttpx
x-pad: avoid browser bug
[ 0.275] recv DATA frame (length=45, flags=0, stream_id=1)
[ 0.275] recv DATA frame (length=0, flags=1, stream_id=1)
[ 0.275] send GOAWAY frame &lt;length=8, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0), opaque_data=)</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="nghttpd-server">
<h3>nghttpd - server<a class="headerlink" href="#nghttpd-server" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpd</span></tt> is static web server. It is single threaded and
multiplexes connections using non-blocking socket.</p>
<p>By default, it uses SSL/TLS connection. Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--no-tls</span></tt> option to
disable it.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpd</span></tt> only accept the HTTP/2.0 connection via NPN or direct
HTTP/2.0 connection. No HTTP Upgrade is supported.</p>
<p>Just like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp</span></tt>, it has verbose output mode for framing
information. Here is sample output from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpd</span></tt> server:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><pre>$ src/nghttpd 3000 --no-tls -v
IPv4: listen on port 3000
IPv6: listen on port 3000
[id=1] [ 1.020] send SETTINGS frame &lt;length=8, flags=0, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=1)
[4:100]
[id=1] [ 1.020] closed
[id=2] [ 1.838] send SETTINGS frame &lt;length=8, flags=0, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=1)
[4:100]
[id=2] [ 1.838] recv SETTINGS frame &lt;length=0, flags=0, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=0)
[id=2] [ 1.838] recv HEADERS frame &lt;length=58, flags=5, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS
; Open new stream
:host: localhost:3000
:method: GET
:path: /
:scheme: http
accept: */*
accept-encoding: gzip, deflate
user-agent: nghttp2/0.1.0-DEV
[id=2] [ 1.838] send HEADERS frame &lt;length=105, flags=4, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_HEADERS
; First response header
:status: 404 Not Found
content-encoding: gzip
content-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
date: Sat, 27 Jul 2013 12:32:10 GMT
server: nghttpd nghttp2/0.1.0-DEV
[id=2] [ 1.838] send DATA frame (length=127, flags=0, stream_id=1)
[id=2] [ 1.838] send DATA frame (length=0, flags=1, stream_id=1)
[id=2] [ 1.838] stream_id=1 closed
[id=2] [ 1.839] closed</pre>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="nghttpx-proxy">
<h3>nghttpx - proxy<a class="headerlink" href="#nghttpx-proxy" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt> is a multi-threaded reverse proxy for
HTTP-draft-04/2.0, SPDY and HTTP/1.1. It has several operation modes:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="24%" />
<col width="40%" />
<col width="19%" />
<col width="17%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Mode option</th>
<th class="head">Frontend</th>
<th class="head">Backend</th>
<th class="head">Note</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>default mode</td>
<td>HTTP/2.0, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS)</td>
<td>HTTP/1.1</td>
<td>Reverse proxy</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--spdy</span></tt></td>
<td>HTTP/2.0, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS)</td>
<td>HTTP/1.1</td>
<td>SPDY proxy</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--spdy-bridge</span></tt></td>
<td>HTTP/2.0, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS)</td>
<td>HTTP/2.0 (TLS)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client</span></tt></td>
<td>HTTP/2.0, HTTP/1.1</td>
<td>HTTP/2.0 (TLS)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client-proxy</span></tt></td>
<td>HTTP/2.0, HTTP/1.1</td>
<td>HTTP/2.0 (TLS)</td>
<td>Forward proxy</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The interesting mode at the moment is the default mode. It works like
a reverse proxy and listens HTTP-draft-04/2.0, SPDY and HTTP/1.1 and
can be deployed SSL/TLS terminator for existing web server.</p>
<p>The default mode, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--spdy</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--spdy-bridge</span></tt> modes use SSL/TLS
in the frontend connection by default. To disable SSL/TLS, use
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--frontend-no-tls</span></tt> option. If that option is used, SPDY is disabled
in the frontend and incoming HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to
HTTP/2.0 through HTTP Upgrade.</p>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--spdy-bridge</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client-proxy</span></tt> modes use
SSL/TLS in the backend connection by deafult. To disable SSL/TLS, use
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--backend-no-tls</span></tt> option.</p>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt> supports configuration file. See <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--conf</span></tt> option and
sample configuration file <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx.conf.sample</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt> is ported from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">shrpx</span></tt> in spdylay project, and it
still has SPDY color in option names. They will be fixed as the
development goes.</p>
<p>In the default mode, (without any of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--spdy</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--spdy-bridge</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client-proxy</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client</span></tt> options), <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt> works as
reverse proxy to the backend server:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SPDY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">Web</span> <span class="n">Server</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">reverse</span> <span class="n">proxy</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--spdy</span></tt> option, it works as so called secure proxy (aka SPDY
proxy):</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SPDY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">Proxy</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">secure</span> <span class="n">proxy</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">.,</span> <span class="n">Squid</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Client</span></tt> in the above is needs to be configured to use
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt> as secure proxy.</p>
<p>At the time of this writing, Chrome is the only browser which supports
secure proxy. The one way to configure Chrome to use secure proxy is
create proxy.pac script like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">function</span> <span class="nf">FindProxyForURL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">host</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s">&quot;HTTPS SERVERADDR:PORT&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SERVERADDR</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PORT</span></tt> is the hostname/address and port of the
machine nghttpx is running. Please note that Chrome requires valid
certificate for secure proxy.</p>
<p>Then run chrome with the following arguments:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><pre>$ google-chrome --proxy-pac-url=file:///path/to/proxy.pac --use-npn</pre>
</div>
<p>With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--spdy-bridge</span></tt>, it accepts HTTP/2.0, SPDY and HTTP/1.1
connections and communicates with backend in HTTP/2.0:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SPDY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">Web</span> <span class="n">or</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span> <span class="n">Proxy</span> <span class="n">etc</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">.,</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client-proxy</span></tt> option, it works as forward proxy and expects
that the backend is HTTP/2.0 proxy:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span> <span class="n">Proxy</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">forward</span> <span class="n">proxy</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">.,</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Client</span></tt> is needs to be configured to use nghttpx as forward
proxy. The frontend HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2.0
through HTTP Upgrade. With the above configuration, one can use
HTTP/1.1 client to access and test their HTTP/2.0 servers.</p>
<p>With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client</span></tt> option, it works as reverse proxy and expects that
the backend is HTTP/2.0 Web server:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">Web</span> <span class="n">Server</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">reverse</span> <span class="n">proxy</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The frontend HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2.0
through HTTP Upgrade.</p>
<p>For the operation modes which talk to the backend in HTTP/2.0 over
SSL/TLS, the backend connections can be tunneled though HTTP
proxy. The proxy is specified using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--backend-http-proxy-uri</span></tt>
option. The following figure illustrates the example of
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--spdy-bridge</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--backend-http-proxy-uri</span></tt> option to talk to
the outside HTTP/2.0 proxy through HTTP proxy:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SPDY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--</span>
<span class="o">--===================---&gt;</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">2.0</span> <span class="n">Proxy</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span> <span class="n">proxy</span> <span class="n">tunnel</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">.,</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
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