nghttp2/src/shrpx.cc

/*
 * nghttp2 - HTTP/2 C Library
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2012 Tatsuhiro Tsujikawa
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
 * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
 * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
 * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
 * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
 * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
 * the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
 * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
 * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
 * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
 * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
 * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
 * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
 * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
 */
#include "shrpx.h"

#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/wait.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_SOCKET_H
#include <sys/socket.h>
#endif // HAVE_SYS_SOCKET_H
#include <sys/un.h>
#ifdef HAVE_NETDB_H
#include <netdb.h>
#endif // HAVE_NETDB_H
#include <signal.h>
#ifdef HAVE_NETINET_IN_H
#include <netinet/in.h>
#endif // HAVE_NETINET_IN_H
#include <netinet/tcp.h>
#ifdef HAVE_ARPA_INET_H
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#endif // HAVE_ARPA_INET_H
#ifdef HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <unistd.h>
#endif // HAVE_UNISTD_H
#include <getopt.h>
#ifdef HAVE_SYSLOG_H
#include <syslog.h>
#endif // HAVE_SYSLOG_H
#ifdef HAVE_LIMITS_H
#include <limits.h>
#endif // HAVE_LIMITS_H
#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
#include <sys/time.h>
#endif // HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
#include <sys/resource.h>

#include <cinttypes>
#include <limits>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
#include <vector>
#include <initializer_list>
#include <random>

#include <openssl/ssl.h>
#include <openssl/err.h>
#include <ev.h>

#include <nghttp2/nghttp2.h>

#include "shrpx_config.h"
#include "shrpx_ssl.h"
#include "shrpx_log_config.h"
#include "shrpx_worker.h"
#include "shrpx_http2_upstream.h"
#include "shrpx_http2_session.h"
#include "shrpx_worker_process.h"
#include "shrpx_process.h"
#include "shrpx_signal.h"
#include "shrpx_connection.h"
#include "util.h"
#include "app_helper.h"
#include "ssl.h"
#include "template.h"

extern char **environ;

using namespace nghttp2;

namespace shrpx {

// Deprecated: Environment variables to tell new binary the listening
// socket's file descriptors.  They are not close-on-exec.
constexpr auto ENV_LISTENER4_FD = StringRef::from_lit("NGHTTPX_LISTENER4_FD");
constexpr auto ENV_LISTENER6_FD = StringRef::from_lit("NGHTTPX_LISTENER6_FD");

// Deprecated: Environment variable to tell new binary the port number
// the current binary is listening to.
constexpr auto ENV_PORT = StringRef::from_lit("NGHTTPX_PORT");

// Deprecated: Environment variable to tell new binary the listening
// socket's file descriptor if frontend listens UNIX domain socket.
constexpr auto ENV_UNIX_FD = StringRef::from_lit("NGHTTP2_UNIX_FD");
// Deprecated: Environment variable to tell new binary the UNIX domain
// socket path.
constexpr auto ENV_UNIX_PATH = StringRef::from_lit("NGHTTP2_UNIX_PATH");

// Prefix of environment variables to tell new binary the listening
// socket's file descriptor.  They are not close-on-exec.  For TCP
// socket, the value must be comma separated 2 parameters: tcp,<FD>.
// <FD> is file descriptor.  For UNIX domain socket, the value must be
// comma separated 3 parameters: unix,<FD>,<PATH>.  <FD> is file
// descriptor.  <PATH> is a path to UNIX domain socket.
constexpr auto ENV_ACCEPT_PREFIX = StringRef::from_lit("NGHTTPX_ACCEPT_");

#ifndef _KERNEL_FASTOPEN
#define _KERNEL_FASTOPEN
// conditional define for TCP_FASTOPEN mostly on ubuntu
#ifndef TCP_FASTOPEN
#define TCP_FASTOPEN 23
#endif

// conditional define for SOL_TCP mostly on ubuntu
#ifndef SOL_TCP
#define SOL_TCP 6
#endif
#endif

struct SignalServer {
  SignalServer() : ipc_fd{{-1, -1}}, worker_process_pid(-1) {}
  ~SignalServer() {
    if (ipc_fd[0] != -1) {
      close(ipc_fd[0]);
    }
    if (ipc_fd[1] != -1) {
      shutdown(ipc_fd[1], SHUT_WR);
      close(ipc_fd[1]);
    }
  }

  std::array<int, 2> ipc_fd;
  pid_t worker_process_pid;
};

namespace {
int chown_to_running_user(const char *path) {
  return chown(path, get_config()->uid, get_config()->gid);
}
} // namespace

namespace {
void save_pid() {
  constexpr auto SUFFIX = StringRef::from_lit(".XXXXXX");
  auto &pid_file = get_config()->pid_file;

  auto len = get_config()->pid_file.size() + SUFFIX.size();
  auto buf = make_unique<char[]>(len + 1);
  auto p = buf.get();

  p = std::copy(std::begin(pid_file), std::end(pid_file), p);
  p = std::copy(std::begin(SUFFIX), std::end(SUFFIX), p);
  *p = '\0';

  auto temp_path = buf.get();

  auto fd = mkstemp(temp_path);
  if (fd == -1) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(ERROR) << "Could not save PID to file " << pid_file << ": "
               << strerror(error);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  auto content = util::utos(get_config()->pid) + '\n';

  if (write(fd, content.c_str(), content.size()) == -1) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(ERROR) << "Could not save PID to file " << pid_file << ": "
               << strerror(error);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  if (fsync(fd) == -1) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(ERROR) << "Could not save PID to file " << pid_file << ": "
               << strerror(error);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  close(fd);

  if (rename(temp_path, pid_file.c_str()) == -1) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(ERROR) << "Could not save PID to file " << pid_file << ": "
               << strerror(error);

    unlink(temp_path);

    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  if (get_config()->uid != 0) {
    if (chown_to_running_user(pid_file.c_str()) == -1) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(WARN) << "Changing owner of pid file " << pid_file
                << " failed: " << strerror(error);
    }
  }
}
} // namespace

namespace {
void exec_binary(SignalServer *ssv) {
  int rv;
  sigset_t oldset;

  LOG(NOTICE) << "Executing new binary";

  rv = shrpx_signal_block_all(&oldset);
  if (rv != 0) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(ERROR) << "Blocking all signals failed: " << strerror(error);

    return;
  }

  auto pid = fork();

  if (pid != 0) {
    if (pid == -1) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(ERROR) << "fork() failed errno=" << error;
    }

    rv = shrpx_signal_set(&oldset);

    if (rv != 0) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(FATAL) << "Restoring signal mask failed: " << strerror(error);

      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    return;
  }

  // child process

  shrpx_signal_unset_master_proc_ign_handler();

  rv = shrpx_signal_unblock_all();
  if (rv != 0) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(ERROR) << "Unblocking all signals failed: " << strerror(error);

    _Exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  auto exec_path = util::get_exec_path(get_config()->argc, get_config()->argv,
                                       get_config()->cwd);

  if (!exec_path) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Could not resolve the executable path";
    _Exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  auto argv = make_unique<char *[]>(get_config()->argc + 1);

  argv[0] = exec_path;
  for (int i = 1; i < get_config()->argc; ++i) {
    argv[i] = get_config()->argv[i];
  }
  argv[get_config()->argc] = nullptr;

  size_t envlen = 0;
  for (char **p = environ; *p; ++p, ++envlen)
    ;

  auto &listenerconf = get_config()->conn.listener;

  auto envp = make_unique<char *[]>(envlen + listenerconf.addrs.size() + 1);
  size_t envidx = 0;

  std::vector<ImmutableString> fd_envs;
  for (size_t i = 0; i < listenerconf.addrs.size(); ++i) {
    auto &addr = listenerconf.addrs[i];
    auto s = ENV_ACCEPT_PREFIX.str();
    s += util::utos(i + 1);
    s += '=';
    if (addr.host_unix) {
      s += "unix,";
      s += util::utos(addr.fd);
      s += ',';
      s += addr.host;
    } else {
      s += "tcp,";
      s += util::utos(addr.fd);
    }

    fd_envs.emplace_back(s);
    envp[envidx++] = const_cast<char *>(fd_envs.back().c_str());
  }

  for (size_t i = 0; i < envlen; ++i) {
    auto env = StringRef{environ[i]};
    if (util::starts_with(env, ENV_ACCEPT_PREFIX) ||
        util::starts_with(env, ENV_LISTENER4_FD) ||
        util::starts_with(env, ENV_LISTENER6_FD) ||
        util::starts_with(env, ENV_PORT) ||
        util::starts_with(env, ENV_UNIX_FD) ||
        util::starts_with(env, ENV_UNIX_PATH)) {
      continue;
    }

    envp[envidx++] = environ[i];
  }

  envp[envidx++] = nullptr;

  if (LOG_ENABLED(INFO)) {
    LOG(INFO) << "cmdline";
    for (int i = 0; argv[i]; ++i) {
      LOG(INFO) << i << ": " << argv[i];
    }
    LOG(INFO) << "environ";
    for (int i = 0; envp[i]; ++i) {
      LOG(INFO) << i << ": " << envp[i];
    }
  }

  // restores original stderr
  util::restore_original_fds();

  if (execve(argv[0], argv.get(), envp.get()) == -1) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(ERROR) << "execve failed: errno=" << error;
    _Exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
}
} // namespace

namespace {
void ipc_send(SignalServer *ssv, uint8_t ipc_event) {
  ssize_t nwrite;
  while ((nwrite = write(ssv->ipc_fd[1], &ipc_event, 1)) == -1 &&
         errno == EINTR)
    ;

  if (nwrite < 0) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(ERROR) << "Could not send IPC event to worker process: "
               << strerror(error);
    return;
  }

  if (nwrite == 0) {
    LOG(ERROR) << "Could not send IPC event due to pipe overflow";
    return;
  }
}
} // namespace

namespace {
void reopen_log(SignalServer *ssv) {
  LOG(NOTICE) << "Reopening log files: master process";

  (void)reopen_log_files();
  redirect_stderr_to_errorlog();
  ipc_send(ssv, SHRPX_IPC_REOPEN_LOG);
}
} // namespace

namespace {
void signal_cb(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_signal *w, int revents) {
  auto ssv = static_cast<SignalServer *>(w->data);
  if (ssv->worker_process_pid == -1) {
    ev_break(loop);
    return;
  }

  switch (w->signum) {
  case REOPEN_LOG_SIGNAL:
    reopen_log(ssv);
    return;
  case EXEC_BINARY_SIGNAL:
    exec_binary(ssv);
    return;
  case GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL:
    ipc_send(ssv, SHRPX_IPC_GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN);
    return;
  default:
    kill(ssv->worker_process_pid, w->signum);
    ev_break(loop);
    return;
  }
}
} // namespace

namespace {
void worker_process_child_cb(struct ev_loop *loop, ev_child *w, int revents) {
  log_chld(w->rpid, w->rstatus, "Worker process");

  ev_child_stop(loop, w);

  ev_break(loop);
}
} // namespace

struct InheritedAddr {
  // IP address if TCP socket.  Otherwise, UNIX domain socket path.
  ImmutableString host;
  uint16_t port;
  // true if UNIX domain socket path
  bool host_unix;
  int fd;
  bool used;
};

namespace {
int create_unix_domain_server_socket(UpstreamAddr &faddr,
                                     std::vector<InheritedAddr> &iaddrs) {
  auto found = std::find_if(
      std::begin(iaddrs), std::end(iaddrs), [&faddr](const InheritedAddr &ia) {
        return !ia.used && ia.host_unix && ia.host == faddr.host;
      });

  if (found != std::end(iaddrs)) {
    LOG(NOTICE) << "Listening on UNIX domain socket " << faddr.host
                << (faddr.tls ? ", tls" : "");
    (*found).used = true;
    faddr.fd = (*found).fd;
    faddr.hostport = "localhost";

    return 0;
  }

#ifdef SOCK_NONBLOCK
  auto fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM | SOCK_NONBLOCK, 0);
  if (fd == -1) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(WARN) << "socket() syscall failed: " << strerror(error);
    return -1;
  }
#else  // !SOCK_NONBLOCK
  auto fd = socket(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
  if (fd == -1) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(WARN) << "socket() syscall failed: " << strerror(error);
    return -1;
  }
  util::make_socket_nonblocking(fd);
#endif // !SOCK_NONBLOCK
  int val = 1;
  if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &val,
                 static_cast<socklen_t>(sizeof(val))) == -1) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(WARN) << "Failed to set SO_REUSEADDR option to listener socket: "
              << strerror(error);
    close(fd);
    return -1;
  }

  sockaddr_union addr;
  addr.un.sun_family = AF_UNIX;
  if (faddr.host.size() + 1 > sizeof(addr.un.sun_path)) {
    LOG(FATAL) << "UNIX domain socket path " << faddr.host << " is too long > "
               << sizeof(addr.un.sun_path);
    close(fd);
    return -1;
  }
  // copy path including terminal NULL
  std::copy_n(faddr.host.c_str(), faddr.host.size() + 1, addr.un.sun_path);

  // unlink (remove) already existing UNIX domain socket path
  unlink(faddr.host.c_str());

  if (bind(fd, &addr.sa, sizeof(addr.un)) != 0) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to bind UNIX domain socket: " << strerror(error);
    close(fd);
    return -1;
  }

  auto &listenerconf = get_config()->conn.listener;

  if (listen(fd, listenerconf.backlog) != 0) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to listen to UNIX domain socket: " << strerror(error);
    close(fd);
    return -1;
  }

  LOG(NOTICE) << "Listening on UNIX domain socket " << faddr.host
              << (faddr.tls ? ", tls" : "");

  faddr.fd = fd;
  faddr.hostport = "localhost";

  return 0;
}
} // namespace

namespace {
int create_tcp_server_socket(UpstreamAddr &faddr,
                             std::vector<InheritedAddr> &iaddrs) {
  int fd = -1;
  int rv;

  auto &listenerconf = get_config()->conn.listener;

  auto service = util::utos(faddr.port);
  addrinfo hints{};
  hints.ai_family = faddr.family;
  hints.ai_socktype = SOCK_STREAM;
  hints.ai_flags = AI_PASSIVE;
#ifdef AI_ADDRCONFIG
  hints.ai_flags |= AI_ADDRCONFIG;
#endif // AI_ADDRCONFIG

  auto node =
      faddr.host == StringRef::from_lit("*") ? nullptr : faddr.host.c_str();

  addrinfo *res, *rp;
  rv = getaddrinfo(node, service.c_str(), &hints, &res);
  if (rv != 0) {
    if (LOG_ENABLED(INFO)) {
      LOG(INFO) << "Unable to get IPv" << (faddr.family == AF_INET ? "4" : "6")
                << " address for " << faddr.host << ", port " << faddr.port
                << ": " << gai_strerror(rv);
    }
    return -1;
  }

  auto res_d = defer(freeaddrinfo, res);

  std::array<char, NI_MAXHOST> host;

  for (rp = res; rp; rp = rp->ai_next) {

    rv = getnameinfo(rp->ai_addr, rp->ai_addrlen, host.data(), host.size(),
                     nullptr, 0, NI_NUMERICHOST);

    if (rv != 0) {
      LOG(WARN) << "getnameinfo() failed: " << gai_strerror(rv);
      continue;
    }

    auto found = std::find_if(std::begin(iaddrs), std::end(iaddrs),
                              [&host, &faddr](const InheritedAddr &ia) {
                                return !ia.used && !ia.host_unix &&
                                       ia.host == host.data() &&
                                       ia.port == faddr.port;
                              });

    if (found != std::end(iaddrs)) {
      (*found).used = true;
      fd = (*found).fd;
      break;
    }

#ifdef SOCK_NONBLOCK
    fd =
        socket(rp->ai_family, rp->ai_socktype | SOCK_NONBLOCK, rp->ai_protocol);
    if (fd == -1) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(WARN) << "socket() syscall failed: " << strerror(error);
      continue;
    }
#else  // !SOCK_NONBLOCK
    fd = socket(rp->ai_family, rp->ai_socktype, rp->ai_protocol);
    if (fd == -1) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(WARN) << "socket() syscall failed: " << strerror(error);
      continue;
    }
    util::make_socket_nonblocking(fd);
#endif // !SOCK_NONBLOCK
    int val = 1;
    if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_SOCKET, SO_REUSEADDR, &val,
                   static_cast<socklen_t>(sizeof(val))) == -1) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(WARN) << "Failed to set SO_REUSEADDR option to listener socket: "
                << strerror(error);
      close(fd);
      continue;
    }

#ifdef IPV6_V6ONLY
    if (faddr.family == AF_INET6) {
      if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_IPV6, IPV6_V6ONLY, &val,
                     static_cast<socklen_t>(sizeof(val))) == -1) {
        auto error = errno;
        LOG(WARN) << "Failed to set IPV6_V6ONLY option to listener socket: "
                  << strerror(error);
        close(fd);
        continue;
      }
    }
#endif // IPV6_V6ONLY

#ifdef TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT
    val = 3;
    if (setsockopt(fd, IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT, &val,
                   static_cast<socklen_t>(sizeof(val))) == -1) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(WARN) << "Failed to set TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT option to listener socket: "
                << strerror(error);
    }
#endif // TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT

    // When we are executing new binary, and the old binary did not
    // bind privileged port (< 1024) for some reason, binding to those
    // ports will fail with permission denied error.
    if (bind(fd, rp->ai_addr, rp->ai_addrlen) == -1) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(WARN) << "bind() syscall failed: " << strerror(error);
      close(fd);
      continue;
    }

    if (listenerconf.fastopen > 0) {
      val = listenerconf.fastopen;
      if (setsockopt(fd, SOL_TCP, TCP_FASTOPEN, &val,
                     static_cast<socklen_t>(sizeof(val))) == -1) {
        auto error = errno;
        LOG(WARN) << "Failed to set TCP_FASTOPEN option to listener socket: "
                  << strerror(error);
      }
    }

    if (listen(fd, listenerconf.backlog) == -1) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(WARN) << "listen() syscall failed: " << strerror(error);
      close(fd);
      continue;
    }

    break;
  }

  if (!rp) {
    LOG(WARN) << "Listening " << (faddr.family == AF_INET ? "IPv4" : "IPv6")
              << " socket failed";

    return -1;
  }

  faddr.fd = fd;
  faddr.hostport = util::make_http_hostport(StringRef{host.data()}, faddr.port);

  LOG(NOTICE) << "Listening on " << faddr.hostport
              << (faddr.tls ? ", tls" : "");

  return 0;
}
} // namespace

namespace {
int create_acceptor_socket() {
  int rv;

  auto &listenerconf = mod_config()->conn.listener;

  std::vector<InheritedAddr> iaddrs;

  {
    // Upgrade from 1.7.0 or earlier
    auto portenv = getenv(ENV_PORT.c_str());
    if (portenv) {
      size_t i = 1;
      for (auto env_name : {ENV_LISTENER4_FD, ENV_LISTENER6_FD}) {
        auto fdenv = getenv(env_name.c_str());
        if (fdenv) {
          auto name = ENV_ACCEPT_PREFIX.str();
          name += util::utos(i);
          std::string value = "tcp,";
          value += fdenv;
          setenv(name.c_str(), value.c_str(), 0);
          ++i;
        }
      }
    } else {
      auto pathenv = getenv(ENV_UNIX_PATH.c_str());
      auto fdenv = getenv(ENV_UNIX_FD.c_str());
      if (pathenv && fdenv) {
        auto name = ENV_ACCEPT_PREFIX.str();
        name += '1';
        std::string value = "unix,";
        value += fdenv;
        value += ',';
        value += pathenv;
        setenv(name.c_str(), value.c_str(), 0);
      }
    }
  }

  for (size_t i = 1;; ++i) {
    auto name = ENV_ACCEPT_PREFIX.str();
    name += util::utos(i);
    auto env = getenv(name.c_str());
    if (!env) {
      break;
    }

    if (LOG_ENABLED(INFO)) {
      LOG(INFO) << "Read env " << name << "=" << env;
    }

    auto end_type = strchr(env, ',');
    if (!end_type) {
      continue;
    }

    auto type = StringRef(env, end_type);
    auto value = end_type + 1;

    if (type == StringRef::from_lit("unix")) {
      auto endfd = strchr(value, ',');
      if (!endfd) {
        continue;
      }
      auto fd = util::parse_uint(reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t *>(value),
                                 endfd - value);
      if (fd == -1) {
        LOG(WARN) << "Could not parse file descriptor from "
                  << std::string(value, endfd - value);
        continue;
      }

      auto path = endfd + 1;
      if (strlen(path) == 0) {
        LOG(WARN) << "Empty UNIX domain socket path (fd=" << fd << ")";
        close(fd);
        continue;
      }

      if (LOG_ENABLED(INFO)) {
        LOG(INFO) << "Inherit UNIX domain socket fd=" << fd
                  << ", path=" << path;
      }

      InheritedAddr addr{};
      addr.host = path;
      addr.host_unix = true;
      addr.fd = static_cast<int>(fd);
      iaddrs.push_back(std::move(addr));
    }

    if (type == StringRef::from_lit("tcp")) {
      auto fd = util::parse_uint(value);
      if (fd == -1) {
        LOG(WARN) << "Could not parse file descriptor from " << value;
        continue;
      }

      sockaddr_union su;
      socklen_t salen = sizeof(su);

      if (getsockname(fd, &su.sa, &salen) != 0) {
        auto error = errno;
        LOG(WARN) << "getsockname() syscall failed (fd=" << fd
                  << "): " << strerror(error);
        close(fd);
        continue;
      }

      uint16_t port;

      switch (su.storage.ss_family) {
      case AF_INET:
        port = ntohs(su.in.sin_port);
        break;
      case AF_INET6:
        port = ntohs(su.in6.sin6_port);
        break;
      default:
        close(fd);
        continue;
      }

      std::array<char, NI_MAXHOST> host;
      rv = getnameinfo(&su.sa, salen, host.data(), host.size(), nullptr, 0,
                       NI_NUMERICHOST);
      if (rv != 0) {
        LOG(WARN) << "getnameinfo() failed (fd=" << fd
                  << "): " << gai_strerror(rv);
        close(fd);
        continue;
      }

      if (LOG_ENABLED(INFO)) {
        LOG(INFO) << "Inherit TCP socket fd=" << fd
                  << ", address=" << host.data() << ", port=" << port;
      }

      InheritedAddr addr{};
      addr.host = host.data();
      addr.port = static_cast<uint16_t>(port);
      addr.fd = static_cast<int>(fd);
      iaddrs.push_back(std::move(addr));
      continue;
    }
  }

  for (auto &addr : listenerconf.addrs) {
    if (addr.host_unix) {
      if (create_unix_domain_server_socket(addr, iaddrs) != 0) {
        return -1;
      }

      if (get_config()->uid != 0) {
        // fd is not associated to inode, so we cannot use fchown(2)
        // here.  https://lkml.org/lkml/2004/11/1/84
        if (chown_to_running_user(addr.host.c_str()) == -1) {
          auto error = errno;
          LOG(WARN) << "Changing owner of UNIX domain socket " << addr.host
                    << " failed: " << strerror(error);
        }
      }
      continue;
    }

    if (create_tcp_server_socket(addr, iaddrs) != 0) {
      return -1;
    }
  }

  for (auto &ia : iaddrs) {
    if (ia.used) {
      continue;
    }

    close(ia.fd);
  }

  return 0;
}
} // namespace

namespace {
int call_daemon() {
#ifdef __sgi
  return _daemonize(0, 0, 0, 0);
#else  // !__sgi
  return daemon(0, 0);
#endif // !__sgi
}
} // namespace

namespace {
pid_t fork_worker_process(SignalServer *ssv) {
  int rv;
  sigset_t oldset;

  rv = shrpx_signal_block_all(&oldset);
  if (rv != 0) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(ERROR) << "Blocking all signals failed: " << strerror(error);

    return -1;
  }

  auto pid = fork();

  if (pid == 0) {
    ev_loop_fork(EV_DEFAULT);

    shrpx_signal_set_worker_proc_ign_handler();

    rv = shrpx_signal_unblock_all();
    if (rv != 0) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(FATAL) << "Unblocking all signals failed: " << strerror(error);

      _Exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    close(ssv->ipc_fd[1]);
    WorkerProcessConfig wpconf{ssv->ipc_fd[0]};
    rv = worker_process_event_loop(&wpconf);
    if (rv != 0) {
      LOG(FATAL) << "Worker process returned error";

      _Exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }

    LOG(NOTICE) << "Worker process shutting down momentarily";

    // call exit(...) instead of _Exit to get leak sanitizer report
    _Exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
  }

  // parent process
  if (pid == -1) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(ERROR) << "Could not spawn worker process: " << strerror(error);
  }

  rv = shrpx_signal_set(&oldset);
  if (rv != 0) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(FATAL) << "Restoring signal mask failed: " << strerror(error);

    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  if (pid == -1) {
    return -1;
  }

  close(ssv->ipc_fd[0]);

  LOG(NOTICE) << "Worker process [" << pid << "] spawned";

  return pid;
}
} // namespace

namespace {
int event_loop() {
  int rv;

  shrpx_signal_set_master_proc_ign_handler();

  if (get_config()->daemon) {
    if (call_daemon() == -1) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to daemonize: " << strerror(error);
      return -1;
    }

    // We get new PID after successful daemon().
    mod_config()->pid = getpid();

    // daemon redirects stderr file descriptor to /dev/null, so we
    // need this.
    redirect_stderr_to_errorlog();
  }

  SignalServer ssv;

  rv = pipe(ssv.ipc_fd.data());
  if (rv == -1) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(WARN) << "Failed to create pipe to communicate worker process: "
              << strerror(error);
    return -1;
  }

  for (int i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
    auto fd = ssv.ipc_fd[i];
    util::make_socket_nonblocking(fd);
    util::make_socket_closeonexec(fd);
  }

  if (create_acceptor_socket() != 0) {
    return -1;
  }

  auto loop = ev_default_loop(get_config()->ev_loop_flags);

  auto pid = fork_worker_process(&ssv);

  if (pid == -1) {
    return -1;
  }

  ssv.worker_process_pid = pid;

  constexpr auto signals = std::array<int, 3>{
      {REOPEN_LOG_SIGNAL, EXEC_BINARY_SIGNAL, GRACEFUL_SHUTDOWN_SIGNAL}};
  auto sigevs = std::array<ev_signal, signals.size()>();

  for (size_t i = 0; i < signals.size(); ++i) {
    auto sigev = &sigevs[i];
    ev_signal_init(sigev, signal_cb, signals[i]);
    sigev->data = &ssv;
    ev_signal_start(loop, sigev);
  }

  ev_child worker_process_childev;
  ev_child_init(&worker_process_childev, worker_process_child_cb, pid, 0);
  worker_process_childev.data = nullptr;
  ev_child_start(loop, &worker_process_childev);

  // Write PID file when we are ready to accept connection from peer.
  // This makes easier to write restart script for nghttpx.  Because
  // when we know that PID file is recreated, it means we can send
  // QUIT signal to the old process to make it shutdown gracefully.
  if (!get_config()->pid_file.empty()) {
    save_pid();
  }

  ev_run(loop, 0);

  return 0;
}
} // namespace

namespace {
// Returns true if regular file or symbolic link |path| exists.
bool conf_exists(const char *path) {
  struct stat buf;
  int rv = stat(path, &buf);
  return rv == 0 && (buf.st_mode & (S_IFREG | S_IFLNK));
}
} // namespace

namespace {
constexpr auto DEFAULT_NPN_LIST = StringRef::from_lit("h2,h2-16,h2-14,"
#ifdef HAVE_SPDYLAY
                                                      "spdy/3.1,"
#endif // HAVE_SPDYLAY
                                                      "http/1.1");
} // namespace

namespace {
constexpr auto DEFAULT_TLS_PROTO_LIST = StringRef::from_lit("TLSv1.2,TLSv1.1");
} // namespace

namespace {
constexpr auto DEFAULT_ACCESSLOG_FORMAT = StringRef::from_lit(
    R"($remote_addr - - [$time_local] )"
    R"("$request" $status $body_bytes_sent )"
    R"("$http_referer" "$http_user_agent")");
} // namespace

namespace {
void fill_default_config() {
  *mod_config() = {};

  mod_config()->num_worker = 1;
  mod_config()->conf_path = "/etc/nghttpx/nghttpx.conf";
  mod_config()->pid = getpid();

  if (ev_supported_backends() & ~ev_recommended_backends() & EVBACKEND_KQUEUE) {
    mod_config()->ev_loop_flags = ev_recommended_backends() | EVBACKEND_KQUEUE;
  }

  auto &tlsconf = mod_config()->tls;
  {
    auto &ticketconf = tlsconf.ticket;
    {
      auto &memcachedconf = ticketconf.memcached;
      memcachedconf.max_retry = 3;
      memcachedconf.max_fail = 2;
      memcachedconf.interval = 10_min;
      memcachedconf.family = AF_UNSPEC;
    }

    auto &session_cacheconf = tlsconf.session_cache;
    {
      auto &memcachedconf = session_cacheconf.memcached;
      memcachedconf.family = AF_UNSPEC;
    }

    ticketconf.cipher = EVP_aes_128_cbc();
  }

  {
    auto &ocspconf = tlsconf.ocsp;
    // ocsp update interval = 14400 secs = 4 hours, borrowed from h2o
    ocspconf.update_interval = 4_h;
    ocspconf.fetch_ocsp_response_file = PKGDATADIR "/fetch-ocsp-response";
  }

  {
    auto &dyn_recconf = tlsconf.dyn_rec;
    dyn_recconf.warmup_threshold = 1_m;
    dyn_recconf.idle_timeout = 1_s;
  }

  tlsconf.session_timeout = std::chrono::hours(12);

  auto &httpconf = mod_config()->http;
  httpconf.server_name =
      StringRef::from_lit("nghttpx nghttp2/" NGHTTP2_VERSION);
  httpconf.no_host_rewrite = true;
  httpconf.request_header_field_buffer = 64_k;
  httpconf.max_request_header_fields = 100;
  httpconf.response_header_field_buffer = 64_k;
  httpconf.max_response_header_fields = 500;

  auto &http2conf = mod_config()->http2;
  {
    auto &upstreamconf = http2conf.upstream;

    {
      auto &timeoutconf = upstreamconf.timeout;
      timeoutconf.settings = 10_s;
    }

    // window bits for HTTP/2 and SPDY upstream connection per
    // stream. 2**16-1 = 64KiB-1, which is HTTP/2 default. Please note
    // that SPDY/3 default is 64KiB.
    upstreamconf.window_bits = 16;
    // HTTP/2 SPDY/3.1 has connection-level flow control. The default
    // window size for HTTP/2 is 64KiB - 1. SPDY/3's default is 64KiB
    upstreamconf.connection_window_bits = 16;
    upstreamconf.max_concurrent_streams = 100;

    nghttp2_option_new(&upstreamconf.option);
    nghttp2_option_set_no_auto_window_update(upstreamconf.option, 1);
    nghttp2_option_set_no_recv_client_magic(upstreamconf.option, 1);

    // For API endpoint, we enable automatic window update.  This is
    // because we are a sink.
    nghttp2_option_new(&upstreamconf.api_option);
    nghttp2_option_set_no_recv_client_magic(upstreamconf.api_option, 1);
  }

  {
    auto &downstreamconf = http2conf.downstream;

    {
      auto &timeoutconf = downstreamconf.timeout;
      timeoutconf.settings = 10_s;
    }

    downstreamconf.window_bits = 16;
    downstreamconf.connection_window_bits = 30;
    downstreamconf.max_concurrent_streams = 100;

    nghttp2_option_new(&downstreamconf.option);
    nghttp2_option_set_no_auto_window_update(downstreamconf.option, 1);
    nghttp2_option_set_peer_max_concurrent_streams(downstreamconf.option, 100);
  }

  auto &loggingconf = mod_config()->logging;
  {
    auto &accessconf = loggingconf.access;
    accessconf.format = parse_log_format(DEFAULT_ACCESSLOG_FORMAT);

    auto &errorconf = loggingconf.error;
    errorconf.file = "/dev/stderr";
  }

  loggingconf.syslog_facility = LOG_DAEMON;

  auto &connconf = mod_config()->conn;
  {
    auto &listenerconf = connconf.listener;
    {
      // Default accept() backlog
      listenerconf.backlog = 512;
      listenerconf.timeout.sleep = 30_s;
    }
  }

  {
    auto &upstreamconf = connconf.upstream;
    {
      auto &timeoutconf = upstreamconf.timeout;
      // Read timeout for HTTP2 upstream connection
      timeoutconf.http2_read = 3_min;

      // Read timeout for non-HTTP2 upstream connection
      timeoutconf.read = 1_min;

      // Write timeout for HTTP2/non-HTTP2 upstream connection
      timeoutconf.write = 30_s;
    }
  }

  {
    connconf.downstream = std::make_shared<DownstreamConfig>();
    auto &downstreamconf = *connconf.downstream;
    {
      auto &timeoutconf = downstreamconf.timeout;
      // Read/Write timeouts for downstream connection
      timeoutconf.read = 1_min;
      timeoutconf.write = 30_s;
      // Timeout for pooled (idle) connections
      timeoutconf.idle_read = 2_s;
    }

    downstreamconf.connections_per_host = 8;
    downstreamconf.request_buffer_size = 16_k;
    downstreamconf.response_buffer_size = 128_k;
    downstreamconf.family = AF_UNSPEC;
  }

  auto &apiconf = mod_config()->api;
  apiconf.max_request_body = 16_k;
}

} // namespace

namespace {
void print_version(std::ostream &out) {
  out << get_config()->http.server_name.c_str() << std::endl;
}
} // namespace

namespace {
void print_usage(std::ostream &out) {
  out << R"(Usage: nghttpx [OPTIONS]... [<PRIVATE_KEY> <CERT>]
A reverse proxy for HTTP/2, HTTP/1 and SPDY.)" << std::endl;
}
} // namespace

namespace {
void print_help(std::ostream &out) {
  print_usage(out);
  out << R"(
  <PRIVATE_KEY>
              Set  path  to  server's private  key.   Required  unless
              "no-tls" parameter is used in --frontend option.
  <CERT>      Set  path  to  server's  certificate.   Required  unless
              "no-tls"  parameter is  used in  --frontend option.   To
              make OCSP stapling work, this must be an absolute path.

Options:
  The options are categorized into several groups.

Connections:
  -b, --backend=(<HOST>,<PORT>|unix:<PATH>)[;[<PATTERN>[:...]][[;PARAM]...]

              Set  backend  host  and   port.   The  multiple  backend
              addresses are  accepted by repeating this  option.  UNIX
              domain socket  can be  specified by prefixing  path name
              with "unix:" (e.g., unix:/var/run/backend.sock).

              Optionally, if <PATTERN>s are given, the backend address
              is  only  used  if  request  matches  the  pattern.   If
              --http2-proxy  is  used,  <PATTERN>s are  ignored.   The
              pattern  matching is  closely  designed  to ServeMux  in
              net/http package of  Go programming language.  <PATTERN>
              consists of  path, host +  path or just host.   The path
              must start  with "/".  If  it ends with "/",  it matches
              all  request path  in  its subtree.   To  deal with  the
              request  to the  directory without  trailing slash,  the
              path which ends  with "/" also matches  the request path
              which  only  lacks  trailing  '/'  (e.g.,  path  "/foo/"
              matches request path  "/foo").  If it does  not end with
              "/", it  performs exact match against  the request path.
              If host  is given, it  performs exact match  against the
              request host.  If  host alone is given,  "/" is appended
              to it,  so that it  matches all request paths  under the
              host   (e.g.,   specifying   "nghttp2.org"   equals   to
              "nghttp2.org/").

              Patterns with  host take  precedence over  patterns with
              just path.   Then, longer patterns take  precedence over
              shorter ones.

              Host  can  include "*"  in  the  left most  position  to
              indicate  wildcard match  (only suffix  match is  done).
              The "*" must match at least one character.  For example,
              host    pattern    "*.nghttp2.org"    matches    against
              "www.nghttp2.org"  and  "git.ngttp2.org", but  does  not
              match  against  "nghttp2.org".   The exact  hosts  match
              takes precedence over the wildcard hosts match.

              If <PATTERN> is omitted or  empty string, "/" is used as
              pattern,  which  matches  all request  paths  (catch-all
              pattern).  The catch-all backend must be given.

              When doing  a match, nghttpx made  some normalization to
              pattern, request host and path.  For host part, they are
              converted to lower case.  For path part, percent-encoded
              unreserved characters  defined in RFC 3986  are decoded,
              and any  dot-segments (".."  and ".")   are resolved and
              removed.

              For   example,   -b'127.0.0.1,8080;nghttp2.org/httpbin/'
              matches the  request host "nghttp2.org" and  the request
              path "/httpbin/get", but does not match the request host
              "nghttp2.org" and the request path "/index.html".

              The  multiple <PATTERN>s  can  be specified,  delimiting
              them            by           ":".             Specifying
              -b'127.0.0.1,8080;nghttp2.org:www.nghttp2.org'  has  the
              same  effect  to specify  -b'127.0.0.1,8080;nghttp2.org'
              and -b'127.0.0.1,8080;www.nghttp2.org'.

              The backend addresses sharing same <PATTERN> are grouped
              together forming  load balancing  group.

              Several parameters <PARAM> are accepted after <PATTERN>.
              The  parameters are  delimited  by  ";".  The  available
              parameters       are:      "proto=<PROTO>",       "tls",
              "sni=<SNI_HOST>",     "fall=<N>",    "rise=<N>",     and
              "affinity=<METHOD>".  The parameter consists of keyword,
              and optionally followed by  "=" and value.  For example,
              the parameter "proto=h2" consists of the keyword "proto"
              and  value "h2".   The parameter  "tls" consists  of the
              keyword   "tls"  without   value.   Each   parameter  is
              described as follows.

              The backend application protocol  can be specified using
              optional  "proto"   parameter,  and   in  the   form  of
              "proto=<PROTO>".  <PROTO> should be one of the following
              list  without  quotes:  "h2", "http/1.1".   The  default
              value of <PROTO> is  "http/1.1".  Note that usually "h2"
              refers to HTTP/2  over TLS.  But in this  option, it may
              mean HTTP/2  over cleartext TCP unless  "tls" keyword is
              used (see below).

              TLS  can   be  enabled  by  specifying   optional  "tls"
              parameter.  TLS is not enabled by default.

              With "sni=<SNI_HOST>" parameter, it can override the TLS
              SNI  field  value  with  given  <SNI_HOST>.   This  will
              default to the backend <HOST> name

              The  feature  to detect  whether  backend  is online  or
              offline can be enabled  using optional "fall" and "rise"
              parameters.   Using  "fall=<N>"  parameter,  if  nghttpx
              cannot connect  to a  this backend <N>  times in  a row,
              this  backend  is  assumed  to be  offline,  and  it  is
              excluded from load balancing.  If <N> is 0, this backend
              never  be excluded  from load  balancing whatever  times
              nghttpx cannot connect  to it, and this  is the default.
              There is  also "rise=<N>" parameter.  After  backend was
              excluded from load balancing group, nghttpx periodically
              attempts to make a connection to the failed backend, and
              if the  connection is made  successfully <N> times  in a
              row, the backend is assumed to  be online, and it is now
              eligible  for load  balancing target.   If <N>  is 0,  a
              backend  is permanently  offline, once  it goes  in that
              state, and this is the default behaviour.

              The     session     affinity    is     enabled     using
              "affinity=<METHOD>"  parameter.   If  "ip" is  given  in
              <METHOD>, client  IP based session affinity  is enabled.
              If  "none" is  given  in <METHOD>,  session affinity  is
              disabled, and this is the default.  The session affinity
              is enabled per  <PATTERN>.  If at least  one backend has
              "affinity" parameter,  and its  <METHOD> is  not "none",
              session  affinity is  enabled  for  all backend  servers
              sharing  the  same  <PATTERN>.   It is  advised  to  set
              "affinity"  parameter  to   all  backend  explicitly  if
              session affinity  is desired.  The session  affinity may
              break if one of the backend gets unreachable, or backend
              settings are reload or replaced by API.

              Since ";" and ":" are  used as delimiter, <PATTERN> must
              not  contain these  characters.  Since  ";" has  special
              meaning in shell, the option value must be quoted.

              Default: )" << DEFAULT_DOWNSTREAM_HOST << ","
      << DEFAULT_DOWNSTREAM_PORT << R"(
  -f, --frontend=(<HOST>,<PORT>|unix:<PATH>)[;no-tls]
              Set  frontend  host and  port.   If  <HOST> is  '*',  it
              assumes  all addresses  including  both  IPv4 and  IPv6.
              UNIX domain  socket can  be specified by  prefixing path
              name  with  "unix:" (e.g.,  unix:/var/run/nghttpx.sock).
              This  option can  be used  multiple times  to listen  to
              multiple addresses.

              Optionally, TLS  can be disabled by  specifying "no-tls"
              parameter.  TLS is enabled by default.

              To  make this  frontend as  API endpoint,  specify "api"
              parameter.   This   is  disabled  by  default.    It  is
              important  to  limit the  access  to  the API  frontend.
              Otherwise, someone  may change  the backend  server, and
              break your services,  or expose confidential information
              to the outside the world.

              Default: *,3000
  --backlog=<N>
              Set listen backlog size.
              Default: )" << get_config()->conn.listener.backlog << R"(
  --backend-address-family=(auto|IPv4|IPv6)
              Specify  address  family  of  backend  connections.   If
              "auto" is given, both IPv4  and IPv6 are considered.  If
              "IPv4" is  given, only  IPv4 address is  considered.  If
              "IPv6" is given, only IPv6 address is considered.
              Default: auto
  --backend-http-proxy-uri=<URI>
              Specify      proxy       URI      in       the      form
              http://[<USER>:<PASS>@]<PROXY>:<PORT>.    If   a   proxy
              requires  authentication,  specify  <USER>  and  <PASS>.
              Note that  they must be properly  percent-encoded.  This
              proxy  is used  when the  backend connection  is HTTP/2.
              First,  make  a CONNECT  request  to  the proxy  and  it
              connects  to the  backend  on behalf  of nghttpx.   This
              forms  tunnel.   After  that, nghttpx  performs  SSL/TLS
              handshake with  the downstream through the  tunnel.  The
              timeouts when connecting and  making CONNECT request can
              be     specified    by     --backend-read-timeout    and
              --backend-write-timeout options.
  --accept-proxy-protocol
              Accept PROXY protocol version 1 on frontend connection.

Performance:
  -n, --workers=<N>
              Set the number of worker threads.
              Default: )" << get_config()->num_worker << R"(
  --read-rate=<SIZE>
              Set maximum  average read  rate on  frontend connection.
              Setting 0 to this option means read rate is unlimited.
              Default: )" << get_config()->conn.upstream.ratelimit.read.rate
      << R"(
  --read-burst=<SIZE>
              Set  maximum read  burst  size  on frontend  connection.
              Setting  0  to this  option  means  read burst  size  is
              unlimited.
              Default: )" << get_config()->conn.upstream.ratelimit.read.burst
      << R"(
  --write-rate=<SIZE>
              Set maximum  average write rate on  frontend connection.
              Setting 0 to this option means write rate is unlimited.
              Default: )" << get_config()->conn.upstream.ratelimit.write.rate
      << R"(
  --write-burst=<SIZE>
              Set  maximum write  burst size  on frontend  connection.
              Setting  0 to  this  option means  write  burst size  is
              unlimited.
              Default: )" << get_config()->conn.upstream.ratelimit.write.burst
      << R"(
  --worker-read-rate=<SIZE>
              Set maximum average read rate on frontend connection per
              worker.  Setting  0 to  this option  means read  rate is
              unlimited.  Not implemented yet.
              Default: 0
  --worker-read-burst=<SIZE>
              Set maximum  read burst size on  frontend connection per
              worker.  Setting 0 to this  option means read burst size
              is unlimited.  Not implemented yet.
              Default: 0
  --worker-write-rate=<SIZE>
              Set maximum  average write  rate on  frontend connection
              per worker.  Setting  0 to this option  means write rate
              is unlimited.  Not implemented yet.
              Default: 0
  --worker-write-burst=<SIZE>
              Set maximum write burst  size on frontend connection per
              worker.  Setting 0 to this option means write burst size
              is unlimited.  Not implemented yet.
              Default: 0
  --worker-frontend-connections=<N>
              Set maximum number  of simultaneous connections frontend
              accepts.  Setting 0 means unlimited.
              Default: )" << get_config()->conn.upstream.worker_connections
      << R"(
  --backend-connections-per-host=<N>
              Set  maximum number  of  backend concurrent  connections
              (and/or  streams in  case  of HTTP/2)  per origin  host.
              This option  is meaningful when --http2-proxy  option is
              used.   The  origin  host  is  determined  by  authority
              portion of  request URI (or :authority  header field for
              HTTP/2).   To  limit  the   number  of  connections  per
              frontend        for       default        mode,       use
              --backend-connections-per-frontend.
              Default: )" << get_config()->conn.downstream->connections_per_host
      << R"(
  --backend-connections-per-frontend=<N>
              Set  maximum number  of  backend concurrent  connections
              (and/or streams  in case of HTTP/2)  per frontend.  This
              option  is   only  used  for  default   mode.   0  means
              unlimited.  To limit the  number of connections per host
              with          --http2-proxy         option,          use
              --backend-connections-per-host.
              Default: )"
      << get_config()->conn.downstream->connections_per_frontend << R"(
  --rlimit-nofile=<N>
              Set maximum number of open files (RLIMIT_NOFILE) to <N>.
              If 0 is given, nghttpx does not set the limit.
              Default: )" << get_config()->rlimit_nofile << R"(
  --backend-request-buffer=<SIZE>
              Set buffer size used to store backend request.
              Default: )"
      << util::utos_unit(get_config()->conn.downstream->request_buffer_size)
      << R"(
  --backend-response-buffer=<SIZE>
              Set buffer size used to store backend response.
              Default: )"
      << util::utos_unit(get_config()->conn.downstream->response_buffer_size)
      << R"(
  --fastopen=<N>
              Enables  "TCP Fast  Open" for  the listening  socket and
              limits the  maximum length for the  queue of connections
              that have not yet completed the three-way handshake.  If
              value is 0 then fast open is disabled.
              Default: )" << get_config()->conn.listener.fastopen << R"(
  --no-kqueue Don't use  kqueue.  This  option is only  applicable for
              the platforms  which have kqueue.  For  other platforms,
              this option will be simply ignored.

Timeout:
  --frontend-http2-read-timeout=<DURATION>
              Specify  read  timeout  for  HTTP/2  and  SPDY  frontend
              connection.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->conn.upstream.timeout.http2_read)
      << R"(
  --frontend-read-timeout=<DURATION>
              Specify read timeout for HTTP/1.1 frontend connection.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->conn.upstream.timeout.read) << R"(
  --frontend-write-timeout=<DURATION>
              Specify write timeout for all frontend connections.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->conn.upstream.timeout.write) << R"(
  --stream-read-timeout=<DURATION>
              Specify  read timeout  for HTTP/2  and SPDY  streams.  0
              means no timeout.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->http2.timeout.stream_read) << R"(
  --stream-write-timeout=<DURATION>
              Specify write  timeout for  HTTP/2 and SPDY  streams.  0
              means no timeout.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->http2.timeout.stream_write) << R"(
  --backend-read-timeout=<DURATION>
              Specify read timeout for backend connection.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->conn.downstream->timeout.read) << R"(
  --backend-write-timeout=<DURATION>
              Specify write timeout for backend connection.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->conn.downstream->timeout.write) << R"(
  --backend-keep-alive-timeout=<DURATION>
              Specify keep-alive timeout for backend connection.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->conn.downstream->timeout.idle_read)
      << R"(
  --listener-disable-timeout=<DURATION>
              After accepting  connection failed,  connection listener
              is disabled  for a given  amount of time.   Specifying 0
              disables this feature.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->conn.listener.timeout.sleep) << R"(
  --frontend-http2-setting-timeout=<DURATION>
              Specify  timeout before  SETTINGS ACK  is received  from
              client.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->http2.upstream.timeout.settings)
      << R"(
  --backend-http2-settings-timeout=<DURATION>
              Specify  timeout before  SETTINGS ACK  is received  from
              backend server.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->http2.downstream.timeout.settings)
      << R"(

SSL/TLS:
  --ciphers=<SUITE>
              Set allowed  cipher list.  The  format of the  string is
              described in OpenSSL ciphers(1).
  -k, --insecure
              Don't  verify backend  server's  certificate  if TLS  is
              enabled for backend connections.
  --cacert=<PATH>
              Set path to trusted CA  certificate file used in backend
              TLS connections.   The file must  be in PEM  format.  It
              can  contain  multiple   certificates.   If  the  linked
              OpenSSL is configured to  load system wide certificates,
              they are loaded at startup regardless of this option.
  --private-key-passwd-file=<PATH>
              Path  to file  that contains  password for  the server's
              private key.   If none is  given and the private  key is
              password protected it'll be requested interactively.
  --subcert=<KEYPATH>:<CERTPATH>
              Specify  additional certificate  and  private key  file.
              nghttpx will  choose certificates based on  the hostname
              indicated  by  client  using TLS  SNI  extension.   This
              option  can  be  used  multiple  times.   To  make  OCSP
              stapling work, <CERTPATH> must be absolute path.
  --dh-param-file=<PATH>
              Path to file that contains  DH parameters in PEM format.
              Without  this   option,  DHE   cipher  suites   are  not
              available.
  --npn-list=<LIST>
              Comma delimited list of  ALPN protocol identifier sorted
              in the  order of preference.  That  means most desirable
              protocol comes  first.  This  is used  in both  ALPN and
              NPN.  The parameter must be  delimited by a single comma
              only  and any  white spaces  are  treated as  a part  of
              protocol string.
              Default: )" << DEFAULT_NPN_LIST << R"(
  --verify-client
              Require and verify client certificate.
  --verify-client-cacert=<PATH>
              Path  to file  that contains  CA certificates  to verify
              client certificate.  The file must be in PEM format.  It
              can contain multiple certificates.
  --client-private-key-file=<PATH>
              Path to  file that contains  client private key  used in
              backend client authentication.
  --client-cert-file=<PATH>
              Path to  file that  contains client certificate  used in
              backend client authentication.
  --tls-proto-list=<LIST>
              Comma delimited list of  SSL/TLS protocol to be enabled.
              The following protocols  are available: TLSv1.2, TLSv1.1
              and   TLSv1.0.    The   name   matching   is   done   in
              case-insensitive   manner.    The  parameter   must   be
              delimited by  a single comma  only and any  white spaces
              are  treated  as a  part  of  protocol string.   If  the
              protocol list advertised by client does not overlap this
              list,  you  will  receive  the  error  message  "unknown
              protocol".
              Default: )" << DEFAULT_TLS_PROTO_LIST << R"(
  --tls-ticket-key-file=<PATH>
              Path to file that contains  random data to construct TLS
              session ticket  parameters.  If aes-128-cbc is  given in
              --tls-ticket-key-cipher, the  file must  contain exactly
              48    bytes.     If     aes-256-cbc    is    given    in
              --tls-ticket-key-cipher, the  file must  contain exactly
              80  bytes.   This  options  can be  used  repeatedly  to
              specify  multiple ticket  parameters.  If  several files
              are given,  only the  first key is  used to  encrypt TLS
              session  tickets.  Other  keys are  accepted but  server
              will  issue new  session  ticket with  first key.   This
              allows  session  key  rotation.  Please  note  that  key
              rotation  does  not  occur automatically.   User  should
              rearrange  files or  change options  values and  restart
              nghttpx gracefully.   If opening  or reading  given file
              fails, all loaded  keys are discarded and  it is treated
              as if none  of this option is given.  If  this option is
              not given or an error  occurred while opening or reading
              a file,  key is  generated every  1 hour  internally and
              they are  valid for  12 hours.   This is  recommended if
              ticket  key sharing  between  nghttpx  instances is  not
              required.
  --tls-ticket-key-memcached=<HOST>,<PORT>[;tls]
              Specify address  of memcached  server to get  TLS ticket
              keys for  session resumption.   This enables  shared TLS
              ticket key between  multiple nghttpx instances.  nghttpx
              does not set TLS ticket  key to memcached.  The external
              ticket key generator is required.  nghttpx just gets TLS
              ticket  keys  from  memcached, and  use  them,  possibly
              replacing current set  of keys.  It is up  to extern TLS
              ticket  key generator  to rotate  keys frequently.   See
              "TLS SESSION  TICKET RESUMPTION" section in  manual page
              to know the data format in memcached entry.  Optionally,
              memcached  connection  can  be  encrypted  with  TLS  by
              specifying "tls" parameter.
  --tls-ticket-key-memcached-address-family=(auto|IPv4|IPv6)
              Specify address  family of memcached connections  to get
              TLS ticket keys.  If "auto" is given, both IPv4 and IPv6
              are considered.   If "IPv4" is given,  only IPv4 address
              is considered.  If "IPv6" is given, only IPv6 address is
              considered.
              Default: auto
  --tls-ticket-key-memcached-interval=<DURATION>
              Set interval to get TLS ticket keys from memcached.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->tls.ticket.memcached.interval) << R"(
  --tls-ticket-key-memcached-max-retry=<N>
              Set  maximum   number  of  consecutive   retries  before
              abandoning TLS ticket key  retrieval.  If this number is
              reached,  the  attempt  is considered  as  failure,  and
              "failure" count  is incremented by 1,  which contributed
              to            the            value            controlled
              --tls-ticket-key-memcached-max-fail option.
              Default: )" << get_config()->tls.ticket.memcached.max_retry << R"(
  --tls-ticket-key-memcached-max-fail=<N>
              Set  maximum   number  of  consecutive   failure  before
              disabling TLS ticket until next scheduled key retrieval.
              Default: )" << get_config()->tls.ticket.memcached.max_fail << R"(
  --tls-ticket-key-cipher=<CIPHER>
              Specify cipher  to encrypt TLS session  ticket.  Specify
              either   aes-128-cbc   or  aes-256-cbc.    By   default,
              aes-128-cbc is used.
  --tls-ticket-key-memcached-cert-file=<PATH>
              Path to client certificate  for memcached connections to
              get TLS ticket keys.
  --tls-ticket-key-memcached-private-key-file=<PATH>
              Path to client private  key for memcached connections to
              get TLS ticket keys.
  --fetch-ocsp-response-file=<PATH>
              Path to  fetch-ocsp-response script file.  It  should be
              absolute path.
              Default: )" << get_config()->tls.ocsp.fetch_ocsp_response_file
      << R"(
  --ocsp-update-interval=<DURATION>
              Set interval to update OCSP response cache.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->tls.ocsp.update_interval) << R"(
  --no-ocsp   Disable OCSP stapling.
  --tls-session-cache-memcached=<HOST>,<PORT>[;tls]
              Specify  address of  memcached server  to store  session
              cache.   This  enables   shared  session  cache  between
              multiple   nghttpx  instances.    Optionally,  memcached
              connection can be encrypted with TLS by specifying "tls"
              parameter.
  --tls-session-cache-memcached-address-family=(auto|IPv4|IPv6)
              Specify address family of memcached connections to store
              session cache.  If  "auto" is given, both  IPv4 and IPv6
              are considered.   If "IPv4" is given,  only IPv4 address
              is considered.  If "IPv6" is given, only IPv6 address is
              considered.
              Default: auto
  --tls-session-cache-memcached-cert-file=<PATH>
              Path to client certificate  for memcached connections to
              store session cache.
  --tls-session-cache-memcached-private-key-file=<PATH>
              Path to client private  key for memcached connections to
              store session cache.
  --tls-dyn-rec-warmup-threshold=<SIZE>
              Specify the  threshold size for TLS  dynamic record size
              behaviour.  During  a TLS  session, after  the threshold
              number of bytes  have been written, the  TLS record size
              will be increased to the maximum allowed (16K).  The max
              record size will  continue to be used on  the active TLS
              session.  After  --tls-dyn-rec-idle-timeout has elapsed,
              the record size is reduced  to 1300 bytes.  Specify 0 to
              always use  the maximum record size,  regardless of idle
              period.   This  behaviour  applies   to  all  TLS  based
              frontends, and TLS HTTP/2 backends.
              Default: )"
      << util::utos_unit(get_config()->tls.dyn_rec.warmup_threshold) << R"(
  --tls-dyn-rec-idle-timeout=<DURATION>
              Specify TLS dynamic record  size behaviour timeout.  See
              --tls-dyn-rec-warmup-threshold  for   more  information.
              This behaviour  applies to all TLS  based frontends, and
              TLS HTTP/2 backends.
              Default: )"
      << util::duration_str(get_config()->tls.dyn_rec.idle_timeout) << R"(
  --no-http2-cipher-black-list
              Allow black  listed cipher  suite on  HTTP/2 connection.
              See  https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7540#appendix-A  for
              the complete HTTP/2 cipher suites black list.

HTTP/2 and SPDY:
  -c, --frontend-http2-max-concurrent-streams=<N>
              Set the maximum number of  the concurrent streams in one
              frontend HTTP/2 and SPDY session.
              Default:  )"
      << get_config()->http2.upstream.max_concurrent_streams << R"(
  --backend-http2-max-concurrent-streams=<N>
              Set the maximum number of  the concurrent streams in one
              backend  HTTP/2 session.   This sets  maximum number  of
              concurrent opened pushed streams.  The maximum number of
              concurrent requests are set by a remote server.
              Default: )"
      << get_config()->http2.downstream.max_concurrent_streams << R"(
  --frontend-http2-window-bits=<N>
              Sets the  per-stream initial window size  of HTTP/2 SPDY
              frontend connection.  For HTTP/2,  the size is 2**<N>-1.
              For SPDY, the size is 2**<N>.
              Default: )" << get_config()->http2.upstream.window_bits << R"(
  --frontend-http2-connection-window-bits=<N>
              Sets the  per-connection window size of  HTTP/2 and SPDY
              frontend   connection.    For   HTTP/2,  the   size   is
              2**<N>-1. For SPDY, the size is 2**<N>.
              Default: )" << get_config()->http2.upstream.connection_window_bits
      << R"(
  --backend-http2-window-bits=<N>
              Sets  the   initial  window   size  of   HTTP/2  backend
              connection to 2**<N>-1.
              Default: )" << get_config()->http2.downstream.window_bits << R"(
  --backend-http2-connection-window-bits=<N>
              Sets the  per-connection window  size of  HTTP/2 backend
              connection to 2**<N>-1.
              Default: )"
      << get_config()->http2.downstream.connection_window_bits << R"(
  --http2-no-cookie-crumbling
              Don't crumble cookie header field.
  --padding=<N>
              Add  at most  <N> bytes  to  a HTTP/2  frame payload  as
              padding.  Specify 0 to  disable padding.  This option is
              meant for debugging purpose  and not intended to enhance
              protocol security.
  --no-server-push
              Disable HTTP/2 server push.  Server push is supported by
              default mode and HTTP/2  frontend via Link header field.
              It is  also supported if  both frontend and  backend are
              HTTP/2 in default mode.  In  this case, server push from
              backend session is relayed  to frontend, and server push
              via Link header field  is also supported.  SPDY frontend
              does not support server push.

Mode:
  (default mode)
              Accept HTTP/2, SPDY and HTTP/1.1 over SSL/TLS.  "no-tls"
              parameter is  used in  --frontend option,  accept HTTP/2
              and HTTP/1.1 over cleartext  TCP.  The incoming HTTP/1.1
              connection  can  be  upgraded  to  HTTP/2  through  HTTP
              Upgrade.
  -s, --http2-proxy
              Like default mode, but enable forward proxy.  This is so
              called HTTP/2 proxy mode.

Logging:
  -L, --log-level=<LEVEL>
              Set the severity  level of log output.   <LEVEL> must be
              one of INFO, NOTICE, WARN, ERROR and FATAL.
              Default: NOTICE
  --accesslog-file=<PATH>
              Set path to write access log.  To reopen file, send USR1
              signal to nghttpx.
  --accesslog-syslog
              Send  access log  to syslog.   If this  option is  used,
              --accesslog-file option is ignored.
  --accesslog-format=<FORMAT>
              Specify  format  string  for access  log.   The  default
              format is combined format.   The following variables are
              available:

              * $remote_addr: client IP address.
              * $time_local: local time in Common Log format.
              * $time_iso8601: local time in ISO 8601 format.
              * $request: HTTP request line.
              * $status: HTTP response status code.
              * $body_bytes_sent: the  number of bytes sent  to client
                as response body.
              * $http_<VAR>: value of HTTP  request header <VAR> where
                '_' in <VAR> is replaced with '-'.
              * $remote_port: client  port.
              * $server_port: server port.
              * $request_time: request processing time in seconds with
                milliseconds resolution.
              * $pid: PID of the running process.
              * $alpn: ALPN identifier of the protocol which generates
                the response.   For HTTP/1,  ALPN is  always http/1.1,
                regardless of minor version.
              * $ssl_cipher: cipher used for SSL/TLS connection.
              * $ssl_protocol: protocol for SSL/TLS connection.
              * $ssl_session_id: session ID for SSL/TLS connection.
              * $ssl_session_reused:  "r"   if  SSL/TLS   session  was
                reused.  Otherwise, "."

              The  variable  can  be  enclosed  by  "{"  and  "}"  for
              disambiguation (e.g., ${remote_addr}).

              Default: )" << DEFAULT_ACCESSLOG_FORMAT << R"(
  --errorlog-file=<PATH>
              Set path to write error  log.  To reopen file, send USR1
              signal  to nghttpx.   stderr will  be redirected  to the
              error log file unless --errorlog-syslog is used.
              Default: )" << get_config()->logging.error.file << R"(
  --errorlog-syslog
              Send  error log  to  syslog.  If  this  option is  used,
              --errorlog-file option is ignored.
  --syslog-facility=<FACILITY>
              Set syslog facility to <FACILITY>.
              Default: )"
      << str_syslog_facility(get_config()->logging.syslog_facility) << R"(

HTTP:
  --add-x-forwarded-for
              Append  X-Forwarded-For header  field to  the downstream
              request.
  --strip-incoming-x-forwarded-for
              Strip X-Forwarded-For  header field from  inbound client
              requests.
  --add-forwarded=<LIST>
              Append RFC  7239 Forwarded header field  with parameters
              specified in comma delimited list <LIST>.  The supported
              parameters  are "by",  "for", "host",  and "proto".   By
              default,  the value  of  "by" and  "for" parameters  are
              obfuscated     string.     See     --forwarded-by    and
              --forwarded-for options respectively.  Note that nghttpx
              does  not  translate non-standard  X-Forwarded-*  header
              fields into Forwarded header field, and vice versa.
  --strip-incoming-forwarded
              Strip  Forwarded   header  field  from   inbound  client
              requests.
  --forwarded-by=(obfuscated|ip|<VALUE>)
              Specify the parameter value sent out with "by" parameter
              of Forwarded  header field.   If "obfuscated"  is given,
              the string is randomly generated at startup.  If "ip" is
              given,   the  interface   address  of   the  connection,
              including port number, is  sent with "by" parameter.  In
              case of UNIX domain  socket, "localhost" is used instead
              of address and  port.  User can also  specify the static
              obfuscated string.  The limitation is that it must start
              with   "_",  and   only   consists   of  character   set
              [A-Za-z0-9._-], as described in RFC 7239.
              Default: obfuscated
  --forwarded-for=(obfuscated|ip)
              Specify  the   parameter  value  sent  out   with  "for"
              parameter of Forwarded header field.  If "obfuscated" is
              given, the string is  randomly generated for each client
              connection.  If "ip" is given, the remote client address
              of  the connection,  without port  number, is  sent with
              "for"  parameter.   In  case   of  UNIX  domain  socket,
              "localhost" is used instead of address.
              Default: obfuscated
  --no-via    Don't append to  Via header field.  If  Via header field
              is received, it is left unaltered.
  --no-location-rewrite
              Don't  rewrite location  header field  in default  mode.
              When --http2-proxy  is used, location header  field will
              not be altered regardless of this option.
  --host-rewrite
              Rewrite  host and  :authority header  fields in  default
              mode.  When  --http2-proxy is  used, these  headers will
              not be altered regardless of this option.
  --altsvc=<PROTOID,PORT[,HOST,[ORIGIN]]>
              Specify   protocol  ID,   port,  host   and  origin   of
              alternative service.  <HOST>  and <ORIGIN> are optional.
              They  are advertised  in  alt-svc header  field only  in
              HTTP/1.1  frontend.  This  option can  be used  multiple
              times   to   specify  multiple   alternative   services.
              Example: --altsvc=h2,443
  --add-request-header=<HEADER>
              Specify additional header field to add to request header
              set.  This  option just  appends header field  and won't
              replace anything  already set.  This option  can be used
              several  times   to  specify  multiple   header  fields.
              Example: --add-request-header="foo: bar"
  --add-response-header=<HEADER>
              Specify  additional  header  field to  add  to  response
              header set.   This option just appends  header field and
              won't replace anything already  set.  This option can be
              used several  times to  specify multiple  header fields.
              Example: --add-response-header="foo: bar"
  --request-header-field-buffer=<SIZE>
              Set maximum buffer size for incoming HTTP request header
              field list.  This is the sum of header name and value in
              bytes.   If  trailer  fields  exist,  they  are  counted
              towards this number.
              Default: )"
      << util::utos_unit(get_config()->http.request_header_field_buffer) << R"(
  --max-request-header-fields=<N>
              Set  maximum  number  of incoming  HTTP  request  header
              fields.   If  trailer  fields exist,  they  are  counted
              towards this number.
              Default: )" << get_config()->http.max_request_header_fields << R"(
  --response-header-field-buffer=<SIZE>
              Set  maximum  buffer  size for  incoming  HTTP  response
              header field list.   This is the sum of  header name and
              value  in  bytes.  If  trailer  fields  exist, they  are
              counted towards this number.
              Default: )"
      << util::utos_unit(get_config()->http.response_header_field_buffer) << R"(
  --max-response-header-fields=<N>
              Set  maximum number  of  incoming  HTTP response  header
              fields.   If  trailer  fields exist,  they  are  counted
              towards this number.
              Default: )" << get_config()->http.max_response_header_fields
      << R"(
  --error-page=(<CODE>|*)=<PATH>
              Set file path  to custom error page  served when nghttpx
              originally  generates  HTTP  error status  code  <CODE>.
              <CODE> must be greater than or equal to 400, and at most
              599.  If "*"  is used instead of <CODE>,  it matches all
              HTTP  status  code.  If  error  status  code comes  from
              backend server, the custom error pages are not used.

API:
  --api-max-request-body=<SIZE>
              Set the maximum size of request body for API request.
              Default: )" << util::utos_unit(get_config()->api.max_request_body)
      << R"(

Debug:
  --frontend-http2-dump-request-header=<PATH>
              Dumps request headers received by HTTP/2 frontend to the
              file denoted  in <PATH>.  The  output is done  in HTTP/1
              header field format and each header block is followed by
              an empty line.  This option  is not thread safe and MUST
              NOT be used with option -n<N>, where <N> >= 2.
  --frontend-http2-dump-response-header=<PATH>
              Dumps response headers sent  from HTTP/2 frontend to the
              file denoted  in <PATH>.  The  output is done  in HTTP/1
              header field format and each header block is followed by
              an empty line.  This option  is not thread safe and MUST
              NOT be used with option -n<N>, where <N> >= 2.
  -o, --frontend-frame-debug
              Print HTTP/2 frames in  frontend to stderr.  This option
              is  not thread  safe and  MUST NOT  be used  with option
              -n=N, where N >= 2.

Process:
  -D, --daemon
              Run in a background.  If -D is used, the current working
              directory is changed to '/'.
  --pid-file=<PATH>
              Set path to save PID of this program.
  --user=<USER>
              Run this program as <USER>.   This option is intended to
              be used to drop root privileges.

Scripting:
  --mruby-file=<PATH>
              Set mruby script file

Misc:
  --conf=<PATH>
              Load configuration from <PATH>.
              Default: )" << get_config()->conf_path << R"(
  --include=<PATH>
              Load additional configurations from <PATH>.  File <PATH>
              is  read  when  configuration  parser  encountered  this
              option.  This option can be used multiple times, or even
              recursively.
  -v, --version
              Print version and exit.
  -h, --help  Print this help and exit.

--

  The <SIZE> argument is an integer and an optional unit (e.g., 10K is
  10 * 1024).  Units are K, M and G (powers of 1024).

  The <DURATION> argument is an integer and an optional unit (e.g., 1s
  is 1 second and 500ms is 500 milliseconds).  Units are h, m, s or ms
  (hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds, respectively).  If a unit
  is omitted, a second is used as unit.)" << std::endl;
}
} // namespace

namespace {
void process_options(int argc, char **argv,
                     std::vector<std::pair<StringRef, StringRef>> &cmdcfgs) {
  if (conf_exists(get_config()->conf_path.c_str())) {
    std::set<StringRef> include_set;
    if (load_config(get_config()->conf_path.c_str(), include_set) == -1) {
      LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to load configuration from "
                 << get_config()->conf_path;
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    assert(include_set.empty());
  }

  if (argc - optind >= 2) {
    cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE, StringRef{argv[optind++]});
    cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_CERTIFICATE_FILE, StringRef{argv[optind++]});
  }

  // Reopen log files using configurations in file
  reopen_log_files();

  {
    std::set<StringRef> include_set;

    for (auto &p : cmdcfgs) {
      if (parse_config(mod_config(), p.first, p.second, include_set) == -1) {
        LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to parse command-line argument.";
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      }
    }

    assert(include_set.empty());
  }

  auto &loggingconf = get_config()->logging;

  if (loggingconf.access.syslog || loggingconf.error.syslog) {
    openlog("nghttpx", LOG_NDELAY | LOG_NOWAIT | LOG_PID,
            loggingconf.syslog_facility);
  }

  if (reopen_log_files() != 0) {
    LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to open log file";
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  redirect_stderr_to_errorlog();

  if (get_config()->uid != 0) {
    if (log_config()->accesslog_fd != -1 &&
        fchown(log_config()->accesslog_fd, get_config()->uid,
               get_config()->gid) == -1) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(WARN) << "Changing owner of access log file failed: "
                << strerror(error);
    }
    if (log_config()->errorlog_fd != -1 &&
        fchown(log_config()->errorlog_fd, get_config()->uid,
               get_config()->gid) == -1) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(WARN) << "Changing owner of error log file failed: "
                << strerror(error);
    }
  }

  auto &http2conf = mod_config()->http2;
  {
    auto &dumpconf = http2conf.upstream.debug.dump;

    if (!dumpconf.request_header_file.empty()) {
      auto path = dumpconf.request_header_file.c_str();
      auto f = open_file_for_write(path);

      if (f == nullptr) {
        LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to open http2 upstream request header file: "
                   << path;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      }

      dumpconf.request_header = f;

      if (get_config()->uid != 0) {
        if (chown_to_running_user(path) == -1) {
          auto error = errno;
          LOG(WARN) << "Changing owner of http2 upstream request header file "
                    << path << " failed: " << strerror(error);
        }
      }
    }

    if (!dumpconf.response_header_file.empty()) {
      auto path = dumpconf.response_header_file.c_str();
      auto f = open_file_for_write(path);

      if (f == nullptr) {
        LOG(FATAL) << "Failed to open http2 upstream response header file: "
                   << path;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      }

      dumpconf.response_header = f;

      if (get_config()->uid != 0) {
        if (chown_to_running_user(path) == -1) {
          auto error = errno;
          LOG(WARN) << "Changing owner of http2 upstream response header file"
                    << " " << path << " failed: " << strerror(error);
        }
      }
    }
  }

  auto &tlsconf = mod_config()->tls;

  if (tlsconf.npn_list.empty()) {
    tlsconf.npn_list = util::parse_config_str_list(DEFAULT_NPN_LIST);
  }
  if (tlsconf.tls_proto_list.empty()) {
    tlsconf.tls_proto_list =
        util::parse_config_str_list(DEFAULT_TLS_PROTO_LIST);
  }

  tlsconf.tls_proto_mask = ssl::create_tls_proto_mask(tlsconf.tls_proto_list);

  tlsconf.alpn_prefs = ssl::set_alpn_prefs(tlsconf.npn_list);

  tlsconf.bio_method = create_bio_method();

  auto &listenerconf = mod_config()->conn.listener;
  auto &upstreamconf = mod_config()->conn.upstream;

  if (listenerconf.addrs.empty()) {
    UpstreamAddr addr{};
    addr.host = "*";
    addr.port = 3000;
    addr.tls = true;
    addr.family = AF_INET;
    listenerconf.addrs.push_back(addr);
    addr.family = AF_INET6;
    listenerconf.addrs.push_back(std::move(addr));
  }

  if (upstreamconf.worker_connections == 0) {
    upstreamconf.worker_connections = std::numeric_limits<size_t>::max();
  }

  if (ssl::upstream_tls_enabled() &&
      (tlsconf.private_key_file.empty() || tlsconf.cert_file.empty())) {
    print_usage(std::cerr);
    LOG(FATAL) << "Too few arguments";
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  if (ssl::upstream_tls_enabled() && !tlsconf.ocsp.disabled) {
    struct stat buf;
    if (stat(tlsconf.ocsp.fetch_ocsp_response_file.c_str(), &buf) != 0) {
      tlsconf.ocsp.disabled = true;
      LOG(WARN) << "--fetch-ocsp-response-file: "
                << tlsconf.ocsp.fetch_ocsp_response_file
                << " not found.  OCSP stapling has been disabled.";
    }
  }

  if (configure_downstream_group(mod_config(), get_config()->http2_proxy, false,
                                 tlsconf) != 0) {
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  auto &proxy = mod_config()->downstream_http_proxy;
  if (!proxy.host.empty()) {
    auto hostport = util::make_hostport(StringRef{proxy.host}, proxy.port);
    if (resolve_hostname(&proxy.addr, proxy.host.c_str(), proxy.port,
                         AF_UNSPEC) == -1) {
      LOG(FATAL) << "Resolving backend HTTP proxy address failed: " << hostport;
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    LOG(NOTICE) << "Backend HTTP proxy address: " << hostport << " -> "
                << util::to_numeric_addr(&proxy.addr);
  }

  {
    auto &memcachedconf = tlsconf.session_cache.memcached;
    if (!memcachedconf.host.empty()) {
      auto hostport = util::make_hostport(StringRef{memcachedconf.host},
                                          memcachedconf.port);
      if (resolve_hostname(&memcachedconf.addr, memcachedconf.host.c_str(),
                           memcachedconf.port, memcachedconf.family) == -1) {
        LOG(FATAL)
            << "Resolving memcached address for TLS session cache failed: "
            << hostport;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      }
      LOG(NOTICE) << "Memcached address for TLS session cache: " << hostport
                  << " -> " << util::to_numeric_addr(&memcachedconf.addr);
      if (memcachedconf.tls) {
        LOG(NOTICE) << "Connection to memcached for TLS session cache will be "
                       "encrypted by TLS";
      }
    }
  }

  {
    auto &memcachedconf = tlsconf.ticket.memcached;
    if (!memcachedconf.host.empty()) {
      auto hostport = util::make_hostport(StringRef{memcachedconf.host},
                                          memcachedconf.port);
      if (resolve_hostname(&memcachedconf.addr, memcachedconf.host.c_str(),
                           memcachedconf.port, memcachedconf.family) == -1) {
        LOG(FATAL) << "Resolving memcached address for TLS ticket key failed: "
                   << hostport;
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      }
      LOG(NOTICE) << "Memcached address for TLS ticket key: " << hostport
                  << " -> " << util::to_numeric_addr(&memcachedconf.addr);
      if (memcachedconf.tls) {
        LOG(NOTICE) << "Connection to memcached for TLS ticket key will be "
                       "encrypted by TLS";
      }
    }
  }

  if (get_config()->rlimit_nofile) {
    struct rlimit lim = {static_cast<rlim_t>(get_config()->rlimit_nofile),
                         static_cast<rlim_t>(get_config()->rlimit_nofile)};
    if (setrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &lim) != 0) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(WARN) << "Setting rlimit-nofile failed: " << strerror(error);
    }
  }

  auto &fwdconf = mod_config()->http.forwarded;

  if (fwdconf.by_node_type == FORWARDED_NODE_OBFUSCATED &&
      fwdconf.by_obfuscated.empty()) {
    std::random_device rd;
    std::mt19937 gen(rd());
    auto &dst = fwdconf.by_obfuscated;
    dst = "_";
    dst += util::random_alpha_digit(gen, SHRPX_OBFUSCATED_NODE_LENGTH);
  }

  if (get_config()->http2.upstream.debug.frame_debug) {
    // To make it sync to logging
    set_output(stderr);
    if (isatty(fileno(stdout))) {
      set_color_output(true);
    }
    reset_timer();
  }

  mod_config()->http2.upstream.callbacks = create_http2_upstream_callbacks();
  mod_config()->http2.downstream.callbacks =
      create_http2_downstream_callbacks();
}
} // namespace

int main(int argc, char **argv) {
  nghttp2::ssl::libssl_init();

#ifndef NOTHREADS
  nghttp2::ssl::LibsslGlobalLock lock;
#endif // NOTHREADS

  Log::set_severity_level(NOTICE);
  create_config();
  fill_default_config();

  // make copy of stderr
  util::store_original_fds();

  // First open log files with default configuration, so that we can
  // log errors/warnings while reading configuration files.
  reopen_log_files();

  mod_config()->original_argv = argv;

  // We have to copy argv, since getopt_long may change its content.
  mod_config()->argc = argc;
  mod_config()->argv = new char *[argc];

  for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) {
    mod_config()->argv[i] = strdup(argv[i]);
    if (mod_config()->argv[i] == nullptr) {
      auto error = errno;
      LOG(FATAL) << "failed to copy argv: " << strerror(error);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
  }

  mod_config()->cwd = getcwd(nullptr, 0);
  if (mod_config()->cwd == nullptr) {
    auto error = errno;
    LOG(FATAL) << "failed to get current working directory: errno=" << error;
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }

  std::vector<std::pair<StringRef, StringRef>> cmdcfgs;
  while (1) {
    static int flag = 0;
    static option long_options[] = {
        {SHRPX_OPT_DAEMON.c_str(), no_argument, nullptr, 'D'},
        {SHRPX_OPT_LOG_LEVEL.c_str(), required_argument, nullptr, 'L'},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND.c_str(), required_argument, nullptr, 'b'},
        {SHRPX_OPT_HTTP2_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS.c_str(), required_argument,
         nullptr, 'c'},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND.c_str(), required_argument, nullptr, 'f'},
        {"help", no_argument, nullptr, 'h'},
        {SHRPX_OPT_INSECURE.c_str(), no_argument, nullptr, 'k'},
        {SHRPX_OPT_WORKERS.c_str(), required_argument, nullptr, 'n'},
        {SHRPX_OPT_CLIENT_PROXY.c_str(), no_argument, nullptr, 'p'},
        {SHRPX_OPT_HTTP2_PROXY.c_str(), no_argument, nullptr, 's'},
        {"version", no_argument, nullptr, 'v'},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_FRAME_DEBUG.c_str(), no_argument, nullptr, 'o'},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ADD_X_FORWARDED_FOR.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 1},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_READ_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 2},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_READ_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 3},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_WRITE_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 4},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_READ_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 5},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_WRITE_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 6},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ACCESSLOG_FILE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 7},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         8},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_WINDOW_BITS.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         9},
        {SHRPX_OPT_PID_FILE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 10},
        {SHRPX_OPT_USER.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 11},
        {"conf", required_argument, &flag, 12},
        {SHRPX_OPT_SYSLOG_FACILITY.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 14},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKLOG.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 15},
        {SHRPX_OPT_CIPHERS.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 16},
        {SHRPX_OPT_CLIENT.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 17},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP2_WINDOW_BITS.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         18},
        {SHRPX_OPT_CACERT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 19},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_IPV4.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 20},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_IPV6.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 21},
        {SHRPX_OPT_PRIVATE_KEY_PASSWD_FILE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         22},
        {SHRPX_OPT_NO_VIA.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 23},
        {SHRPX_OPT_SUBCERT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 24},
        {SHRPX_OPT_HTTP2_BRIDGE.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 25},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP_PROXY_URI.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         26},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_NO_TLS.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 27},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_NO_TLS.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 29},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_TLS_SNI_FIELD.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 31},
        {SHRPX_OPT_DH_PARAM_FILE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 33},
        {SHRPX_OPT_READ_RATE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 34},
        {SHRPX_OPT_READ_BURST.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 35},
        {SHRPX_OPT_WRITE_RATE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 36},
        {SHRPX_OPT_WRITE_BURST.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 37},
        {SHRPX_OPT_NPN_LIST.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 38},
        {SHRPX_OPT_VERIFY_CLIENT.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 39},
        {SHRPX_OPT_VERIFY_CLIENT_CACERT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 40},
        {SHRPX_OPT_CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         41},
        {SHRPX_OPT_CLIENT_CERT_FILE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 42},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_DUMP_REQUEST_HEADER.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 43},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_DUMP_RESPONSE_HEADER.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 44},
        {SHRPX_OPT_HTTP2_NO_COOKIE_CRUMBLING.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 45},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_CONNECTION_WINDOW_BITS.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 46},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP2_CONNECTION_WINDOW_BITS.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 47},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_PROTO_LIST.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 48},
        {SHRPX_OPT_PADDING.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 49},
        {SHRPX_OPT_WORKER_READ_RATE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 50},
        {SHRPX_OPT_WORKER_READ_BURST.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 51},
        {SHRPX_OPT_WORKER_WRITE_RATE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 52},
        {SHRPX_OPT_WORKER_WRITE_BURST.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 53},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ALTSVC.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 54},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ADD_RESPONSE_HEADER.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 55},
        {SHRPX_OPT_WORKER_FRONTEND_CONNECTIONS.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 56},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ACCESSLOG_SYSLOG.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 57},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ERRORLOG_FILE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 58},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ERRORLOG_SYSLOG.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 59},
        {SHRPX_OPT_STREAM_READ_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 60},
        {SHRPX_OPT_STREAM_WRITE_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 61},
        {SHRPX_OPT_NO_LOCATION_REWRITE.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 62},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP1_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOST.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 63},
        {SHRPX_OPT_LISTENER_DISABLE_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         64},
        {SHRPX_OPT_STRIP_INCOMING_X_FORWARDED_FOR.c_str(), no_argument, &flag,
         65},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ACCESSLOG_FORMAT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 66},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP1_CONNECTIONS_PER_FRONTEND.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 67},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_FILE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 68},
        {SHRPX_OPT_RLIMIT_NOFILE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 69},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_RESPONSE_BUFFER.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         71},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_REQUEST_BUFFER.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         72},
        {SHRPX_OPT_NO_HOST_REWRITE.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 73},
        {SHRPX_OPT_NO_SERVER_PUSH.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 74},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP2_CONNECTIONS_PER_WORKER.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 76},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FETCH_OCSP_RESPONSE_FILE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         77},
        {SHRPX_OPT_OCSP_UPDATE_INTERVAL.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 78},
        {SHRPX_OPT_NO_OCSP.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 79},
        {SHRPX_OPT_HEADER_FIELD_BUFFER.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 80},
        {SHRPX_OPT_MAX_HEADER_FIELDS.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 81},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ADD_REQUEST_HEADER.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 82},
        {SHRPX_OPT_INCLUDE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 83},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_CIPHER.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 84},
        {SHRPX_OPT_HOST_REWRITE.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 85},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_SESSION_CACHE_MEMCACHED.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 86},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         87},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_INTERVAL.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 88},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_MAX_RETRY.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 89},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_MAX_FAIL.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 90},
        {SHRPX_OPT_MRUBY_FILE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 91},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ACCEPT_PROXY_PROTOCOL.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 93},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FASTOPEN.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 94},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_DYN_REC_WARMUP_THRESHOLD.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 95},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_DYN_REC_IDLE_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         96},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ADD_FORWARDED.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 97},
        {SHRPX_OPT_STRIP_INCOMING_FORWARDED.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 98},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FORWARDED_BY.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 99},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FORWARDED_FOR.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 100},
        {SHRPX_OPT_RESPONSE_HEADER_FIELD_BUFFER.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 101},
        {SHRPX_OPT_MAX_RESPONSE_HEADER_FIELDS.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         102},
        {SHRPX_OPT_NO_HTTP2_CIPHER_BLACK_LIST.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 103},
        {SHRPX_OPT_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELD_BUFFER.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 104},
        {SHRPX_OPT_MAX_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         105},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP1_TLS.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 106},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_SESSION_CACHE_MEMCACHED_TLS.c_str(), no_argument, &flag,
         108},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_SESSION_CACHE_MEMCACHED_CERT_FILE.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 109},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_SESSION_CACHE_MEMCACHED_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 110},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_TLS.c_str(), no_argument, &flag,
         111},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_CERT_FILE.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 112},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 113},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_ADDRESS_FAMILY.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 114},
        {SHRPX_OPT_TLS_SESSION_CACHE_MEMCACHED_ADDRESS_FAMILY.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 115},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_ADDRESS_FAMILY.c_str(), required_argument, &flag,
         116},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 117},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP2_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS.c_str(),
         required_argument, &flag, 118},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_CONNECTIONS_PER_FRONTEND.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 119},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_TLS.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 120},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOST.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 121},
        {SHRPX_OPT_ERROR_PAGE.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 122},
        {SHRPX_OPT_NO_KQUEUE.c_str(), no_argument, &flag, 123},
        {SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_SETTINGS_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 124},
        {SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP2_SETTINGS_TIMEOUT.c_str(), required_argument,
         &flag, 125},
        {SHRPX_OPT_API_MAX_REQUEST_BODY.c_str(), required_argument, &flag, 126},
        {nullptr, 0, nullptr, 0}};

    int option_index = 0;
    int c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "DL:b:c:f:hkn:opsv", long_options,
                        &option_index);
    if (c == -1) {
      break;
    }
    switch (c) {
    case 'D':
      cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_DAEMON, StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
      break;
    case 'L':
      cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_LOG_LEVEL, StringRef{optarg});
      break;
    case 'b':
      cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND, StringRef{optarg});
      break;
    case 'c':
      cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_HTTP2_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
                           StringRef{optarg});
      break;
    case 'f':
      cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND, StringRef{optarg});
      break;
    case 'h':
      print_help(std::cout);
      exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
    case 'k':
      cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_INSECURE, StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
      break;
    case 'n':
      cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_WORKERS, StringRef{optarg});
      break;
    case 'o':
      cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_FRAME_DEBUG,
                           StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
      break;
    case 'p':
      cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_CLIENT_PROXY, StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
      break;
    case 's':
      cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_HTTP2_PROXY, StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
      break;
    case 'v':
      print_version(std::cout);
      exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
    case '?':
      util::show_candidates(argv[optind - 1], long_options);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    case 0:
      switch (flag) {
      case 1:
        // --add-x-forwarded-for
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ADD_X_FORWARDED_FOR,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 2:
        // --frontend-http2-read-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_READ_TIMEOUT,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 3:
        // --frontend-read-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_READ_TIMEOUT,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 4:
        // --frontend-write-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_WRITE_TIMEOUT,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 5:
        // --backend-read-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_READ_TIMEOUT, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 6:
        // --backend-write-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_WRITE_TIMEOUT,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 7:
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ACCESSLOG_FILE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 8:
        // --backend-keep-alive-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_KEEP_ALIVE_TIMEOUT,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 9:
        // --frontend-http2-window-bits
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_WINDOW_BITS,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 10:
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_PID_FILE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 11:
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_USER, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 12:
        // --conf
        mod_config()->conf_path = optarg;
        break;
      case 14:
        // --syslog-facility
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_SYSLOG_FACILITY, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 15:
        // --backlog
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKLOG, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 16:
        // --ciphers
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_CIPHERS, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 17:
        // --client
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_CLIENT, StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 18:
        // --backend-http2-window-bits
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP2_WINDOW_BITS,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 19:
        // --cacert
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_CACERT, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 20:
        // --backend-ipv4
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_IPV4,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 21:
        // --backend-ipv6
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_IPV6,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 22:
        // --private-key-passwd-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_PRIVATE_KEY_PASSWD_FILE,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 23:
        // --no-via
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_NO_VIA, StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 24:
        // --subcert
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_SUBCERT, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 25:
        // --http2-bridge
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_HTTP2_BRIDGE,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 26:
        // --backend-http-proxy-uri
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP_PROXY_URI,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 27:
        // --backend-no-tls
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_NO_TLS,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 29:
        // --frontend-no-tls
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_NO_TLS,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 31:
        // --backend-tls-sni-field
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_TLS_SNI_FIELD,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 33:
        // --dh-param-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_DH_PARAM_FILE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 34:
        // --read-rate
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_READ_RATE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 35:
        // --read-burst
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_READ_BURST, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 36:
        // --write-rate
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_WRITE_RATE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 37:
        // --write-burst
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_WRITE_BURST, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 38:
        // --npn-list
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_NPN_LIST, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 39:
        // --verify-client
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_VERIFY_CLIENT,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 40:
        // --verify-client-cacert
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_VERIFY_CLIENT_CACERT, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 41:
        // --client-private-key-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_CLIENT_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 42:
        // --client-cert-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_CLIENT_CERT_FILE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 43:
        // --frontend-http2-dump-request-header
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_DUMP_REQUEST_HEADER,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 44:
        // --frontend-http2-dump-response-header
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_DUMP_RESPONSE_HEADER,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 45:
        // --http2-no-cookie-crumbling
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_HTTP2_NO_COOKIE_CRUMBLING,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 46:
        // --frontend-http2-connection-window-bits
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_CONNECTION_WINDOW_BITS,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 47:
        // --backend-http2-connection-window-bits
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP2_CONNECTION_WINDOW_BITS,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 48:
        // --tls-proto-list
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_PROTO_LIST, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 49:
        // --padding
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_PADDING, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 50:
        // --worker-read-rate
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_WORKER_READ_RATE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 51:
        // --worker-read-burst
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_WORKER_READ_BURST, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 52:
        // --worker-write-rate
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_WORKER_WRITE_RATE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 53:
        // --worker-write-burst
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_WORKER_WRITE_BURST, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 54:
        // --altsvc
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ALTSVC, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 55:
        // --add-response-header
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ADD_RESPONSE_HEADER, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 56:
        // --worker-frontend-connections
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_WORKER_FRONTEND_CONNECTIONS,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 57:
        // --accesslog-syslog
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ACCESSLOG_SYSLOG,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 58:
        // --errorlog-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ERRORLOG_FILE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 59:
        // --errorlog-syslog
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ERRORLOG_SYSLOG,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 60:
        // --stream-read-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_STREAM_READ_TIMEOUT, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 61:
        // --stream-write-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_STREAM_WRITE_TIMEOUT, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 62:
        // --no-location-rewrite
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_NO_LOCATION_REWRITE,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 63:
        // --backend-http1-connections-per-host
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP1_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOST,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 64:
        // --listener-disable-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_LISTENER_DISABLE_TIMEOUT,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 65:
        // --strip-incoming-x-forwarded-for
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_STRIP_INCOMING_X_FORWARDED_FOR,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 66:
        // --accesslog-format
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ACCESSLOG_FORMAT, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 67:
        // --backend-http1-connections-per-frontend
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP1_CONNECTIONS_PER_FRONTEND,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 68:
        // --tls-ticket-key-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_FILE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 69:
        // --rlimit-nofile
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_RLIMIT_NOFILE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 71:
        // --backend-response-buffer
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_RESPONSE_BUFFER,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 72:
        // --backend-request-buffer
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_REQUEST_BUFFER,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 73:
        // --no-host-rewrite
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_NO_HOST_REWRITE,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 74:
        // --no-server-push
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_NO_SERVER_PUSH,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 76:
        // --backend-http2-connections-per-worker
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP2_CONNECTIONS_PER_WORKER,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 77:
        // --fetch-ocsp-response-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FETCH_OCSP_RESPONSE_FILE,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 78:
        // --ocsp-update-interval
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_OCSP_UPDATE_INTERVAL, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 79:
        // --no-ocsp
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_NO_OCSP, StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 80:
        // --header-field-buffer
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_HEADER_FIELD_BUFFER, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 81:
        // --max-header-fields
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_MAX_HEADER_FIELDS, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 82:
        // --add-request-header
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ADD_REQUEST_HEADER, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 83:
        // --include
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_INCLUDE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 84:
        // --tls-ticket-key-cipher
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_CIPHER,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 85:
        // --host-rewrite
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_HOST_REWRITE,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 86:
        // --tls-session-cache-memcached
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_SESSION_CACHE_MEMCACHED,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 87:
        // --tls-ticket-key-memcached
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 88:
        // --tls-ticket-key-memcached-interval
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_INTERVAL,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 89:
        // --tls-ticket-key-memcached-max-retry
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_MAX_RETRY,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 90:
        // --tls-ticket-key-memcached-max-fail
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_MAX_FAIL,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 91:
        // --mruby-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_MRUBY_FILE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 93:
        // --accept-proxy-protocol
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ACCEPT_PROXY_PROTOCOL,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 94:
        // --fastopen
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FASTOPEN, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 95:
        // --tls-dyn-rec-warmup-threshold
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_DYN_REC_WARMUP_THRESHOLD,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 96:
        // --tls-dyn-rec-idle-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_DYN_REC_IDLE_TIMEOUT,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 97:
        // --add-forwarded
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ADD_FORWARDED, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 98:
        // --strip-incoming-forwarded
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_STRIP_INCOMING_FORWARDED,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 99:
        // --forwarded-by
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FORWARDED_BY, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 100:
        // --forwarded-for
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FORWARDED_FOR, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 101:
        // --response-header-field-buffer
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_RESPONSE_HEADER_FIELD_BUFFER,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 102:
        // --max-response-header-fields
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_MAX_RESPONSE_HEADER_FIELDS,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 103:
        // --no-http2-cipher-black-list
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_NO_HTTP2_CIPHER_BLACK_LIST,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 104:
        // --request-header-field-buffer
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELD_BUFFER,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 105:
        // --max-request-header-fields
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_MAX_REQUEST_HEADER_FIELDS,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 106:
        // --backend-http1-tls
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP1_TLS,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 108:
        // --tls-session-cache-memcached-tls
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_SESSION_CACHE_MEMCACHED_TLS,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 109:
        // --tls-session-cache-memcached-cert-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_SESSION_CACHE_MEMCACHED_CERT_FILE,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 110:
        // --tls-session-cache-memcached-private-key-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(
            SHRPX_OPT_TLS_SESSION_CACHE_MEMCACHED_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE,
            StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 111:
        // --tls-ticket-key-memcached-tls
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_TLS,
                             StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 112:
        // --tls-ticket-key-memcached-cert-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_CERT_FILE,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 113:
        // --tls-ticket-key-memcached-private-key-file
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(
            SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE,
            StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 114:
        // --tls-ticket-key-memcached-address-family
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_TLS_TICKET_KEY_MEMCACHED_ADDRESS_FAMILY,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 115:
        // --tls-session-cache-memcached-address-family
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(
            SHRPX_OPT_TLS_SESSION_CACHE_MEMCACHED_ADDRESS_FAMILY,
            StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 116:
        // --backend-address-family
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_ADDRESS_FAMILY,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 117:
        // --frontend-http2-max-concurrent-streams
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 118:
        // --backend-http2-max-concurrent-streams
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP2_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 119:
        // --backend-connections-per-frontend
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_CONNECTIONS_PER_FRONTEND,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 120:
        // --backend-tls
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_TLS, StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 121:
        // --backend-connections-per-host
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_CONNECTIONS_PER_HOST,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 122:
        // --error-page
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_ERROR_PAGE, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 123:
        // --no-kqueue
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_NO_KQUEUE, StringRef::from_lit("yes"));
        break;
      case 124:
        // --frontend-http2-settings-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_FRONTEND_HTTP2_SETTINGS_TIMEOUT,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 125:
        // --backend-http2-settings-timeout
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_BACKEND_HTTP2_SETTINGS_TIMEOUT,
                             StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      case 126:
        // --api-max-request-body
        cmdcfgs.emplace_back(SHRPX_OPT_API_MAX_REQUEST_BODY, StringRef{optarg});
        break;
      default:
        break;
      }
      break;
    default:
      break;
    }
  }

  process_options(argc, argv, cmdcfgs);

  if (event_loop() != 0) {
    return -1;
  }

  LOG(NOTICE) << "Shutdown momentarily";

  delete log_config();

  return 0;
}

} // namespace shrpx

int main(int argc, char **argv) { return run_app(shrpx::main, argc, argv); }