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Just-in-time compiling is a heavyweight optimization that can greatly speed up pattern matching. However, it comes at the cost of extra processing before the match is performed, so it is of most benefit when the same pattern is going to be matched many times. This does not necessarily mean many calls of a matching function; if the pattern is not anchored, matching attempts may take place many times at various positions in the subject, even for a single call. Therefore, if the subject string is very long, it may still pay to use JIT even for one-off matches. JIT support is available for all of the 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit PCRE2 libraries.
JIT support applies only to the traditional Perl-compatible matching function. It does not apply when the DFA matching function is being used. The code for this support was written by Zoltan Herczeg.
JIT support is an optional feature of PCRE2. The "configure" option --enable-jit (or equivalent CMake option) must be set when PCRE2 is built if you want to use JIT. The support is limited to the following hardware platforms:
ARM 32-bit (v5, v7, and Thumb2) ARM 64-bit Intel x86 32-bit and 64-bit MIPS 32-bit and 64-bit Power PC 32-bit and 64-bit SPARC 32-bitIf --enable-jit is set on an unsupported platform, compilation fails.
A program can tell if JIT support is available by calling pcre2_config() with the PCRE2_CONFIG_JIT option. The result is 1 when JIT is available, and 0 otherwise. However, a simple program does not need to check this in order to use JIT. The API is implemented in a way that falls back to the interpretive code if JIT is not available. For programs that need the best possible performance, there is also a "fast path" API that is JIT-specific.
To make use of the JIT support in the simplest way, all you have to do is to call pcre2_jit_compile() after successfully compiling a pattern with pcre2_compile(). This function has two arguments: the first is the compiled pattern pointer that was returned by pcre2_compile(), and the second is zero or more of the following option bits: PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE, PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD, or PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_SOFT.
If JIT support is not available, a call to pcre2_jit_compile() does nothing and returns PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_BADOPTION. Otherwise, the compiled pattern is passed to the JIT compiler, which turns it into machine code that executes much faster than the normal interpretive code, but yields exactly the same results. The returned value from pcre2_jit_compile() is zero on success, or a negative error code.
There is a limit to the size of pattern that JIT supports, imposed by the size of machine stack that it uses. The exact rules are not documented because they may change at any time, in particular, when new optimizations are introduced. If a pattern is too big, a call to pcre2_jit_compile() returns PCRE2_ERROR_NOMEMORY.
PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE requests the JIT compiler to generate code for complete matches. If you want to run partial matches using the PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD or PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT options of pcre2_match(), you should set one or both of the other options as well as, or instead of PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE. The JIT compiler generates different optimized code for each of the three modes (normal, soft partial, hard partial). When pcre2_match() is called, the appropriate code is run if it is available. Otherwise, the pattern is matched using interpretive code.
You can call pcre2_jit_compile() multiple times for the same compiled pattern. It does nothing if it has previously compiled code for any of the option bits. For example, you can call it once with PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and (perhaps later, when you find you need partial matching) again with PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and PCRE2_JIT_PARTIAL_HARD. This time it will ignore PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE and just compile code for partial matching. If pcre2_jit_compile() is called with no option bits set, it immediately returns zero. This is an alternative way of testing whether JIT is available.
At present, it is not possible to free JIT compiled code except when the entire compiled pattern is freed by calling pcre2_code_free().
In some circumstances you may need to call additional functions. These are described in the section entitled "Controlling the JIT stack" below.
There are some pcre2_match() options that are not supported by JIT, and there are also some pattern items that JIT cannot handle. Details are given below. In both cases, matching automatically falls back to the interpretive code. If you want to know whether JIT was actually used for a particular match, you should arrange for a JIT callback function to be set up as described in the section entitled "Controlling the JIT stack" below, even if you do not need to supply a non-default JIT stack. Such a callback function is called whenever JIT code is about to be obeyed. If the match-time options are not right for JIT execution, the callback function is not obeyed.
If the JIT compiler finds an unsupported item, no JIT data is generated. You can find out if JIT matching is available after compiling a pattern by calling pcre2_pattern_info() with the PCRE2_INFO_JITSIZE option. A non-zero result means that JIT compilation was successful. A result of 0 means that JIT support is not available, or the pattern was not processed by pcre2_jit_compile(), or the JIT compiler was not able to handle the pattern.
When a pattern is compiled with the PCRE2_UTF option, subject strings are normally expected to be a valid sequence of UTF code units. By default, this is checked at the start of matching and an error is generated if invalid UTF is detected. The PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK option can be passed to pcre2_match() to skip the check (for improved performance) if you are sure that a subject string is valid. If this option is used with an invalid string, the result is undefined.
However, a way of running matches on strings that may contain invalid UTF sequences is available. Calling pcre2_compile() with the PCRE2_MATCH_INVALID_UTF option has two effects: it tells the interpreter in pcre2_match() to support invalid UTF, and, if pcre2_jit_compile() is called, the compiled JIT code also supports invalid UTF. Details of how this support works, in both the JIT and the interpretive cases, is given in the pcre2unicode documentation.
There is also an obsolete option for pcre2_jit_compile() called PCRE2_JIT_INVALID_UTF, which currently exists only for backward compatibility. It is superseded by the pcre2_compile() option PCRE2_MATCH_INVALID_UTF and should no longer be used. It may be removed in future.
The pcre2_match() options that are supported for JIT matching are PCRE2_COPY_MATCHED_SUBJECT, PCRE2_NOTBOL, PCRE2_NOTEOL, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART, PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK, PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD, and PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT. The PCRE2_ANCHORED and PCRE2_ENDANCHORED options are not supported at match time.
If the PCRE2_NO_JIT option is passed to pcre2_match() it disables the use of JIT, forcing matching by the interpreter code.
The only unsupported pattern items are \C (match a single data unit) when running in a UTF mode, and a callout immediately before an assertion condition in a conditional group.
When a pattern is matched using JIT matching, the return values are the same as those given by the interpretive pcre2_match() code, with the addition of one new error code: PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT. This means that the memory used for the JIT stack was insufficient. See "Controlling the JIT stack" below for a discussion of JIT stack usage.
The error code PCRE2_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT is returned by the JIT code if searching a very large pattern tree goes on for too long, as it is in the same circumstance when JIT is not used, but the details of exactly what is counted are not the same. The PCRE2_ERROR_DEPTHLIMIT error code is never returned when JIT matching is used.
When the compiled JIT code runs, it needs a block of memory to use as a stack. By default, it uses 32KiB on the machine stack. However, some large or complicated patterns need more than this. The error PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT is given when there is not enough stack. Three functions are provided for managing blocks of memory for use as JIT stacks. There is further discussion about the use of JIT stacks in the section entitled "JIT stack FAQ" below.
The pcre2_jit_stack_create() function creates a JIT stack. Its arguments are a starting size, a maximum size, and a general context (for memory allocation functions, or NULL for standard memory allocation). It returns a pointer to an opaque structure of type pcre2_jit_stack, or NULL if there is an error. The pcre2_jit_stack_free() function is used to free a stack that is no longer needed. If its argument is NULL, this function returns immediately, without doing anything. (For the technically minded: the address space is allocated by mmap or VirtualAlloc.) A maximum stack size of 512KiB to 1MiB should be more than enough for any pattern.
The pcre2_jit_stack_assign() function specifies which stack JIT code should use. Its arguments are as follows:
pcre2_match_context *mcontext pcre2_jit_callback callback void *dataThe first argument is a pointer to a match context. When this is subsequently passed to a matching function, its information determines which JIT stack is used. If this argument is NULL, the function returns immediately, without doing anything. There are three cases for the values of the other two options:
(1) If callback is NULL and data is NULL, an internal 32KiB block
on the machine stack is used. This is the default when a match
context is created.
(2) If callback is NULL and data is not NULL, data must be
a pointer to a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
pcre2_jit_stack_create().
(3) If callback is not NULL, it must point to a function that is
called with data as an argument at the start of matching, in
order to set up a JIT stack. If the return from the callback
function is NULL, the internal 32KiB stack is used; otherwise the
return value must be a valid JIT stack, the result of calling
pcre2_jit_stack_create().
A callback function is obeyed whenever JIT code is about to be run; it is not
obeyed when pcre2_match() is called with options that are incompatible
for JIT matching. A callback function can therefore be used to determine
whether a match operation was executed by JIT or by the interpreter.
You may safely use the same JIT stack for more than one pattern (either by assigning directly or by callback), as long as the patterns are matched sequentially in the same thread. Currently, the only way to set up non-sequential matches in one thread is to use callouts: if a callout function starts another match, that match must use a different JIT stack to the one used for currently suspended match(es).
In a multithread application, if you do not specify a JIT stack, or if you assign or pass back NULL from a callback, that is thread-safe, because each thread has its own machine stack. However, if you assign or pass back a non-NULL JIT stack, this must be a different stack for each thread so that the application is thread-safe.
Strictly speaking, even more is allowed. You can assign the same non-NULL stack to a match context that is used by any number of patterns, as long as they are not used for matching by multiple threads at the same time. For example, you could use the same stack in all compiled patterns, with a global mutex in the callback to wait until the stack is available for use. However, this is an inefficient solution, and not recommended.
This is a suggestion for how a multithreaded program that needs to set up non-default JIT stacks might operate:
During thread initalization
thread_local_var = pcre2_jit_stack_create(...)
During thread exit
pcre2_jit_stack_free(thread_local_var)
Use a one-line callback function
return thread_local_var
All the functions described in this section do nothing if JIT is not available.
(1) Why do we need JIT stacks?
PCRE2 (and JIT) is a recursive, depth-first engine, so it needs a stack where
the local data of the current node is pushed before checking its child nodes.
Allocating real machine stack on some platforms is difficult. For example, the
stack chain needs to be updated every time if we extend the stack on PowerPC.
Although it is possible, its updating time overhead decreases performance. So
we do the recursion in memory.
(2) Why don't we simply allocate blocks of memory with malloc()?
Modern operating systems have a nice feature: they can reserve an address space
instead of allocating memory. We can safely allocate memory pages inside this
address space, so the stack could grow without moving memory data (this is
important because of pointers). Thus we can allocate 1MiB address space, and
use only a single memory page (usually 4KiB) if that is enough. However, we can
still grow up to 1MiB anytime if needed.
(3) Who "owns" a JIT stack?
The owner of the stack is the user program, not the JIT studied pattern or
anything else. The user program must ensure that if a stack is being used by
pcre2_match(), (that is, it is assigned to a match context that is passed
to the pattern currently running), that stack must not be used by any other
threads (to avoid overwriting the same memory area). The best practice for
multithreaded programs is to allocate a stack for each thread, and return this
stack through the JIT callback function.
(4) When should a JIT stack be freed?
You can free a JIT stack at any time, as long as it will not be used by
pcre2_match() again. When you assign the stack to a match context, only a
pointer is set. There is no reference counting or any other magic. You can free
compiled patterns, contexts, and stacks in any order, anytime.
Just do not call pcre2_match() with a match context pointing to an
already freed stack, as that will cause SEGFAULT. (Also, do not free a stack
currently used by pcre2_match() in another thread). You can also replace
the stack in a context at any time when it is not in use. You should free the
previous stack before assigning a replacement.
(5) Should I allocate/free a stack every time before/after calling
pcre2_match()?
No, because this is too costly in terms of resources. However, you could
implement some clever idea which release the stack if it is not used in let's
say two minutes. The JIT callback can help to achieve this without keeping a
list of patterns.
(6) OK, the stack is for long term memory allocation. But what happens if a
pattern causes stack overflow with a stack of 1MiB? Is that 1MiB kept until the
stack is freed?
Especially on embedded sytems, it might be a good idea to release memory
sometimes without freeing the stack. There is no API for this at the moment.
Probably a function call which returns with the currently allocated memory for
any stack and another which allows releasing memory (shrinking the stack) would
be a good idea if someone needs this.
(7) This is too much of a headache. Isn't there any better solution for JIT
stack handling?
No, thanks to Windows. If POSIX threads were used everywhere, we could throw
out this complicated API.
void pcre2_jit_free_unused_memory(pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
The JIT executable allocator does not free all memory when it is possible. It expects new allocations, and keeps some free memory around to improve allocation speed. However, in low memory conditions, it might be better to free all possible memory. You can cause this to happen by calling pcre2_jit_free_unused_memory(). Its argument is a general context, for custom memory management, or NULL for standard memory management.
This is a single-threaded example that specifies a JIT stack without using a callback. A real program should include error checking after all the function calls.
int rc;
pcre2_code *re;
pcre2_match_data *match_data;
pcre2_match_context *mcontext;
pcre2_jit_stack *jit_stack;
re = pcre2_compile(pattern, PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED, 0,
&errornumber, &erroffset, NULL);
rc = pcre2_jit_compile(re, PCRE2_JIT_COMPLETE);
mcontext = pcre2_match_context_create(NULL);
jit_stack = pcre2_jit_stack_create(32*1024, 512*1024, NULL);
pcre2_jit_stack_assign(mcontext, NULL, jit_stack);
match_data = pcre2_match_data_create(re, 10);
rc = pcre2_match(re, subject, length, 0, 0, match_data, mcontext);
/* Process result */
pcre2_code_free(re);
pcre2_match_data_free(match_data);
pcre2_match_context_free(mcontext);
pcre2_jit_stack_free(jit_stack);
Because the API described above falls back to interpreted matching when JIT is not available, it is convenient for programs that are written for general use in many environments. However, calling JIT via pcre2_match() does have a performance impact. Programs that are written for use where JIT is known to be available, and which need the best possible performance, can instead use a "fast path" API to call JIT matching directly instead of calling pcre2_match() (obviously only for patterns that have been successfully processed by pcre2_jit_compile()).
The fast path function is called pcre2_jit_match(), and it takes exactly the same arguments as pcre2_match(). However, the subject string must be specified with a length; PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED is not supported. Unsupported option bits (for example, PCRE2_ANCHORED, PCRE2_ENDANCHORED and PCRE2_COPY_MATCHED_SUBJECT) are ignored, as is the PCRE2_NO_JIT option. The return values are also the same as for pcre2_match(), plus PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_BADOPTION if a matching mode (partial or complete) is requested that was not compiled.
When you call pcre2_match(), as well as testing for invalid options, a number of other sanity checks are performed on the arguments. For example, if the subject pointer is NULL, an immediate error is given. Also, unless PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK is set, a UTF subject string is tested for validity. In the interests of speed, these checks do not happen on the JIT fast path, and if invalid data is passed, the result is undefined.
Bypassing the sanity checks and the pcre2_match() wrapping can give speedups of more than 10%.
pcre2api(3)
Philip Hazel (FAQ by Zoltan Herczeg)
University Computing Service
Cambridge, England.
Last updated: 23 May 2019
Copyright © 1997-2019 University of Cambridge.
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