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<div class="section" id="nghttp2-http-2-c-library">
<h1>nghttp2 - HTTP/2 C Library<a class="headerlink" href="#nghttp2-http-2-c-library" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h1>
<p>This is an experimental implementation of Hypertext Transfer Protocol
version 2.</p>
<div class="section" id="development-status">
<h2>Development Status<a class="headerlink" href="#development-status" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>We started to implement h2-12
(<a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-http2-12">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-http2-12</a>) and the
header compression
(<a class="reference external" href="http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-header-compression-07">http://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-ietf-httpbis-header-compression-07</a>).</p>
<p>The nghttp2 code base was forked from spdylay project.</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="84%" />
<col width="16%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Features</th>
<th class="head">h2-12</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>Dependency based priority</td>
<td>Done</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td>BLOCKED frame</td>
<td>Done</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td>COMPRESSED DATA</td>
<td>Done</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<div class="section" id="public-test-server">
<h2>Public Test Server<a class="headerlink" href="#public-test-server" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The following endpoints are available to try out nghttp2
implementation.</p>
<ul>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference external" href="https://nghttp2.org/">https://nghttp2.org/</a> (TLS + NPN / ALPN)</p>
<p>ALPN and NPN offer <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">h2-12</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">spdy/3.1</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http/1.1</span></tt>.</p>
</li>
<li><p class="first"><a class="reference external" href="http://nghttp2.org/">http://nghttp2.org/</a> (Upgrade / Direct)</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">h2c-12</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">http/1.1</span></tt>. We configured this server to send
ALTSVC frame or Alt-Svc header field to announce that alternative
service is available at port 443.</p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section" id="requirements">
<h2>Requirements<a class="headerlink" href="#requirements" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The following package is required to build the libnghttp2 library:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>pkg-config &gt;= 0.20</li>
</ul>
<p>To build and run the unit test programs, the following package is
required:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>cunit &gt;= 2.1</li>
</ul>
<p>To build the documentation, you need to install:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>sphinx (<a class="reference external" href="http://sphinx-doc.org/">http://sphinx-doc.org/</a>)</li>
</ul>
<p>To build and run the application programs (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpd</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt>) in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">src</span></tt> directory, the following packages are
required:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>OpenSSL &gt;= 1.0.1</li>
<li>libevent-openssl &gt;= 2.0.8</li>
<li>zlib &gt;= 1.2.3</li>
</ul>
<p>ALPN support requires unreleased version OpenSSL &gt;= 1.0.2.</p>
<p>To enable SPDY protocol in the application program <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">h2load</span></tt>, the following package is required:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>spdylay &gt;= 1.2.3</li>
</ul>
<p>To enable <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-a</span></tt> option (getting linked assets from the downloaded
resource) in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp</span></tt>, the following package is required:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>libxml2 &gt;= 2.7.7</li>
</ul>
<p>The HPACK tools require the following package:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>jansson &gt;= 2.5</li>
</ul>
<p>To mitigate heap fragmentation in long running server programs
(<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpd</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt>), jemalloc is recommended:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>jemalloc</li>
</ul>
<p>The Python bindings require the following packages:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>cython &gt;= 0.19</li>
<li>python &gt;= 2.7</li>
</ul>
<p>If you are using Ubuntu 12.04, you need the following packages
installed:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>autoconf</li>
<li>automake</li>
<li>autotools-dev</li>
<li>libtool</li>
<li>pkg-config</li>
<li>zlib1g-dev</li>
<li>libcunit1-dev</li>
<li>libssl-dev</li>
<li>libxml2-dev</li>
<li>libevent-dev</li>
<li>libjansson-dev</li>
<li>libjemalloc-dev</li>
</ul>
<p>spdylay is not packaged in Ubuntu, so you need to build it yourself:
<a class="reference external" href="http://tatsuhiro-t.github.io/spdylay/">http://tatsuhiro-t.github.io/spdylay/</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="build-from-git">
<h2>Build from git<a class="headerlink" href="#build-from-git" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>Building from git is easy, but please be sure that at least autoconf 2.68 is
used:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ autoreconf -i
$ automake
$ autoconf
$ ./configure
$ make
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="building-documentation">
<h2>Building documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#building-documentation" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">Documentation is still incomplete.</p>
</div>
<p>To build documentation, run:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ make html
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The documents will be generated under <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">doc/manual/html/</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The generated documents will not be installed with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span> <span class="pre">install</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The online documentation is available at
<a class="reference external" href="http://tatsuhiro-t.github.io/nghttp2/">http://tatsuhiro-t.github.io/nghttp2/</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="client-server-and-proxy-programs">
<h2>Client, Server and Proxy programs<a class="headerlink" href="#client-server-and-proxy-programs" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The src directory contains HTTP/2 client, server and proxy programs.</p>
<div class="section" id="nghttp-client">
<h3>nghttp - client<a class="headerlink" href="#nghttp-client" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp</span></tt> is a HTTP/2 client. It can connect to the HTTP/2 server
with prior knowledge, HTTP Upgrade and NPN/ALPN TLS extension.</p>
<p>It has verbose output mode for framing information. Here is sample
output from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp</span></tt> client:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ src/nghttp -nv https://localhost:8443
[ 0.004][NPN] server offers:
* h2-12
* spdy/3.1
* spdy/3
* spdy/2
* http/1.1
The negotiated protocol: h2-12
[ 0.006] send SETTINGS frame &lt;length=10, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=2)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535]
[ 0.007] send HEADERS frame &lt;length=48, flags=0x05, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS
(padlen=0)
; Open new stream
:authority: localhost:8443
:method: GET
:path: /
:scheme: https
accept: */*
accept-encoding: gzip, deflate
user-agent: nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV
[ 0.007] recv SETTINGS frame &lt;length=15, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=3)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535]
[SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH(2):0]
[ 0.007] send SETTINGS frame &lt;length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0&gt;
; ACK
(niv=0)
[ 0.007] recv SETTINGS frame &lt;length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0&gt;
; ACK
(niv=0)
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) :status: 200
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) accept-ranges: bytes
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) content-encoding: gzip
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) content-length: 146
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) content-type: text/html
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) date: Sat, 15 Feb 2014 08:14:12 GMT
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) etag: &quot;b1-4e5535a027780-gzip&quot;
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) last-modified: Sun, 01 Sep 2013 14:34:22 GMT
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) server: Apache/2.4.6 (Debian)
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) vary: Accept-Encoding
[ 0.008] (stream_id=1) via: 1.1 nghttpx
[ 0.008] recv HEADERS frame &lt;length=141, flags=0x04, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_HEADERS
(padlen=0)
; First response header
[ 0.008] recv DATA frame &lt;length=146, flags=0x00, stream_id=1&gt;
[ 0.008] recv DATA frame &lt;length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_STREAM
[ 0.008] send GOAWAY frame &lt;length=8, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0), opaque_data(0)=[])
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The HTTP Upgrade is performed like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ src/nghttp -nvu http://localhost:8080
[ 0.000] HTTP Upgrade request
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:8080
Connection: Upgrade, HTTP2-Settings
Upgrade: h2c-11
HTTP2-Settings: AwAAAGQEAAD__w
Accept: */*
User-Agent: nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV
[ 0.001] HTTP Upgrade response
HTTP/1.1 101 Switching Protocols
Connection: Upgrade
Upgrade: h2c-11
[ 0.001] HTTP Upgrade success
[ 0.001] send SETTINGS frame &lt;length=10, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=2)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535]
[ 0.001] recv SETTINGS frame &lt;length=15, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=3)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535]
[SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH(2):0]
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) :status: 200
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) accept-ranges: bytes
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) content-length: 177
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) content-type: text/html
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) date: Sat, 15 Feb 2014 08:16:23 GMT
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) etag: &quot;b1-4e5535a027780&quot;
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) last-modified: Sun, 01 Sep 2013 14:34:22 GMT
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) server: Apache/2.4.6 (Debian)
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) vary: Accept-Encoding
[ 0.001] (stream_id=1) via: 1.1 nghttpx
[ 0.001] recv HEADERS frame &lt;length=132, flags=0x04, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_HEADERS
(padlen=0)
; First response header
[ 0.001] recv DATA frame &lt;length=177, flags=0x00, stream_id=1&gt;
[ 0.001] recv DATA frame &lt;length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_STREAM
[ 0.002] send SETTINGS frame &lt;length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0&gt;
; ACK
(niv=0)
[ 0.002] send GOAWAY frame &lt;length=8, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0), opaque_data(0)=[])
[ 0.002] recv SETTINGS frame &lt;length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0&gt;
; ACK
(niv=0)
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="nghttpd-server">
<h3>nghttpd - server<a class="headerlink" href="#nghttpd-server" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpd</span></tt> is a multi-threaded static web server.</p>
<p>By default, it uses SSL/TLS connection. Use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--no-tls</span></tt> option to
disable it.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpd</span></tt> only accepts the HTTP/2 connection via NPN/ALPN or direct
HTTP/2 connection. No HTTP Upgrade is supported.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-p</span></tt> option allows users to configure server push.</p>
<p>Just like <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp</span></tt>, it has verbose output mode for framing
information. Here is sample output from <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpd</span></tt> server:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ src/nghttpd --no-tls -v 8080
IPv4: listen on port 8080
IPv6: listen on port 8080
[id=1] [ 1.027] send SETTINGS frame &lt;length=10, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=2)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_ENABLE_PUSH(2):0]
[id=1] [ 1.027] recv SETTINGS frame &lt;length=10, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(niv=2)
[SETTINGS_MAX_CONCURRENT_STREAMS(3):100]
[SETTINGS_INITIAL_WINDOW_SIZE(4):65535]
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) :authority: localhost:8080
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) :method: GET
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) :path: /
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) :scheme: http
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) accept: */*
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) accept-encoding: gzip, deflate
[id=1] [ 1.027] (stream_id=1) user-agent: nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV
[id=1] [ 1.027] recv HEADERS frame &lt;length=48, flags=0x05, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_STREAM | END_HEADERS
(padlen=0)
; Open new stream
[id=1] [ 1.027] send SETTINGS frame &lt;length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0&gt;
; ACK
(niv=0)
[id=1] [ 1.027] send HEADERS frame &lt;length=72, flags=0x04, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_HEADERS
(padlen=0)
; First response header
:status: 404
content-encoding: gzip
content-type: text/html; charset=UTF-8
date: Sat, 15 Feb 2014 08:18:53 GMT
server: nghttpd nghttp2/0.4.0-DEV
[id=1] [ 1.028] send DATA frame &lt;length=118, flags=0x00, stream_id=1&gt;
[id=1] [ 1.028] send DATA frame &lt;length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=1&gt;
; END_STREAM
[id=1] [ 1.028] stream_id=1 closed
[id=1] [ 1.028] recv SETTINGS frame &lt;length=0, flags=0x01, stream_id=0&gt;
; ACK
(niv=0)
[id=1] [ 1.028] recv GOAWAY frame &lt;length=8, flags=0x00, stream_id=0&gt;
(last_stream_id=0, error_code=NO_ERROR(0), opaque_data(0)=[])
[id=1] [ 1.028] closed
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="nghttpx-proxy">
<h3>nghttpx - proxy<a class="headerlink" href="#nghttpx-proxy" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt> is a multi-threaded reverse proxy for
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">h2-12</span></tt>, SPDY and HTTP/1.1. It has several operation modes:</p>
<table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="25%" />
<col width="38%" />
<col width="19%" />
<col width="18%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Mode option</th>
<th class="head">Frontend</th>
<th class="head">Backend</th>
<th class="head">Note</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td>default mode</td>
<td>HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS)</td>
<td>HTTP/1.1</td>
<td>Reverse proxy</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--http2-proxy</span></tt></td>
<td>HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS)</td>
<td>HTTP/1.1</td>
<td>SPDY proxy</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--http2-bridge</span></tt></td>
<td>HTTP/2, SPDY, HTTP/1.1 (TLS)</td>
<td>HTTP/2 (TLS)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client</span></tt></td>
<td>HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1</td>
<td>HTTP/2 (TLS)</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client-proxy</span></tt></td>
<td>HTTP/2, HTTP/1.1</td>
<td>HTTP/2 (TLS)</td>
<td>Forward proxy</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>The interesting mode at the moment is the default mode. It works like
a reverse proxy and listens for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">h2-12</span></tt>, SPDY and HTTP/1.1 and can
be deployed SSL/TLS terminator for existing web server.</p>
<p>The default mode, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--http2-proxy</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--http2-bridge</span></tt> modes use
SSL/TLS in the frontend connection by default. To disable SSL/TLS,
use <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--frontend-no-tls</span></tt> option. If that option is used, SPDY is
disabled in the frontend and incoming HTTP/1.1 connection can be
upgraded to HTTP/2 through HTTP Upgrade.</p>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--http2-bridge</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client-proxy</span></tt> modes use
SSL/TLS in the backend connection by deafult. To disable SSL/TLS, use
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--backend-no-tls</span></tt> option.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt> supports configuration file. See <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--conf</span></tt> option and
sample configuration file <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx.conf.sample</span></tt>.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt> does not support server push.</p>
<p>In the default mode, (without any of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--http2-proxy</span></tt>,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--http2-bridge</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client-proxy</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client</span></tt> options),
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt> works as reverse proxy to the backend server:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SPDY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">Web</span> <span class="n">Server</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">reverse</span> <span class="n">proxy</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--http2-proxy</span></tt> option, it works as so called secure proxy (aka
SPDY proxy):</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SPDY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">Proxy</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">secure</span> <span class="n">proxy</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">.,</span> <span class="n">Squid</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Client</span></tt> in the above is needs to be configured to use
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttpx</span></tt> as secure proxy.</p>
<p>At the time of this writing, Chrome is the only browser which supports
secure proxy. The one way to configure Chrome to use secure proxy is
create proxy.pac script like this:</p>
<div class="highlight-javascript"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kd">function</span> <span class="nx">FindProxyForURL</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="nx">url</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nx">host</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="s2">&quot;HTTPS SERVERADDR:PORT&quot;</span><span class="p">;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">SERVERADDR</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PORT</span></tt> is the hostname/address and port of the
machine nghttpx is running. Please note that Chrome requires valid
certificate for secure proxy.</p>
<p>Then run Chrome with the following arguments:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ google-chrome --proxy-pac-url=file:///path/to/proxy.pac --use-npn
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--http2-bridge</span></tt>, it accepts HTTP/2, SPDY and HTTP/1.1
connections and communicates with backend in HTTP/2:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SPDY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">Web</span> <span class="n">or</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="n">Proxy</span> <span class="n">etc</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">.,</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client-proxy</span></tt> option, it works as forward proxy and expects
that the backend is HTTP/2 proxy:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="n">Proxy</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">forward</span> <span class="n">proxy</span><span class="p">]</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">.,</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">Client</span></tt> needs to be configured to use nghttpx as forward
proxy. The frontend HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2
through HTTP Upgrade. With the above configuration, one can use
HTTP/1.1 client to access and test their HTTP/2 servers.</p>
<p>With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--client</span></tt> option, it works as reverse proxy and expects that
the backend is HTTP/2 Web server:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">Web</span> <span class="n">Server</span>
<span class="p">[</span><span class="n">reverse</span> <span class="n">proxy</span><span class="p">]</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The frontend HTTP/1.1 connection can be upgraded to HTTP/2
through HTTP Upgrade.</p>
<p>For the operation modes which talk to the backend in HTTP/2 over
SSL/TLS, the backend connections can be tunneled through HTTP proxy.
The proxy is specified using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--backend-http-proxy-uri</span></tt> option. The
following figure illustrates the example of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--http2-bridge</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--backend-http-proxy-uri</span></tt> options to talk to the outside HTTP/2
proxy through HTTP proxy:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">Client</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">SPDY</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mf">1.1</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--&gt;</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">&lt;--</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="o">--</span>
<span class="o">--===================---&gt;</span> <span class="n">HTTP</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="mi">2</span> <span class="n">Proxy</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">HTTP</span> <span class="n">proxy</span> <span class="n">tunnel</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="p">(</span><span class="n">e</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="n">g</span><span class="p">.,</span> <span class="n">nghttpx</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">s</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="benchmarking-tool">
<h2>Benchmarking tool<a class="headerlink" href="#benchmarking-tool" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">h2load</span></tt> program is a benchmarking tool for HTTP/2 and SPDY.
The SPDY support is enabled if the program was built with spdylay
library. The UI of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">h2load</span></tt> is heavily inspired by <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">weighttp</span></tt>
(<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/lighttpd/weighttp">https://github.com/lighttpd/weighttp</a>). The typical usage is as
follows:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre>$ src/h2load -n1000 -c10 -m10 https://127.0.0.1:8443/
starting benchmark...
progress: 10% done
progress: 20% done
progress: 30% done
progress: 40% done
progress: 50% done
progress: 60% done
progress: 70% done
progress: 80% done
progress: 90% done
progress: 100% done
finished in 0 sec, 152 millisec and 152 microsec, 6572 req/s, 749 kbytes/s
requests: 1000 total, 1000 started, 1000 done, 0 succeeded, 1000 failed, 0 errored
status codes: 0 2xx, 0 3xx, 1000 4xx, 0 5xx
traffic: 141100 bytes total, 840 bytes headers, 116000 bytes data
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The above example issued total 1000 requests, using 10 concurrent
clients (thus 10 HTTP/2 sessions), and maximum 10 streams per client.
With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-t</span></tt> option, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">h2load</span></tt> will use multiple native threads to
avoid saturating single core on client side.</p>
<div class="admonition warning">
<p class="first admonition-title">Warning</p>
<p class="last"><strong>Don&#8217;t use this tool against publicly available servers.</strong> That is
considered a DOS attack. Please only use against your private
servers.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="hpack-tools">
<h2>HPACK tools<a class="headerlink" href="#hpack-tools" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">src</span></tt> directory contains HPACK tools. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">deflatehd</span></tt> is a
command-line header compression tool. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inflatehd</span></tt> is
command-line header decompression tool. Both tools read input from
stdin and write output to stdout. The errors are written to stderr.
They take JSON as input and output. We use (mostly) same JSON data
format described at <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/http2jp/hpack-test-case">https://github.com/http2jp/hpack-test-case</a></p>
<div class="section" id="deflatehd-header-compressor">
<h3>deflatehd - header compressor<a class="headerlink" href="#deflatehd-header-compressor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">deflatehd</span></tt> reads JSON data or HTTP/1-style header fields from
stdin and outputs compressed header block in JSON.</p>
<p>For the JSON input, the root JSON object must include <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cases</span></tt> key.
Its value has to include the sequence of input header set. They share
the same compression context and are processed in the order they
appear. Each item in the sequence is a JSON object and it must
include <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">headers</span></tt> key. Its value is an array of a JSON object,
which includes exactly one name/value pair.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;cases&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;headers&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span> <span class="nt">&quot;:method&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GET&quot;</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span> <span class="nt">&quot;:path&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;headers&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span> <span class="nt">&quot;:method&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;POST&quot;</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span> <span class="nt">&quot;:path&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-t</span></tt> option, the program can accept more familiar HTTP/1 style
header field block. Each header set is delimited by empty line:</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-c"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="o">:</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">GET</span>
<span class="o">:</span><span class="n">scheme</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">https</span>
<span class="o">:</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="o">/</span>
<span class="o">:</span><span class="n">method</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">POST</span>
<span class="n">user</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">agent</span><span class="o">:</span> <span class="n">nghttp2</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The output is JSON object. It should include <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cases</span></tt> key and its
value is an array of JSON object, which has at least following keys:</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>seq</dt>
<dd>The index of header set in the input.</dd>
<dt>input_length</dt>
<dd>The sum of length of name/value pair in the input.</dd>
<dt>output_length</dt>
<dd>The length of compressed header block.</dd>
<dt>percentage_of_original_size</dt>
<dd><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">input_length</span></tt> / <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">output_length</span></tt> * 100</dd>
<dt>wire</dt>
<dd>The compressed header block in hex string.</dd>
<dt>headers</dt>
<dd>The input header set.</dd>
<dt>header_table_size</dt>
<dd>The header table size adjusted before deflating header set.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Examples:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;cases&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;seq&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;input_length&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">66</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;output_length&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;percentage_of_original_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">30.303030303030305</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;wire&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;headers&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:authority&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example.org&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:method&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GET&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:path&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:scheme&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;user-agent&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;nghttp2&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;header_table_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4096</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;seq&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;input_length&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">74</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;output_length&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;percentage_of_original_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">13.513513513513514</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;wire&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;88448504252dd5918485&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;headers&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:authority&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example.org&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:method&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;POST&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:path&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/account&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:scheme&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;user-agent&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;nghttp2&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;header_table_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4096</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The output can be used as the input for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inflatehd</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">deflatehd</span></tt>.</p>
<p>With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-d</span></tt> option, the extra <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header_table</span></tt> key is added and its
associated value includes the state of dynamic header table after the
corresponding header set was processed. The value includes at least
the following keys:</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>entries</dt>
<dd>The entry in the header table. If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">referenced</span></tt> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">true</span></tt>, it
is in the reference set. The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">size</span></tt> includes the overhead (32
bytes). The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">index</span></tt> corresponds to the index of header table.
The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">name</span></tt> is the header field name and the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">value</span></tt> is the
header field value.</dd>
<dt>size</dt>
<dd>The sum of the spaces entries occupied, this includes the
entry overhead.</dd>
<dt>max_size</dt>
<dd>The maximum header table size.</dd>
<dt>deflate_size</dt>
<dd>The sum of the spaces entries occupied within
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">max_deflate_size</span></tt>.</dd>
<dt>max_deflate_size</dt>
<dd>The maximum header table size encoder uses. This can be smaller
than <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">max_size</span></tt>. In this case, encoder only uses up to first
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">max_deflate_size</span></tt> buffer. Since the header table size is still
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">max_size</span></tt>, the encoder has to keep track of entries ouside the
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">max_deflate_size</span></tt> but inside the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">max_size</span></tt> and make sure
that they are no longer referenced.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;cases&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;seq&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;input_length&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">66</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;output_length&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">20</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;percentage_of_original_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">30.303030303030305</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;wire&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;headers&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:authority&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example.org&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:method&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GET&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:path&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:scheme&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;user-agent&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;nghttp2&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;header_table_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;header_table&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;entries&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;user-agent&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;nghttp2&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;referenced&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">49</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;:scheme&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;referenced&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">44</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;:path&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;referenced&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">38</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;:method&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GET&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;referenced&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">42</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;:authority&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example.org&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;referenced&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">53</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">226</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;max_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;deflate_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">226</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;max_deflate_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4096</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;seq&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;input_length&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">74</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;output_length&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">10</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;percentage_of_original_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mf">13.513513513513514</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;wire&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;88448504252dd5918485&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;headers&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:authority&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example.org&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:method&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;POST&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:path&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/account&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:scheme&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;user-agent&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;nghttp2&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;header_table_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;header_table&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;entries&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;:method&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;POST&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;referenced&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">43</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">2</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;user-agent&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;nghttp2&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;referenced&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">49</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">3</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;:scheme&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;referenced&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">44</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;:path&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;referenced&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">false</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">38</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;:method&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GET&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;referenced&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">false</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">42</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;index&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">6</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;name&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;:authority&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;value&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example.org&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;referenced&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="kc">true</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">53</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">269</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;max_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4096</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;deflate_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">269</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;max_deflate_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4096</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="inflatehd-header-decompressor">
<h3>inflatehd - header decompressor<a class="headerlink" href="#inflatehd-header-decompressor" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h3>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inflatehd</span></tt> reads JSON data from stdin and outputs decompressed
name/value pairs in JSON.</p>
<p>The root JSON object must include <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cases</span></tt> key. Its value has to
include the sequence of compressed header block. They share the same
compression context and are processed in the order they appear. Each
item in the sequence is a JSON object and it must have at least
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">wire</span></tt> key. Its value is a compressed header block in hex string.</p>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;cases&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span> <span class="nt">&quot;wire&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;8285&quot;</span> <span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span> <span class="nt">&quot;wire&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;8583&quot;</span> <span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The output is JSON object. It should include <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cases</span></tt> key and its
value is an array of JSON object, which has at least following keys:</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>seq</dt>
<dd>The index of header set in the input.</dd>
<dt>headers</dt>
<dd>The JSON array includes decompressed name/value pairs.</dd>
<dt>wire</dt>
<dd>The compressed header block in hex string.</dd>
<dt>header_table_size</dt>
<dd>The header table size adjusted before inflating compressed header
block.</dd>
</dl>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-json"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;cases&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;seq&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">0</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;wire&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;01881f3468e5891afcbf83868a3d856659c62e3f&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;headers&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:authority&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example.org&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:method&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;GET&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:path&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:scheme&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;user-agent&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;nghttp2&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;header_table_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4096</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">,</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;seq&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">1</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;wire&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;88448504252dd5918485&quot;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;headers&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="p">[</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:method&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;POST&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:path&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;/account&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;user-agent&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;nghttp2&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:scheme&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;https&quot;</span>
<span class="p">},</span>
<span class="p">{</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;:authority&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="s2">&quot;example.org&quot;</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">],</span>
<span class="nt">&quot;header_table_size&quot;</span><span class="p">:</span> <span class="mi">4096</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
<span class="p">]</span>
<span class="p">}</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The output can be used as the input for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">deflatehd</span></tt> and
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">inflatehd</span></tt>.</p>
<p>With <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">-d</span></tt> option, the extra <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">header_table</span></tt> key is added and its
associated value includes the state of dynamic header table after the
corresponding header set was processed. The format is the same as
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">deflatehd</span></tt>.</p>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="python-bindings">
<h2>Python bindings<a class="headerlink" href="#python-bindings" title="Permalink to this headline"></a></h2>
<p>This <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">python</span></tt> directory contains nghttp2 Python bindings. The
bindings currently provide HPACK compressor and decompressor classes
and HTTP/2 server.</p>
<p>The extension module is called <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp2</span></tt>.</p>
<p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">make</span></tt> will build the bindings and target Python version is
determined by configure script. If the detected Python version is not
what you expect, specify a path to Python executable in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">PYTHON</span></tt>
variable as an argument to configure script (e.g., <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">./configure</span>
<span class="pre">PYTHON=/usr/bin/python3.3</span></tt>).</p>
<p>The following example code illustrates basic usage of HPACK compressor
and decompressor in Python:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">binascii</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">nghttp2</span>
<span class="n">deflater</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nghttp2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HDDeflater</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">inflater</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nghttp2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HDInflater</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">deflater</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">deflate</span><span class="p">([(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&#39;bar&#39;</span><span class="p">),</span>
<span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&#39;baz&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&#39;buz&#39;</span><span class="p">)])</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">binascii</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">b2a_hex</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">hdrs</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">inflater</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">inflate</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">hdrs</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp2.HTTP2Server</span></tt> class builds on top of the asyncio event
loop. On construction, <em>RequestHandlerClass</em> must be given, which
must be a subclass of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">nghttp2.BaseRequestHandler</span></tt> class.</p>
<p>The <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseRequestHandler</span></tt> class is used to handle the HTTP/2 stream.
By default, it does nothing. It must be subclassed to handle each
event callback method.</p>
<p>The first callback method invoked is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_headers()</span></tt>. It is called
when HEADERS frame, which includes request header fields, has arrived.</p>
<p>If request has request body, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_data(data)</span></tt> is invoked for each
chunk of received data.</p>
<p>When whole request is received, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_request_done()</span></tt> is invoked.</p>
<p>When stream is closed, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_close(error_code)</span></tt> is called.</p>
<p>The application can send response using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">send_response()</span></tt> method.
It can be used in <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_headers()</span></tt>, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_data()</span></tt> or
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">on_request_done()</span></tt>.</p>
<p>The application can push resource using <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">push()</span></tt> method. It must be
used before <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">send_response()</span></tt> call.</p>
<p>The following instance variables are available:</p>
<dl class="docutils">
<dt>client_address</dt>
<dd>Contains a tuple of the form (host, port) referring to the
client&#8217;s address.</dd>
<dt>stream_id</dt>
<dd>Stream ID of this stream.</dd>
<dt>scheme</dt>
<dd>Scheme of the request URI. This is a value of :scheme header
field.</dd>
<dt>method</dt>
<dd>Method of this stream. This is a value of :method header field.</dd>
<dt>host</dt>
<dd>This is a value of :authority or host header field.</dd>
<dt>path</dt>
<dd>This is a value of :path header field.</dd>
</dl>
<p>The following example illustrates the HTTP2Server and
BaseRequestHandler usage:</p>
<div class="highlight-python"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="c">#!/usr/bin/env python</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">io</span><span class="o">,</span> <span class="nn">ssl</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">nghttp2</span>
<span class="k">class</span> <span class="nc">Handler</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">nghttp2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BaseRequestHandler</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">on_headers</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="bp">self</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;/css/bootstrap.css&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">request_headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;content-length&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;3&#39;</span><span class="p">)],</span>
<span class="n">status</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">body</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;foo&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">push</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">path</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;/js/bootstrap.js&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">method</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;GET&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">request_headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;content-length&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;10&#39;</span><span class="p">)],</span>
<span class="n">status</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">body</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s">&#39;foobarbuzz&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="bp">self</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send_response</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">status</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="mi">200</span><span class="p">,</span>
<span class="n">headers</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="p">[(</span><span class="s">&#39;content-type&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;text/plain&#39;</span><span class="p">)],</span>
<span class="n">body</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">io</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">BytesIO</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">b</span><span class="s">&#39;nghttp2-python FTW&#39;</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">ctx</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ssl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">SSLContext</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">ssl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">PROTOCOL_SSLv23</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">ctx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">options</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">ssl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">OP_ALL</span> <span class="o">|</span> <span class="n">ssl</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">OP_NO_SSLv2</span>
<span class="n">ctx</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">load_cert_chain</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">&#39;server.crt&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">&#39;server.key&#39;</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="c"># give None to ssl to make the server non-SSL/TLS</span>
<span class="n">server</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">nghttp2</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">HTTP2Server</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">&#39;127.0.0.1&#39;</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">8443</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="n">Handler</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">ssl</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="n">ctx</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">server</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">serve_forever</span><span class="p">()</span>
</pre></div>
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