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-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
This file contains a concatenation of the PCRE2 man pages, converted to plain
text format for ease of searching with a text editor, or for use on systems
that do not have a man page processor. The small individual files that give
synopses of each function in the library have not been included. Neither has
the pcre2demo program. There are separate text files for the pcre2grep and
pcre2test commands.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCRE2API(3) Library Functions Manual PCRE2API(3)
NAME
PCRE2 - Perl-compatible regular expressions (revised API)
#include <pcre2.h>
PCRE2 is a new API for PCRE. This document contains a description of
all its functions. See the pcre2 document for an overview of all the
PCRE2 documentation.
PCRE2 NATIVE API BASIC FUNCTIONS
pcre2_code *pcre2_compile(PCRE2_SPTR pattern, PCRE2_SIZE length,
uint32_t options, int *errorcode, PCRE2_SIZE *erroroffset,
pcre2_compile_context *ccontext);
pcre2_code_free(pcre2_code *code);
pcre2_match_data_create(uint32_t ovecsize,
pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
pcre2_match_data_create_from_pattern(pcre2_code *code,
pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
int pcre2_match(const pcre2_code *code, PCRE2_SPTR subject,
PCRE2_SIZE length, PCRE2_SIZE startoffset,
uint32_t options, pcre2_match_data *match_data,
pcre2_match_context *mcontext);
int pcre2_dfa_match(const pcre2_code *code, PCRE2_SPTR subject,
PCRE2_SIZE length, PCRE2_SIZE startoffset,
uint32_t options, pcre2_match_data *match_data,
pcre2_match_context *mcontext,
int *workspace, PCRE2_SIZE wscount);
void pcre2_match_data_free(pcre2_match_data *match_data);
PCRE2 NATIVE API AUXILIARY MATCH FUNCTIONS
PCRE2_SPTR pcre2_get_mark(pcre2_match_data *match_data);
uint32_t pcre2_get_ovector_count(pcre2_match_data *match_data);
PCRE2_SIZE *pcre2_get_ovector_pointer(pcre2_match_data *match_data);
PCRE2_SIZE pcre2_get_startchar(pcre2_match_data *match_data);
PCRE2 NATIVE API GENERAL CONTEXT FUNCTIONS
pcre2_general_context *pcre2_general_context_create(
void *(*private_malloc)(PCRE2_SIZE, void *),
void (*private_free)(void *, void *), void *memory_data);
pcre2_general_context *pcre2_general_context_copy(
pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
void pcre2_general_context_free(pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
PCRE2 NATIVE API COMPILE CONTEXT FUNCTIONS
pcre2_compile_context *pcre2_compile_context_create(
pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
pcre2_compile_context *pcre2_compile_context_copy(
pcre2_compile_context *ccontext);
void pcre2_compile_context_free(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext);
int pcre2_set_bsr(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext,
uint32_t value);
int pcre2_set_character_tables(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext,
const unsigned char *tables);
int pcre2_set_newline(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext,
uint32_t value);
int pcre2_set_parens_nest_limit(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext,
uint32_t value);
int pcre2_set_compile_recursion_guard(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext,
int (*guard_function)(uint32_t));
PCRE2 NATIVE API MATCH CONTEXT FUNCTIONS
pcre2_match_context *pcre2_match_context_create(
pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
pcre2_match_context *pcre2_match_context_copy(
pcre2_match_context *mcontext);
void pcre2_match_context_free(pcre2_match_context *mcontext);
int pcre2_set_callout(pcre2_match_context *mcontext,
int (*callout_function)(pcre2_callout_block *),
void *callout_data);
int pcre2_set_match_limit(pcre2_match_context *mcontext,
uint32_t value);
int pcre2_set_recursion_limit(pcre2_match_context *mcontext,
uint32_t value);
int pcre2_set_recursion_memory_management(
pcre2_match_context *mcontext,
void *(*private_malloc)(PCRE2_SIZE, void *),
void (*private_free)(void *, void *), void *memory_data);
PCRE2 NATIVE API STRING EXTRACTION FUNCTIONS
int pcre2_substring_copy_byname(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
PCRE2_SPTR name, PCRE2_UCHAR *buffer, PCRE2_SIZE *bufflen);
int pcre2_substring_copy_bynumber(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
unsigned int number, PCRE2_UCHAR *buffer,
PCRE2_SIZE *bufflen);
void pcre2_substring_free(PCRE2_UCHAR *buffer);
int pcre2_substring_get_byname(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
PCRE2_SPTR name, PCRE2_UCHAR **bufferptr, PCRE2_SIZE *bufflen);
int pcre2_substring_get_bynumber(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
unsigned int number, PCRE2_UCHAR **bufferptr,
PCRE2_SIZE *bufflen);
int pcre2_substring_length_byname(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
PCRE2_SPTR name, PCRE2_SIZE *length);
int pcre2_substring_length_bynumber(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
unsigned int number, PCRE2_SIZE *length);
int pcre2_substring_nametable_scan(const pcre2_code *code,
PCRE2_SPTR name, PCRE2_SPTR *first, PCRE2_SPTR *last);
int pcre2_substring_number_from_name(const pcre2_code *code,
PCRE2_SPTR name);
void pcre2_substring_list_free(PCRE2_SPTR *list);
int pcre2_substring_list_get(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
PCRE2_UCHAR ***listptr, PCRE2_SIZE **lengthsptr);
PCRE2 NATIVE API JIT FUNCTIONS
int pcre2_jit_compile(pcre2_code *code, uint32_t options);
int pcre2_jit_match(const pcre2_code *code, PCRE2_SPTR subject,
PCRE2_SIZE length, PCRE2_SIZE startoffset,
uint32_t options, pcre2_match_data *match_data,
pcre2_match_context *mcontext, pcre2_jit_stack *jit_stack);
void pcre2_jit_free_unused_memory(pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
pcre2_jit_stack *pcre2_jit_stack_alloc(pcre2_general_context *gcontext,
PCRE2_SIZE startsize, PCRE2_SIZE maxsize);
void pcre2_jit_stack_assign(const pcre2_code *code,
pcre2_jit_callback callback_function, void *callback_data);
void pcre2_jit_stack_free(pcre2_jit_stack *jit_stack);
PCRE2 NATIVE API AUXILIARY FUNCTIONS
int pcre2_get_error_message(int errorcode, PCRE2_UCHAR *buffer,
PCRE2_SIZE bufflen);
const unsigned char *pcre2_maketables(pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
int pcre2_pattern_info(const pcre2 *code, uint32_t what, void *where);
int pcre2_config(uint32_t what, void *where, PCRE2_SIZE length);
PCRE2 8-BIT, 16-BIT, AND 32-BIT LIBRARIES
There are three PCRE2 libraries, supporting 8-bit, 16-bit, and 32-bit
code units, respectively. However, there is just one header file,
pcre2.h. This contains the function prototypes and other definitions
for all three libraries. One, two, or all three can be installed simul-
taneously. On Unix-like systems the libraries are called libpcre2-8,
libpcre2-16, and libpcre2-32, and they can also co-exist with the orig-
inal PCRE libraries.
Character strings are passed to and from a PCRE2 library as a sequence
of unsigned integers in code units of the appropriate width. Every
PCRE2 function comes in three different forms, one for each library,
for example:
pcre2_compile_8()
pcre2_compile_16()
pcre2_compile_32()
There are also three different sets of data types:
PCRE2_UCHAR8, PCRE2_UCHAR16, PCRE2_UCHAR32
PCRE2_SPTR8, PCRE2_SPTR16, PCRE2_SPTR32
The UCHAR types define unsigned code units of the appropriate widths.
For example, PCRE2_UCHAR16 is usually defined as `uint16_t'. The SPTR
types are constant pointers to the equivalent UCHAR types, that is,
they are pointers to vectors of unsigned code units.
Many applications use only one code unit width. For their convenience,
macros are defined whose names are the generic forms such as pcre2_com-
pile() and PCRE2_SPTR. These macros use the value of the macro
PCRE2_CODE_UNIT_WIDTH to generate the appropriate width-specific func-
tion and macro names. PCRE2_CODE_UNIT_WIDTH is not defined by default.
An application must define it to be 8, 16, or 32 before including
pcre2.h in order to make use of the generic names.
Applications that use more than one code unit width can be linked with
more than one PCRE2 library, but must define PCRE2_CODE_UNIT_WIDTH to
be 0 before including pcre2.h, and then use the real function names.
Any code that is to be included in an environment where the value of
PCRE2_CODE_UNIT_WIDTH is unknown should also use the real function
names. (Unfortunately, it is not possible in C code to save and restore
the value of a macro.)
If PCRE2_CODE_UNIT_WIDTH is not defined before including pcre2.h, a
compiler error occurs.
When using multiple libraries in an application, you must take care
when processing any particular pattern to use only functions from a
single library. For example, if you want to run a match using a pat-
tern that was compiled with pcre2_compile_16(), you must do so with
pcre2_match_16(), not pcre2_match_8().
In the function summaries above, and in the rest of this document and
other PCRE2 documents, functions and data types are described using
their generic names, without the 8, 16, or 32 suffix.
PCRE2 API OVERVIEW
PCRE2 has its own native API, which is described in this document.
There are also some wrapper functions for the 8-bit library that corre-
spond to the POSIX regular expression API, but they do not give access
to all the functionality. They are described in the pcre2posix documen-
tation. Both these APIs define a set of C function calls.
The native API C data types, function prototypes, option values, and
error codes are defined in the header file pcre2.h, which contains def-
initions of PCRE2_MAJOR and PCRE2_MINOR, the major and minor release
numbers for the library. Applications can use these to include support
for different releases of PCRE2.
In a Windows environment, if you want to statically link an application
program against a non-dll PCRE2 library, you must define PCRE2_STATIC
before including pcre2.h.
The functions pcre2_compile(), and pcre2_match() are used for compiling
and matching regular expressions in a Perl-compatible manner. A sample
program that demonstrates the simplest way of using them is provided in
the file called pcre2demo.c in the PCRE2 source distribution. A listing
of this program is given in the pcre2demo documentation, and the
pcre2sample documentation describes how to compile and run it.
Just-in-time compiler support is an optional feature of PCRE2 that can
be built in appropriate hardware environments. It greatly speeds up the
matching performance of many patterns. Programs can request that it be
used if available, by calling pcre2_jit_compile() after a pattern has
been successfully compiled by pcre2_compile(). This does nothing if JIT
support is not available.
More complicated programs might need to make use of the specialist
functions pcre2_jit_stack_alloc(), pcre2_jit_stack_free(), and
pcre2_jit_stack_assign() in order to control the JIT code's memory
usage.
JIT matching is automatically used by pcre2_match() if it is available.
There is also a direct interface for JIT matching, which gives improved
performance. The JIT-specific functions are discussed in the pcre2jit
documentation.
A second matching function, pcre2_dfa_exec(), which is not Perl-compat-
ible, is also provided. This uses a different algorithm for the match-
ing. The alternative algorithm finds all possible matches (at a given
point in the subject), and scans the subject just once (unless there
are lookbehind assertions). However, this algorithm does not return
captured substrings. A description of the two matching algorithms and
their advantages and disadvantages is given in the pcre2matching docu-
mentation. There is no JIT support for pcre2_dfa_match().
In addition to the main compiling and matching functions, there are
convenience functions for extracting captured substrings from a subject
string that is matched by pcre2_match(). They are:
pcre2_substring_copy_byname()
pcre2_substring_copy_bynumber()
pcre2_substring_get_byname()
pcre2_substring_get_bynumber()
pcre2_substring_list_get()
pcre2_substring_length_byname()
pcre2_substring_length_bynumber()
pcre2_substring_nametable_scan()
pcre2_substring_number_from_name()
pcre2_substring_free() and pcre2_substring_list_free() are also pro-
vided, to free the memory used for extracted strings.
There are functions for finding out information about a compiled pat-
tern (pcre2_pattern_info()) and about the configuration with which
PCRE2 was built (pcre2_config()).
NEWLINES
PCRE2 supports five different conventions for indicating line breaks in
strings: a single CR (carriage return) character, a single LF (line-
feed) character, the two-character sequence CRLF, any of the three pre-
ceding, or any Unicode newline sequence. The Unicode newline sequences
are the three just mentioned, plus the single characters VT (vertical
tab, U+000B), FF (form feed, U+000C), NEL (next line, U+0085), LS (line
separator, U+2028), and PS (paragraph separator, U+2029).
Each of the first three conventions is used by at least one operating
system as its standard newline sequence. When PCRE2 is built, a default
can be specified. The default default is LF, which is the Unix stan-
dard. When PCRE2 is run, the default can be overridden, either when a
pattern is compiled, or when it is matched.
The newline convention can be changed when calling pcre2_compile(), or
it can be specified by special text at the start of the pattern itself;
this overrides any other settings. See the pcre2pattern page for
details of the special character sequences.
In the PCRE2 documentation the word "newline" is used to mean "the
character or pair of characters that indicate a line break". The choice
of newline convention affects the handling of the dot, circumflex, and
dollar metacharacters, the handling of #-comments in /x mode, and, when
CRLF is a recognized line ending sequence, the match position advance-
ment for a non-anchored pattern. There is more detail about this in the
section on pcre2_match() options below.
The choice of newline convention does not affect the interpretation of
the \n or \r escape sequences, nor does it affect what \R matches,
which has its own separate control.
MULTITHREADING
In a multithreaded application it is important to keep thread-specific
data separate from data that can be shared between threads. The PCRE2
library code itself is thread-safe: it contains no static or global
variables. The API is designed to be fairly simple for non-threaded
applications while at the same time ensuring that multithreaded appli-
cations can use it.
There are several different blocks of data that are used to pass infor-
mation between the application and the PCRE libraries.
(1) A pointer to the compiled form of a pattern is returned to the user
when pcre2_compile() is successful. The data in the compiled pattern is
fixed, and does not change when the pattern is matched. Therefore, it
is thread-safe, that is, the same compiled pattern can be used by more
than one thread simultaneously. An application can compile all its pat-
terns at the start, before forking off multiple threads that use them.
However, if the just-in-time optimization feature is being used, it
needs separate memory stack areas for each thread. See the pcre2jit
documentation for more details.
(2) The next section below introduces the idea of "contexts" in which
PCRE2 functions are called. A context is nothing more than a collection
of parameters that control the way PCRE2 operates. Grouping a number of
parameters together in a context is a convenient way of passing them to
a PCRE2 function without using lots of arguments. The parameters that
are stored in contexts are in some sense "advanced features" of the
API. Many straightforward applications will not need to use contexts.
In a multithreaded application, if the parameters in a context are val-
ues that are never changed, the same context can be used by all the
threads. However, if any thread needs to change any value in a context,
it must make its own thread-specific copy.
(3) The matching functions need a block of memory for working space and
for storing the results of a match. This includes details of what was
matched, as well as additional information such as the name of a
(*MARK) setting. Each thread must provide its own version of this mem-
ory.
PCRE2 CONTEXTS
Some PCRE2 functions have a lot of parameters, many of which are used
only by specialist applications, for example, those that use custom
memory management or non-standard character tables. To keep function
argument lists at a reasonable size, and at the same time to keep the
API extensible, "uncommon" parameters are passed to certain functions
in a context instead of directly. A context is just a block of memory
that holds the parameter values. Applications that do not need to
adjust any of the context parameters can pass NULL when a context
pointer is required.
There are three different types of context: a general context that is
relevant for several PCRE2 operations, a compile-time context, and a
match-time context.
The general context
At present, this context just contains pointers to (and data for)
external memory management functions that are called from several
places in the PCRE2 library. The context is named `general' rather than
specifically `memory' because in future other fields may be added. If
you do not want to supply your own custom memory management functions,
you do not need to bother with a general context. A general context is
created by:
pcre2_general_context *pcre2_general_context_create(
void *(*private_malloc)(PCRE2_SIZE, void *),
void (*private_free)(void *, void *), void *memory_data);
The two function pointers specify custom memory management functions,
whose prototypes are:
void *private_malloc(PCRE2_SIZE, void *);
void private_free(void *, void *);
Whenever code in PCRE2 calls these functions, the final argument is the
value of memory_data. Either of the first two arguments of the creation
function may be NULL, in which case the system memory management func-
tions malloc() and free() are used. (This is not currently useful, as
there are no other fields in a general context, but in future there
might be.) The private_malloc() function is used (if supplied) to
obtain memory for storing the context, and all three values are saved
as part of the context.
Whenever PCRE2 creates a data block of any kind, the block contains a
pointer to the free() function that matches the malloc() function that
was used. When the time comes to free the block, this function is
called.
A general context can be copied by calling:
pcre2_general_context *pcre2_general_context_copy(
pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
The memory used for a general context should be freed by calling:
void pcre2_general_context_free(pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
The compile context
A compile context is required if you want to change the default values
of any of the following compile-time parameters:
What \R matches (Unicode newlines or CR, LF, CRLF only);
PCRE2's character tables;
The newline character sequence;
The compile time nested parentheses limit;
An external function for stack checking.
A compile context is also required if you are using custom memory man-
agement. If none of these apply, just pass NULL as the context argu-
ment of pcre2_compile().
A compile context is created, copied, and freed by the following func-
tions:
pcre2_compile_context *pcre2_compile_context_create(
pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
pcre2_compile_context *pcre2_compile_context_copy(
pcre2_compile_context *ccontext);
void pcre2_compile_context_free(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext);
A compile context is created with default values for its parameters.
These can be changed by calling the following functions, which return 0
on success, or PCRE2_ERROR_BADDATA if invalid data is detected.
int pcre2_set_bsr(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext,
uint32_t value);
The value must be PCRE2_BSR_ANYCRLF, to specify that \R matches only
CR, LF, or CRLF, or PCRE2_BSR_UNICODE, to specify that \R matches any
Unicode line ending sequence. The value of this parameter does not
affect what is compiled; it is just saved with the compiled pattern.
The value is used by the JIT compiler and by the two interpreted match-
ing functions, pcre2_match() and pcre2_dfa_match().
int pcre2_set_character_tables(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext,
const unsigned char *tables);
The value must be the result of a call to pcre2_maketables(), whose
only argument is a general context. This function builds a set of char-
acter tables in the current locale.
int pcre2_set_newline(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext,
uint32_t value);
This specifies which characters or character sequences are to be recog-
nized as newlines. The value must be one of PCRE2_NEWLINE_CR (carriage
return only), PCRE2_NEWLINE_LF (linefeed only), PCRE2_NEWLINE_CRLF (the
two-character sequence CR followed by LF), PCRE2_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF (any
of the above), or PCRE2_NEWLINE_ANY (any Unicode newline sequence).
When a pattern is compiled with the PCRE2_EXTENDED option, the value of
this parameter affects the recognition of white space and the end of
internal comments starting with #. The value is saved with the compiled
pattern for subsequent use by the JIT compiler and by the two inter-
preted matching functions, pcre2_match() and pcre2_dfa_match().
int pcre2_set_parens_nest_limit(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext,
uint32_t value);
This parameter ajusts the limit, set when PCRE2 is built (default 250),
on the depth of parenthesis nesting in a pattern. This limit stops
rogue patterns using up too much system stack when being compiled.
int pcre2_set_compile_recursion_guard(pcre2_compile_context *ccontext,
int (*guard_function)(uint32_t));
There is at least one application that runs PCRE2 in threads with very
limited system stack, where running out of stack is to be avoided at
all costs. The parenthesis limit above cannot take account of how much
stack is actually available. For a finer control, you can supply a
function that is called whenever pcre2_compile() starts to compile a
parenthesized part of a pattern. The argument to the function gives the
current depth of nesting. The function should return zero if all is
well, or non-zero to force an error.
The match context
A match context is required if you want to change the default values of
any of the following match-time parameters:
What \R matches (Unicode newlines or CR, LF, CRLF only);
A callout function;
The limit for calling match();
The limit for calling match() recursively;
The newline character sequence;
A match context is also required if you are using custom memory manage-
ment. If none of these apply, just pass NULL as the context argument
of pcre2_match(), pcre2_dfa_match(), or pcre2_jit_match(). Changing
the newline value or what \R matches at match time disables the use of
JIT via pcre2_match().
A match context is created, copied, and freed by the following func-
tions:
pcre2_match_context *pcre2_match_context_create(
pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
pcre2_match_context *pcre2_match_context_copy(
pcre2_match_context *mcontext);
void pcre2_match_context_free(pcre2_match_context *mcontext);
A match context is created with default values for its parameters.
These can be changed by calling the following functions, which return 0
on success, or PCRE2_ERROR_BADDATA if invalid data is detected.
int pcre2_set_callout(pcre2_match_context *mcontext,
int (*callout_function)(pcre2_callout_block *),
void *callout_data);
This sets up a "callout" function, which PCRE2 will call at specified
points during a matching operation. Details are given in the pcre2call-
out documentation.
int pcre2_set_match_limit(pcre2_match_context *mcontext,
uint32_t value);
The match_limit parameter provides a means of preventing PCRE2 from
using up too many resources when processing patterns that are not going
to match, but which have a very large number of possibilities in their
search trees. The classic example is a pattern that uses nested unlim-
ited repeats.
Internally, pcre2_match() uses a function called match(), which it
calls repeatedly (sometimes recursively). The limit set by match_limit
is imposed on the number of times this function is called during a
match, which has the effect of limiting the amount of backtracking that
can take place. For patterns that are not anchored, the count restarts
from zero for each position in the subject string. This limit is not
relevant to pcre2_dfa_match(), which ignores it.
When pcre2_match() is called with a pattern that was successfully stud-
ied with pcre2_jit_compile(), the way that the matching is executed is
entirely different. However, there is still the possibility of runaway
matching that goes on for a very long time, and so the match_limit
value is also used in this case (but in a different way) to limit how
long the matching can continue.
The default value for the limit can be set when PCRE2 is built; the
default default is 10 million, which handles all but the most extreme
cases. If the limit is exceeded, pcre2_match() returns
PCRE2_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT. A value for the match limit may also be sup-
plied by an item at the start of a pattern of the form
(*LIMIT_MATCH=ddd)
where ddd is a decimal number. However, such a setting is ignored
unless ddd is less than the limit set by the caller of pcre2_match()
or, if no such limit is set, less than the default.
int pcre2_set_recursion_limit(pcre2_match_context *mcontext,
uint32_t value);
The recursion_limit parameter is similar to match_limit, but instead of
limiting the total number of times that match() is called, it limits
the depth of recursion. The recursion depth is a smaller number than
the total number of calls, because not all calls to match() are recur-
sive. This limit is of use only if it is set smaller than match_limit.
Limiting the recursion depth limits the amount of system stack that can
be used, or, when PCRE2 has been compiled to use memory on the heap
instead of the stack, the amount of heap memory that can be used. This
limit is not relevant, and is ignored, when matching is done using JIT
compiled code or by the pcre2_dfa_match() function.
The default value for recursion_limit can be set when PCRE2 is built;
the default default is the same value as the default for match_limit.
If the limit is exceeded, pcre2_match() returns PCRE2_ERROR_RECURSION-
LIMIT. A value for the recursion limit may also be supplied by an item
at the start of a pattern of the form
(*LIMIT_RECURSION=ddd)
where ddd is a decimal number. However, such a setting is ignored
unless ddd is less than the limit set by the caller of pcre2_match()
or, if no such limit is set, less than the default.
int pcre2_set_recursion_memory_management(
pcre2_match_context *mcontext,
void *(*private_malloc)(PCRE2_SIZE, void *),
void (*private_free)(void *, void *), void *memory_data);
This function sets up two additional custom memory management functions
for use by pcre2_match() when PCRE2 is compiled to use the heap for
remembering backtracking data, instead of recursive function calls that
use the system stack. There is a discussion about PCRE2's stack usage
in the pcre2stack documentation. See the pcre2build documentation for
details of how to build PCRE2. Using the heap for recursion is a non-
standard way of building PCRE2, for use in environments that have lim-
ited stacks. Because of the greater use of memory management,
pcre2_match() runs more slowly. Functions that are different to the
general custom memory functions are provided so that special-purpose
external code can be used for this case, because the memory blocks are
all the same size. The blocks are retained by pcre2_match() until it is
about to exit so that they can be re-used when possible during the
match. In the absence of these functions, the normal custom memory man-
agement functions are used, if supplied, otherwise the system func-
tions.
CHECKING BUILD-TIME OPTIONS
int pcre2_config(uint32_t what, void *where, PCRE2_SIZE length);
The function pcre2_config() makes it possible for a PCRE2 client to
discover which optional features have been compiled into the PCRE2
library. The pcre2build documentation has more details about these
optional features.
The first argument for pcre2_config() specifies which information is
required. The second argument is a pointer to memory into which the
information is placed, with the final argument giving the length of
this memory in bytes. For calls that return numerical values, where
should point to appropriately aligned memory, with length set to at
least the "sizeof" the data type.
The returned value from pcre2_config() is zero on success, or the nega-
tive error code PCRE2_ERROR_BADOPTION if the value in the first argu-
ment is not recognized. The following information is available:
PCRE2_CONFIG_BSR
The output is an integer whose value indicates what character sequences
the \R escape sequence matches by default. A value of 0 means that \R
matches any Unicode line ending sequence; a value of 1 means that \R
matches only CR, LF, or CRLF. The default can be overridden when a pat-
tern is compiled or matched.
PCRE2_CONFIG_JIT
The output is an integer that is set to one if support for just-in-time
compiling is available; otherwise it is set to zero.
PCRE2_CONFIG_JITTARGET
FIXME: this needs sorting out once JIT is implemented. If JIT support
is available, the string contains the name of the architecture for
which the JIT compiler is configured, for example "x86 32bit (little
endian + unaligned)". If JIT support is not available, FIXME.
PCRE2_CONFIG_LINKSIZE
The output is an integer that contains the number of bytes used for
internal linkage in compiled regular expressions. When PCRE2 is config-
ured, the value can be set to 2, 3, or 4, with the default being 2.
This is the value that is returned by pcre2_config(). However, when the
16-bit library is compiled, a value of 3 is rounded up to 4, and when
the 32-bit library is compiled, internal linkages always use 4 bytes,
so the configured value is not relevant.
The default value of 2 for the 8-bit and 16-bit libraries is sufficient
for all but the most massive patterns, since it allows the size of the
compiled pattern to be up to 64K code units. Larger values allow larger
regular expressions to be compiled by those two libraries, but at the
expense of slower matching.
PCRE2_CONFIG_MATCHLIMIT
The output is an unsigned long integer that gives the default limit for
the number of internal matching function calls in a pcre2_match() exe-
cution. Further details are given with pcre2_match() below.
PCRE2_CONFIG_NEWLINE
The output is an integer whose value specifies the default character
sequence that is recognized as meaning "newline". The values are:
1 Carriage return (CR)
2 Linefeed (LF)
3 Carriage return, linefeed (CRLF)
4 Any Unicode line ending
5 Any of CR, LF, or CRLF
The default should normally correspond to the standard sequence for
your operating system.
PCRE2_CONFIG_PARENSLIMIT
The output is an unsigned long integer that gives the maximum depth of
nesting of parentheses (of any kind) in a pattern. This limit is
imposed to cap the amount of system stack used when a pattern is com-
piled. It is specified when PCRE2 is built; the default is 250. This
limit does not take into account the stack that may already be used by
the calling application. For finer control over compilation stack
usage, see pcre2_set_compile_recursion_guard().
PCRE2_CONFIG_RECURSIONLIMIT
The output is an unsigned long integer that gives the default limit for
the depth of recursion when calling the internal matching function in a
pcre2_match() execution. Further details are given with pcre2_match()
below.
PCRE2_CONFIG_STACKRECURSE
The output is an integer that is set to one if internal recursion when
running pcre2_match() is implemented by recursive function calls that
use the system stack to remember their state. This is the usual way
that PCRE2 is compiled. The output is zero if PCRE2 was compiled to use
blocks of data on the heap instead of recursive function calls.
PCRE2_CONFIG_UNICODE_VERSION
The where argument should point to a buffer that is at least 24 code
units long. If PCRE2 has been compiled without Unicode support, this is
filled with the text "Unicode not supported". Otherwise, the Unicode
version string (for example, "7.0.0") is returnd. The string is zero-
terminated.
PCRE2_CONFIG_UNICODE
The output is an integer that is set to one if Unicode support is
available; otherwise it is set to zero. Unicode support implies UTF
support.
PCRE2_CONFIG_VERSION
The where argument should point to a buffer that is at least 12 code
units long. It is filled with the PCRE2 version string, zero-termi-
nated.
COMPILING A PATTERN
pcre2_code *pcre2_compile(PCRE2_SPTR pattern, PCRE2_SIZE length,
uint32_t options, int *errorcode, PCRE2_SIZE *erroroffset,
pcre2_compile_context *ccontext);
pcre2_code_free(pcre2_code *code);
This function compiles a pattern, defined by a pointer to a string of
code units and a length, into an internal form. If the pattern is zero-
terminated, the length should be specified as PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED.
The function returns a pointer to a block of memory that contains the
compiled pattern and related data. The caller must free the memory by
calling pcre2_code_free() when it is no longer needed.
If the compile context argument ccontext is NULL, the memory is
obtained by calling malloc(). Otherwise, it is obtained from the same
memory function that was used for the compile context.
The options argument contains various bit settings that affect the com-
pilation. It should be zero if no options are required. The available
options are described below. Some of them (in particular, those that
are compatible with Perl, but some others as well) can also be set and
unset from within the pattern (see the detailed description in the
pcre2pattern documentation).
For those options that can be different in different parts of the pat-
tern, the contents of the options argument specifies their settings at
the start of compilation. The PCRE2_ANCHORED and PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK
options can be set at the time of matching as well as at compile time.
Other, less frequently required compile-time parameters (for example,
the newline setting) can be provided in a compile context (as described
above).
If errorcode or erroroffset is NULL, pcre2_compile() returns NULL imme-
diately. Otherwise, if compilation of a pattern fails, pcre2_compile()
returns NULL, having set these variables to an error code and an offset
(number of code units) within the pattern, respectively. The
pcre2_get_error_message() function provides a textual message for each
error code. Compilation errors are positive numbers, but UTF formatting
errors are negative numbers. For an invalid UTF-8 or UTF-16 string, the
offset is that of the first code unit of the failing character.
Some errors are not detected until the whole pattern has been scanned;
in these cases, the offset passed back is the length of the pattern.
Note that the offset is in code units, not characters, even in a UTF
mode. It may sometimes point into the middle of a UTF-8 or UTF-16 char-
acter.
This code fragment shows a typical straightforward call to pcre2_com-
pile():
pcre2_code *re;
PCRE2_SIZE erroffset;
int errorcode;
re = pcre2_compile(
"^A.*Z", /* the pattern */
PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED, /* the pattern is zero-terminated */
0, /* default options */
&errorcode, /* for error code */
&erroffset, /* for error offset */
NULL); /* no compile context */
The following names for option bits are defined in the pcre2.h header
file:
PCRE2_ANCHORED
If this bit is set, the pattern is forced to be "anchored", that is, it
is constrained to match only at the first matching point in the string
that is being searched (the "subject string"). This effect can also be
achieved by appropriate constructs in the pattern itself, which is the
only way to do it in Perl.
PCRE2_ALLOW_EMPTY_CLASS
By default, for compatibility with Perl, a closing square bracket that
immediately follows an opening one is treated as a data character for
the class. When PCRE2_ALLOW_EMPTY_CLASS is set, it terminates the
class, which therefore contains no characters and so can never match.
PCRE2_ALT_BSUX
This option request alternative handling of three escape sequences,
which makes PCRE2's behaviour more like ECMAscript (aka JavaScript).
When it is set:
(1) \U matches an upper case "U" character; by default \U causes a com-
pile time error (Perl uses \U to upper case subsequent characters).
(2) \u matches a lower case "u" character unless it is followed by four
hexadecimal digits, in which case the hexadecimal number defines the
code point to match. By default, \u causes a compile time error (Perl
uses it to upper case the following character).
(3) \x matches a lower case "x" character unless it is followed by two
hexadecimal digits, in which case the hexadecimal number defines the
code point to match. By default, as in Perl, a hexadecimal number is
always expected after \x, but it may have zero, one, or two digits (so,
for example, \xz matches a binary zero character followed by z).
PCRE2_AUTO_CALLOUT
If this bit is set, pcre2_compile() automatically inserts callout
items, all with number 255, before each pattern item. For discussion of
the callout facility, see the pcre2callout documentation.
PCRE2_CASELESS
If this bit is set, letters in the pattern match both upper and lower
case letters in the subject. It is equivalent to Perl's /i option, and
it can be changed within a pattern by a (?i) option setting.
PCRE2_DOLLAR_ENDONLY
If this bit is set, a dollar metacharacter in the pattern matches only
at the end of the subject string. Without this option, a dollar also
matches immediately before a newline at the end of the string (but not
before any other newlines). The PCRE2_DOLLAR_ENDONLY option is ignored
if PCRE2_MULTILINE is set. There is no equivalent to this option in
Perl, and no way to set it within a pattern.
PCRE2_DOTALL
If this bit is set, a dot metacharacter in the pattern matches any
character, including one that indicates a newline. However, it only
ever matches one character, even if newlines are coded as CRLF. Without
this option, a dot does not match when the current position in the sub-
ject is at a newline. This option is equivalent to Perl's /s option,
and it can be changed within a pattern by a (?s) option setting. A neg-
ative class such as [^a] always matches newline characters, independent
of the setting of this option.
PCRE2_DUPNAMES
If this bit is set, names used to identify capturing subpatterns need
not be unique. This can be helpful for certain types of pattern when it
is known that only one instance of the named subpattern can ever be
matched. There are more details of named subpatterns below; see also
the pcre2pattern documentation.
PCRE2_EXTENDED
If this bit is set, most white space characters in the pattern are
totally ignored except when escaped or inside a character class. How-
ever, white space is not allowed within sequences such as (?> that
introduce various parenthesized subpatterns, nor within numerical quan-
tifiers such as {1,3}. Ignorable white space is permitted between an
item and a following quantifier and between a quantifier and a follow-
ing + that indicates possessiveness.
PCRE2_EXTENDED also causes characters between an unescaped # outside a
character class and the next newline, inclusive, to be ignored, which
makes it possible to include comments inside complicated patterns. Note
that the end of this type of comment is a literal newline sequence in
the pattern; escape sequences that happen to represent a newline do not
count. PCRE2_EXTENDED is equivalent to Perl's /x option, and it can be
changed within a pattern by a (?x) option setting.
Which characters are interpreted as newlines can be specified by a set-
ting in the compile context that is passed to pcre2_compile() or by a
special sequence at the start of the pattern, as described in the sec-
tion entitled "Newline conventions" in the pcre2pattern documentation.
A default is defined when PCRE2 is built.
PCRE2_FIRSTLINE
If this option is set, an unanchored pattern is required to match
before or at the first newline in the subject string, though the
matched text may continue over the newline.
PCRE2_MATCH_UNSET_BACKREF
If this option is set, a back reference to an unset subpattern group
matches an empty string (by default this causes the current matching
alternative to fail). A pattern such as (\1)(a) succeeds when this
option is set (assuming it can find an "a" in the subject), whereas it
fails by default, for Perl compatibility. Setting this option makes
PCRE2 behave more like ECMAscript (aka JavaScript).
PCRE2_MULTILINE
By default, for the purposes of matching "start of line" and "end of
line", PCRE2 treats the subject string as consisting of a single line
of characters, even if it actually contains newlines. The "start of
line" metacharacter (^) matches only at the start of the string, and
the "end of line" metacharacter ($) matches only at the end of the
string, or before a terminating newline (except when PCRE2_DOL-
LAR_ENDONLY is set). Note, however, that unless PCRE2_DOTALL is set,
the "any character" metacharacter (.) does not match at a newline. This
behaviour (for ^, $, and dot) is the same as Perl.
When PCRE2_MULTILINE it is set, the "start of line" and "end of line"
constructs match immediately following or immediately before internal
newlines in the subject string, respectively, as well as at the very
start and end. This is equivalent to Perl's /m option, and it can be
changed within a pattern by a (?m) option setting. If there are no new-
lines in a subject string, or no occurrences of ^ or $ in a pattern,
setting PCRE2_MULTILINE has no effect.
PCRE2_NEVER_UCP
This option locks out the use of Unicode properties for handling \B,
\b, \D, \d, \S, \s, \W, \w, and some of the POSIX character classes, as
described for the PCRE2_UCP option below. In particular, it prevents
the creator of the pattern from enabling this facility by starting the
pattern with (*UCP). This may be useful in applications that process
patterns from external sources. The option combination PCRE_UCP and
PCRE_NEVER_UCP causes an error.
PCRE2_NEVER_UTF
This option locks out interpretation of the pattern as UTF-8, UTF-16,
or UTF-32, depending on which library is in use. In particular, it pre-
vents the creator of the pattern from switching to UTF interpretation
by starting the pattern with (*UTF). This may be useful in applications
that process patterns from external sources. The combination of
PCRE2_UTF and PCRE2_NEVER_UTF causes an error.
PCRE2_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE
If this option is set, it disables the use of numbered capturing paren-
theses in the pattern. Any opening parenthesis that is not followed by
? behaves as if it were followed by ?: but named parentheses can still
be used for capturing (and they acquire numbers in the usual way).
There is no equivalent of this option in Perl.
PCRE2_NO_AUTO_POSSESS
If this option is set, it disables "auto-possessification", which is an
optimization that, for example, turns a+b into a++b in order to avoid
backtracks into a+ that can never be successful. However, if callouts
are in use, auto-possessification means that some callouts are never
taken. You can set this option if you want the matching functions to do
a full unoptimized search and run all the callouts, but it is mainly
provided for testing purposes.
PCRE2_NO_START_OPTIMIZE
This is an option whose main effect is at matching time. It does not
change what pcre2_compile() generates, but it does affect the output of
the JIT compiler.
There are a number of optimizations that may occur at the start of a
match, in order to speed up the process. For example, if it is known
that an unanchored match must start with a specific character, the
matching code searches the subject for that character, and fails imme-
diately if it cannot find it, without actually running the main match-
ing function. This means that a special item such as (*COMMIT) at the
start of a pattern is not considered until after a suitable starting
point for the match has been found. Also, when callouts or (*MARK)
items are in use, these "start-up" optimizations can cause them to be
skipped if the pattern is never actually used. The start-up optimiza-
tions are in effect a pre-scan of the subject that takes place before
the pattern is run.
The PCRE2_NO_START_OPTIMIZE option disables the start-up optimizations,
possibly causing performance to suffer, but ensuring that in cases
where the result is "no match", the callouts do occur, and that items
such as (*COMMIT) and (*MARK) are considered at every possible starting
position in the subject string.
Setting PCRE2_NO_START_OPTIMIZE may change the outcome of a matching
operation. Consider the pattern
(*COMMIT)ABC
When this is compiled, PCRE2 records the fact that a match must start
with the character "A". Suppose the subject string is "DEFABC". The
start-up optimization scans along the subject, finds "A" and runs the
first match attempt from there. The (*COMMIT) item means that the pat-
tern must match the current starting position, which in this case, it
does. However, if the same match is run with PCRE2_NO_START_OPTIMIZE
set, the initial scan along the subject string does not happen. The
first match attempt is run starting from "D" and when this fails,
(*COMMIT) prevents any further matches being tried, so the overall
result is "no match". There are also other start-up optimizations. For
example, a minimum length for the subject may be recorded. Consider the
pattern
(*MARK:A)(X|Y)
The minimum length for a match is one character. If the subject is
"ABC", there will be attempts to match "ABC", "BC", and "C". An attempt
to match an empty string at the end of the subject does not take place,
because PCRE2 knows that the subject is now too short, and so the
(*MARK) is never encountered. In this case, the optimization does not
affect the overall match result, which is still "no match", but it does
affect the auxiliary information that is returned.
PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK
When PCRE2_UTF is set, the validity of the pattern as a UTF string is
automatically checked. There are discussions about the validity of
UTF-8 strings, UTF-16 strings, and UTF-32 strings in the pcre2unicode
document. If an invalid UTF sequence is found, pcre2_compile() returns
a negative error code.
If you know that your pattern is valid, and you want to skip this check
for performance reasons, you can set the PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK option.
When it is set, the effect of passing an invalid UTF string as a pat-
tern is undefined. It may cause your program to crash or loop. Note
that this option can also be passed to pcre2_match() and
pcre_dfa_match(), to suppress validity checking of the subject string.
PCRE2_UCP
This option changes the way PCRE2 processes \B, \b, \D, \d, \S, \s, \W,
\w, and some of the POSIX character classes. By default, only ASCII
characters are recognized, but if PCRE2_UCP is set, Unicode properties
are used instead to classify characters. More details are given in the
section on generic character types in the pcre2pattern page. If you set
PCRE2_UCP, matching one of the items it affects takes much longer. The
option is available only if PCRE2 has been compiled with UTF support.
PCRE2_UNGREEDY
This option inverts the "greediness" of the quantifiers so that they
are not greedy by default, but become greedy if followed by "?". It is
not compatible with Perl. It can also be set by a (?U) option setting
within the pattern.
PCRE2_UTF
This option causes PCRE2 to regard both the pattern and the subject
strings that are subsequently processed as strings of UTF characters
instead of single-code-unit strings. However, it is available only when
PCRE2 is built to include UTF support. If not, the use of this option
provokes an error. Details of how this option changes the behaviour of
PCRE2 are given in the pcre2unicode page.
COMPILATION ERROR CODES
There are over 80 positive error codes that pcre2_compile() may return
if it finds an error in the pattern. There are also some negative error
codes that are used for invalid UTF strings. These are the same as
given by pcre2_match() and pcre2_dfa_match(), and are described in the
pcre2unicode page. The pcre2_get_error_message() function can be called
to obtain a textual error message from any error code.
JUST-IN-TIME (JIT) COMPILATION
int pcre2_jit_compile(pcre2_code *code, uint32_t options);
int pcre2_jit_match(const pcre2_code *code, PCRE2_SPTR subject,
PCRE2_SIZE length, PCRE2_SIZE startoffset,
uint32_t options, pcre2_match_data *match_data,
pcre2_match_context *mcontext, pcre2_jit_stack *jit_stack);
void pcre2_jit_free_unused_memory(pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
pcre2_jit_stack *pcre2_jit_stack_alloc(pcre2_general_context *gcontext,
PCRE2_SIZE startsize, PCRE2_SIZE maxsize);
void pcre2_jit_stack_assign(const pcre2_code *code,
pcre2_jit_callback callback_function, void *callback_data);
void pcre2_jit_stack_free(pcre2_jit_stack *jit_stack);
These functions provide support for JIT compilation, which, if the
just-in-time compiler is available, further processes a compiled pat-
tern into machine code that executes much faster than the pcre2_match()
interpretive matching function. Full details are given in the pcre2jit
documentation.
JIT compilation is a heavyweight optimization. It can take some time
for patterns to be analyzed, and for one-off matches and simple pat-
terns the benefit of faster execution might be offset by a much slower
compilation time. Most, but not all patterns can be optimized by the
JIT compiler.
LOCALE SUPPORT
PCRE2 handles caseless matching, and determines whether characters are
letters, digits, or whatever, by reference to a set of tables, indexed
by character code point. When running in UTF-8 mode, or using the
16-bit or 32-bit libraries, this applies only to characters with code
points less than 256. By default, higher-valued code points never match
escapes such as \w or \d. However, if PCRE2 is built with UTF support,
all characters can be tested with \p and \P, or, alternatively, the
PCRE2_UCP option can be set when a pattern is compiled; this causes \w
and friends to use Unicode property support instead of the built-in
tables.
The use of locales with Unicode is discouraged. If you are handling
characters with code points greater than 128, you should either use
Unicode support, or use locales, but not try to mix the two.
PCRE2 contains an internal set of character tables that are used by
default. These are sufficient for many applications. Normally, the
internal tables recognize only ASCII characters. However, when PCRE2 is
built, it is possible to cause the internal tables to be rebuilt in the
default "C" locale of the local system, which may cause them to be dif-
ferent.
The internal tables can be overridden by tables supplied by the appli-
cation that calls PCRE2. These may be created in a different locale
from the default. As more and more applications change to using Uni-
code, the need for this locale support is expected to die away.
External tables are built by calling the pcre2_maketables() function,
in the relevant locale. The result can be passed to pcre2_compile() as
often as necessary, by creating a compile context and calling
pcre2_set_character_tables() to set the tables pointer therein. For
example, to build and use tables that are appropriate for the French
locale (where accented characters with values greater than 128 are
treated as letters), the following code could be used:
setlocale(LC_CTYPE, "fr_FR");
tables = pcre2_maketables(NULL);
ccontext = pcre2_compile_context_create(NULL);
pcre2_set_character_tables(ccontext, tables);
re = pcre2_compile(..., ccontext);
The locale name "fr_FR" is used on Linux and other Unix-like systems;
if you are using Windows, the name for the French locale is "french".
It is the caller's responsibility to ensure that the memory containing
the tables remains available for as long as it is needed.
The pointer that is passed (via the compile context) to pcre2_compile()
is saved with the compiled pattern, and the same tables are used by
pcre2_match() and pcre_dfa_match(). Thus, for any single pattern, com-
pilation, and matching all happen in the same locale, but different
patterns can be processed in different locales.
INFORMATION ABOUT A COMPILED PATTERN
int pcre2_pattern_info(const pcre2 *code, uint32_t what, void *where);
The pcre2_pattern_info() function returns information about a compiled
pattern. The first argument is a pointer to the compiled pattern. The
second argument specifies which piece of information is required, and
the third argument is a pointer to a variable to receive the data. The
yield of the function is zero for success, or one of the following neg-
ative numbers:
PCRE2_ERROR_NULL the argument code was NULL
the argument where was NULL
PCRE2_ERROR_BADMAGIC the "magic number" was not found
PCRE2_ERROR_BADOPTION the value of what was invalid
PCRE2_ERROR_UNSET the requested field is not set
The "magic number" is placed at the start of each compiled pattern as
an simple check against passing an arbitrary memory pointer. Here is a
typical call of pcre2_pattern_info(), to obtain the length of the com-
piled pattern:
int rc;
size_t length;
rc = pcre2_pattern_info(
re, /* result of pcre2_compile() */
PCRE2_INFO_SIZE, /* what is required */
&length); /* where to put the data */
The possible values for the second argument are defined in pcre2.h, and
are as follows:
PCRE2_INFO_ALLOPTIONS
PCRE2_INFO_ARGOPTIONS
Return a copy of the pattern's options. The third argument should point
to a uint32_t variable. PCRE2_INFO_ARGOPTIONS returns exactly the
options that were passed to pcre2_compile(), whereas PCRE2_INFO_ALLOP-
TIONS returns the compile options as modified by any top-level option
settings at the start of the pattern itself. In other words, they are
the options that will be in force when matching starts. For example, if
the pattern /(?im)abc(?-i)d/ is compiled with the PCRE2_EXTENDED
option, the result is PCRE2_CASELESS, PCRE2_MULTILINE, and
PCRE2_EXTENDED.
A pattern is automatically anchored by PCRE2 if all of its top-level
alternatives begin with one of the following:
^ unless PCRE2_MULTILINE is set
\A always
\G always
.* if PCRE2_DOTALL is set and there are no back
references to the subpattern in which .* appears
For such patterns, the PCRE2_ANCHORED bit is set in the options
returned for PCRE2_INFO_ALLOPTIONS.
PCRE2_INFO_BACKREFMAX
Return the number of the highest back reference in the pattern. The
third argument should point to an uint32_t variable. Zero is returned
if there are no back references.
PCRE2_INFO_BSR
The output is a uint32_t whose value indicates what character sequences
the \R escape sequence matches by default. A value of 0 means that \R
matches any Unicode line ending sequence; a value of 1 means that \R
matches only CR, LF, or CRLF. The default can be overridden when a pat-
tern is matched.
PCRE2_INFO_CAPTURECOUNT
Return the number of capturing subpatterns in the pattern. The third
argument should point to an uint32_t variable.
PCRE2_INFO_FIRSTCODETYPE
Return information about the first code unit of any matched string, for
a non-anchored pattern. The third argument should point to an uint32_t
variable.
If there is a fixed first value, for example, the letter "c" from a
pattern such as (cat|cow|coyote), 1 is returned, and the character
value can be retrieved using PCRE2_INFO_FIRSTCODEUNIT. If there is no
fixed first value, and if either
(a) the pattern was compiled with the PCRE2_MULTILINE option, and every
branch starts with "^", or
(b) every branch of the pattern starts with ".*" and PCRE2_DOTALL is
not set (if it were set, the pattern would be anchored),
2 is returned, indicating that the pattern matches only at the start of
a subject string or after any newline within the string. Otherwise 0 is
returned. For anchored patterns, 0 is returned.
PCRE2_INFO_FIRSTCODEUNIT
Return the value of the first code unit of any matched string in the
situation where PCRE2_INFO_FIRSTCODETYPE returns 1; otherwise return 0.
The third argument should point to an uint32_t variable. In the 8-bit
library, the value is always less than 256. In the 16-bit library the
value can be up to 0xffff. In the 32-bit library in UTF-32 mode the
value can be up to 0x10ffff, and up to 0xffffffff when not using UTF-32
mode.
PCRE2_INFO_FIRSTBITMAP
In the absence of a single first code unit for a non-anchored pattern,
pcre2_compile() may construct a 256-bit table that defines a fixed set
of values for the first code unit in any match. For example, a pattern
that starts with [abc] results in a table with three bits set. When
code unit values greater than 255 are supported, the flag bit for 255
means "any code unit of value 255 or above". If such a table was con-
structed, a pointer to it is returned. Otherwise NULL is returned. The
third argument should point to an const uint8_t * variable.
PCRE2_INFO_HASCRORLF
Return 1 if the pattern contains any explicit matches for CR or LF
characters, otherwise 0. The third argument should point to an uint32_t
variable. An explicit match is either a literal CR or LF character, or
\r or \n.
PCRE2_INFO_JCHANGED
Return 1 if the (?J) or (?-J) option setting is used in the pattern,
otherwise 0. The third argument should point to an uint32_t variable.
(?J) and (?-J) set and unset the local PCRE2_DUPNAMES option, respec-
tively.
PCRE2_INFO_JITSIZE
If the compiled pattern was successfully processed by pcre2_jit_com-
pile(), return the size of the JIT compiled code, otherwise return
zero. The third argument should point to a size_t variable.
PCRE2_INFO_LASTCODETYPE
Returns 1 if there is a rightmost literal code unit that must exist in
any matched string, other than at its start. The third argument should
point to an uint32_t variable. If there is no such value, 0 is
returned. When 1 is returned, the code unit value itself can be
retrieved using PCRE2_INFO_LASTCODEUNIT.
For anchored patterns, a last literal value is recorded only if it fol-
lows something of variable length. For example, for the pattern
/^a\d+z\d+/ the returned value is 1 (with "z" returned from
PCRE2_INFO_LASTCODEUNIT), but for /^a\dz\d/ the returned value is 0.
PCRE2_INFO_LASTCODEUNIT
Return the value of the rightmost literal data unit that must exist in
any matched string, other than at its start, if such a value has been
recorded. The third argument should point to an uint32_t variable. If
there is no such value, 0 is returned.
PCRE2_INFO_MATCHEMPTY
Return 1 if the pattern can match an empty string, otherwise 0. The
third argument should point to an uint32_t variable.
PCRE2_INFO_MATCHLIMIT
If the pattern set a match limit by including an item of the form
(*LIMIT_MATCH=nnnn) at the start, the value is returned. The third
argument should point to an unsigned 32-bit integer. If no such value
has been set, the call to pcre2_pattern_info() returns the error
PCRE2_ERROR_UNSET.
PCRE2_INFO_MAXLOOKBEHIND
Return the number of characters (not code units) in the longest lookbe-
hind assertion in the pattern. The third argument should point to an
unsigned 32-bit integer. This information is useful when doing multi-
segment matching using the partial matching facilities. Note that the
simple assertions \b and \B require a one-character lookbehind. \A also
registers a one-character lookbehind, though it does not actually
inspect the previous character. This is to ensure that at least one
character from the old segment is retained when a new segment is pro-
cessed. Otherwise, if there are no lookbehinds in the pattern, \A might
match incorrectly at the start of a new segment.
PCRE2_INFO_MINLENGTH
If a minimum length for matching subject strings was computed, its
value is returned. Otherwise the returned value is 0. The value is a
number of characters, which in UTF mode may be different from the num-
ber of code units. The third argument should point to an uint32_t
variable. The value is a lower bound to the length of any matching
string. There may not be any strings of that length that do actually
match, but every string that does match is at least that long.
PCRE2_INFO_NAMECOUNT
PCRE2_INFO_NAMEENTRYSIZE
PCRE2_INFO_NAMETABLE
PCRE2 supports the use of named as well as numbered capturing parenthe-
ses. The names are just an additional way of identifying the parenthe-
ses, which still acquire numbers. Several convenience functions such as
pcre2_substring_get_byname() are provided for extracting captured sub-
strings by name. It is also possible to extract the data directly, by
first converting the name to a number in order to access the correct
pointers in the output vector (described with pcre2_match() below). To
do the conversion, you need to use the name-to-number map, which is
described by these three values.
The map consists of a number of fixed-size entries. PCRE2_INFO_NAME-
COUNT gives the number of entries, and PCRE2_INFO_NAMEENTRYSIZE gives
the size of each entry; both of these return a uint32_t value. The
entry size depends on the length of the longest name.
PCRE2_INFO_NAMETABLE returns a pointer to the first entry of the table.
This is a PCRE2_SPTR pointer to a block of code units. In the 8-bit
library, the first two bytes of each entry are the number of the cap-
turing parenthesis, most significant byte first. In the 16-bit library,
the pointer points to 16-bit data units, the first of which contains
the parenthesis number. In the 32-bit library, the pointer points to
32-bit data units, the first of which contains the parenthesis number.
The rest of the entry is the corresponding name, zero terminated.
The names are in alphabetical order. If (?| is used to create multiple
groups with the same number, as described in the section on duplicate
subpattern numbers in the pcre2pattern page, the groups may be given
the same name, but there is only one entry in the table. Different
names for groups of the same number are not permitted.
Duplicate names for subpatterns with different numbers are permitted,
but only if PCRE2_DUPNAMES is set. They appear in the table in the
order in which they were found in the pattern. In the absence of (?|
this is the order of increasing number; when (?| is used this is not
necessarily the case because later subpatterns may have lower numbers.
As a simple example of the name/number table, consider the following
pattern after compilation by the 8-bit library (assume PCRE2_EXTENDED
is set, so white space - including newlines - is ignored):
(?<date> (?<year>(\d\d)?\d\d) -
(?<month>\d\d) - (?<day>\d\d) )
There are four named subpatterns, so the table has four entries, and
each entry in the table is eight bytes long. The table is as follows,
with non-printing bytes shows in hexadecimal, and undefined bytes shown
as ??:
00 01 d a t e 00 ??
00 05 d a y 00 ?? ??
00 04 m o n t h 00
00 02 y e a r 00 ??
When writing code to extract data from named subpatterns using the
name-to-number map, remember that the length of the entries is likely
to be different for each compiled pattern.
PCRE2_INFO_NEWLINE
The output is a uint32_t whose value specifies the default character
sequence that will be recognized as meaning "newline" while matching.
The values are:
1 Carriage return (CR)
2 Linefeed (LF)
3 Carriage return, linefeed (CRLF)
4 Any Unicode line ending
5 Any of CR, LF, or CRLF
The default can be overridden when a pattern is matched.
PCRE2_INFO_RECURSIONLIMIT
If the pattern set a recursion limit by including an item of the form
(*LIMIT_RECURSION=nnnn) at the start, the value is returned. The third
argument should point to an unsigned 32-bit integer. If no such value
has been set, the call to pcre2_pattern_info() returns the error
PCRE2_ERROR_UNSET.
PCRE2_INFO_SIZE
Return the size of the compiled pattern in bytes (for all three
libraries). The third argument should point to a size_t variable. This
value does not include the size of the pcre2_code structure that is
returned by pcre_compile(). The value that is used when pcre2_compile()
is getting memory in which to place the compiled data is the value
returned by this option plus the size of the pcre2_code structure. Pro-
cessing a pattern with the JIT compiler does not alter the value
returned by this option.
THE MATCH DATA BLOCK
pcre2_match_data_create(uint32_t ovecsize,
pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
pcre2_match_data_create_from_pattern(pcre2_code *code,
pcre2_general_context *gcontext);
void pcre2_match_data_free(pcre2_match_data *match_data);
Information about successful and unsuccessful matches is placed in a
match data block, which is an opaque structure that is accessed by
function calls. In particular, the match data block contains a vector
of offsets into the subject string that define the matched part of the
subject and any substrings that were capured. This is know as the ovec-
tor.
Before calling pcre2_match() or pcre2_dfa_match() you must create a
match data block by calling one of the creation functions above. For
pcre2_match_data_create(), the first argument is the number of pairs of
offsets in the ovector. One pair of offsets is required to identify the
string that matched the whole pattern, with another pair for each cap-
tured substring. For example, a value of 4 creates enough space to
record the matched portion of the subject plus three captured sub-
strings. A minimum of at least 1 pair is imposed by
pcre2_match_data_create(), so it is always possible to return the over-
all matched string.
For pcre2_match_data_create_from_pattern(), the first argument is a
pointer to a compiled pattern. In this case the ovector is created to
be exactly the right size to hold all the substrings a pattern might
capture.
The second argument of both these functions ia a pointer to a general
context, which can specify custom memory management for obtaining the
memory for the match data block. If you are not using custom memory
management, pass NULL.
A match data block can be used many times, with the same or different
compiled patterns. When it is no longer needed, it should be freed by
calling pcre2_match_data_free(). How to extract information from a
match data block after a match operation is described in the sections
on matched strings and other match data below.
MATCHING A PATTERN: THE TRADITIONAL FUNCTION
int pcre2_match(const pcre2_code *code, PCRE2_SPTR subject,
PCRE2_SIZE length, PCRE2_SIZE startoffset,
uint32_t options, pcre2_match_data *match_data,
pcre2_match_context *mcontext);
The function pcre2_match() is called to match a subject string against
a compiled pattern, which is passed in the code argument. You can call
pcre2_match() with the same code argument as many times as you like, in
order to find multiple matches in the subject string or to match dif-
ferent subject strings with the same pattern.
This function is the main matching facility of the library, and it
operates in a Perl-like manner. For specialist use there is also an
alternative matching function, which is described below in the section
about the pcre2_dfa_match() function.
Here is an example of a simple call to pcre2_match():
pcre2_match_data *md = pcre2_match_data_create(4, NULL);
int rc = pcre2_match(
re, /* result of pcre2_compile() */
"some string", /* the subject string */
11, /* the length of the subject string */
0, /* start at offset 0 in the subject */
0, /* default options */
match_data, /* the match data block */
NULL); /* a match context; NULL means use defaults */
If the subject string is zero-terminated, the length can be given as
PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED. A match context must be provided if certain less
common matching parameters are to be changed. For details, see the sec-
tion on the match context above.
The string to be matched by pcre2_match()
The subject string is passed to pcre2_match() as a pointer in subject,
a length in length, and a starting offset in startoffset. The length
and offset are in code units, not characters. That is, they are in
bytes for the 8-bit library, 16-bit code units for the 16-bit library,
and 32-bit code units for the 32-bit library, whether or not UTF pro-
cessing is enabled.
If startoffset is greater than the length of the subject, pcre2_match()
returns PCRE2_ERROR_BADOFFSET. When the starting offset is zero, the
search for a match starts at the beginning of the subject, and this is
by far the most common case. In UTF-8 or UTF-16 mode, the starting off-
set must point to the start of a character, or to the end of the sub-
ject (in UTF-32 mode, one code unit equals one character, so all off-
sets are valid). Like the pattern string, the subject may contain
binary zeroes.
A non-zero starting offset is useful when searching for another match
in the same subject by calling pcre2_match() again after a previous
success. Setting startoffset differs from passing over a shortened
string and setting PCRE2_NOTBOL in the case of a pattern that begins
with any kind of lookbehind. For example, consider the pattern
\Biss\B
which finds occurrences of "iss" in the middle of words. (\B matches
only if the current position in the subject is not a word boundary.)
When applied to the string "Mississipi" the first call to pcre2_match()
finds the first occurrence. If pcre2_match() is called again with just
the remainder of the subject, namely "issipi", it does not match,
because \B is always false at the start of the subject, which is deemed
to be a word boundary. However, if pcre2_match() is passed the entire
string again, but with startoffset set to 4, it finds the second occur-
rence of "iss" because it is able to look behind the starting point to
discover that it is preceded by a letter.
Finding all the matches in a subject is tricky when the pattern can
match an empty string. It is possible to emulate Perl's /g behaviour by
first trying the match again at the same offset, with the
PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART and PCRE2_ANCHORED options, and then if that
fails, advancing the starting offset and trying an ordinary match
again. There is some code that demonstrates how to do this in the
pcre2demo sample program. In the most general case, you have to check
to see if the newline convention recognizes CRLF as a newline, and if
so, and the current character is CR followed by LF, advance the start-
ing offset by two characters instead of one.
If a non-zero starting offset is passed when the pattern is anchored,
one attempt to match at the given offset is made. This can only succeed
if the pattern does not require the match to be at the start of the
subject.
Option bits for pcre2_match()
The unused bits of the options argument for pcre2_match() must be zero.
The only bits that may be set are PCRE2_ANCHORED, PCRE2_NOTBOL,
PCRE2_NOTEOL, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART,
PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK, PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD, and PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT. Their
action is described below.
If the pattern was successfully processed by the just-in-time (JIT)
compiler, the only supported options for matching using the JIT code
are PCRE2_NOTBOL, PCRE2_NOTEOL, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART,
PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK, PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD, and PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT. If an
unsupported option is used, JIT matching is disabled and the normal
interpretive code in pcre2_match() is run.
PCRE2_ANCHORED
The PCRE2_ANCHORED option limits pcre2_match() to matching at the first
matching position. If a pattern was compiled with PCRE2_ANCHORED, or
turned out to be anchored by virtue of its contents, it cannot be made
unachored at matching time. Note that setting the option at match time
disables JIT matching.
PCRE2_NOTBOL
This option specifies that first character of the subject string is not
the beginning of a line, so the circumflex metacharacter should not
match before it. Setting this without PCRE2_MULTILINE (at compile time)
causes circumflex never to match. This option affects only the behav-
iour of the circumflex metacharacter. It does not affect \A.
PCRE2_NOTEOL
This option specifies that the end of the subject string is not the end
of a line, so the dollar metacharacter should not match it nor (except
in multiline mode) a newline immediately before it. Setting this with-
out PCRE2_MULTILINE (at compile time) causes dollar never to match.
This option affects only the behaviour of the dollar metacharacter. It
does not affect \Z or \z.
PCRE2_NOTEMPTY
An empty string is not considered to be a valid match if this option is
set. If there are alternatives in the pattern, they are tried. If all
the alternatives match the empty string, the entire match fails. For
example, if the pattern
a?b?
is applied to a string not beginning with "a" or "b", it matches an
empty string at the start of the subject. With PCRE2_NOTEMPTY set, this
match is not valid, so PCRE2 searches further into the string for
occurrences of "a" or "b".
PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART
This is like PCRE2_NOTEMPTY, except that an empty string match that is
not at the start of the subject is permitted. If the pattern is
anchored, such a match can occur only if the pattern contains \K.
PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK
When PCRE2_UTF is set at compile time, the validity of the subject as a
UTF string is checked by default when pcre2_match() is subsequently
called. The entire string is checked before any other processing takes
place, and a negative error code is returned if the check fails. There
are several UTF error codes for each code unit width, corresponding to
different problems with the code unit sequence. The value of startoff-
set is also checked, to ensure that it points to the start of a charac-
ter or to the end of the subject. There are discussions about the
validity of UTF-8 strings, UTF-16 strings, and UTF-32 strings in the
pcre2unicode page.
If you know that your subject is valid, and you want to skip these
checks for performance reasons, you can set the PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK
option when calling pcre2_match(). You might want to do this for the
second and subsequent calls to pcre2_match() if you are making repeated
calls to find all the matches in a single subject string.
NOTE: When PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK is set, the effect of passing an invalid
string as a subject, or an invalid value of startoffset, is undefined.
Your program may crash or loop indefinitely.
PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD
PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT
These options turn on the partial matching feature. A partial match
occurs if the end of the subject string is reached successfully, but
there are not enough subject characters to complete the match. If this
happens when PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT (but not PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD) is set,
matching continues by testing any remaining alternatives. Only if no
complete match can be found is PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL returned instead of
PCRE2_ERROR_NOMATCH. In other words, PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT says that the
caller is prepared to handle a partial match, but only if no complete
match can be found.
If PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD is set, it overrides PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT. In this
case, if a partial match is found, pcre2_match() immediately returns
PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL, without considering any other alternatives. In
other words, when PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD is set, a partial match is consid-
ered to be more important that an alternative complete match.
There is a more detailed discussion of partial and multi-segment match-
ing, with examples, in the pcre2partial documentation.
NEWLINE HANDLING WHEN MATCHING
When PCRE2 is built, a default newline convention is set; this is usu-
ally the standard convention for the operating system. The default can
be overridden in either a compile context or a match context. However,
changing the newline convention at match time disables JIT matching.
During matching, the newline choice affects the behaviour of the dot,
circumflex, and dollar metacharacters. It may also alter the way the
match position is advanced after a match failure for an unanchored pat-
tern.
When PCRE2_NEWLINE_CRLF, PCRE2_NEWLINE_ANYCRLF, or PCRE2_NEWLINE_ANY is
set, and a match attempt for an unanchored pattern fails when the cur-
rent position is at a CRLF sequence, and the pattern contains no
explicit matches for CR or LF characters, the match position is
advanced by two characters instead of one, in other words, to after the
CRLF.
The above rule is a compromise that makes the most common cases work as
expected. For example, if the pattern is .+A (and the PCRE2_DOTALL
option is not set), it does not match the string "\r\nA" because, after
failing at the start, it skips both the CR and the LF before retrying.
However, the pattern [\r\n]A does match that string, because it con-
tains an explicit CR or LF reference, and so advances only by one char-
acter after the first failure.
An explicit match for CR of LF is either a literal appearance of one of
those characters in the pattern, or one of the \r or \n escape
sequences. Implicit matches such as [^X] do not count, nor does \s
(which includes CR and LF in the characters that it matches).
Notwithstanding the above, anomalous effects may still occur when CRLF
is a valid newline sequence and explicit \r or \n escapes appear in the
pattern.
HOW PCRE2_MATCH() RETURNS A STRING AND CAPTURED SUBSTRINGS
uint32_t pcre2_get_ovector_count(pcre2_match_data *match_data);
PCRE2_SIZE *pcre2_get_ovector_pointer(pcre2_match_data *match_data);
In general, a pattern matches a certain portion of the subject, and in
addition, further substrings from the subject may be picked out by
parenthesized parts of the pattern. Following the usage in Jeffrey
Friedl's book, this is called "capturing" in what follows, and the
phrase "capturing subpattern" is used for a fragment of a pattern that
picks out a substring. PCRE2 supports several other kinds of parenthe-
sized subpattern that do not cause substrings to be captured. The
pcre2_pattern_info() function can be used to find out how many captur-
ing subpatterns there are in a compiled pattern.
The overall matched string and any captured substrings are returned to
the caller via a vector of PCRE2_SIZE values, called the ovector. This
is contained within the match data block. You can obtain direct access
to the ovector by calling pcre2_get_ovector_pointer() to find its
address, and pcre2_get_ovector_count() to find the number of pairs of
values it contains. Alternatively, you can use the auxiliary functions
for accessing captured substrings by number or by name (see below).
Within the ovector, the first in each pair of values is set to the off-
set of the first code unit of a substring, and the second is set to the
offset of the first code unit after the end of a substring. These val-
ues are always code unit offsets, not character offsets. That is, they
are byte offsets in the 8-bit library, 16-bit offsets in the 16-bit
library, and 32-bit offsets in the 32-bit library.
The first pair of offsets (that is, ovector[0] and ovector[1]) identi-
fies the portion of the subject string that was matched by the entire
pattern. The next pair is used for the first capturing subpattern, and
so on. The value returned by pcre2_match() is one more than the high-
est numbered pair that has been set. For example, if two substrings
have been captured, the returned value is 3. If there are no capturing
subpatterns, the return value from a successful match is 1, indicating
that just the first pair of offsets has been set.
If a capturing subpattern is matched repeatedly within a single match
operation, it is the last portion of the string that it matched that is
returned.
If the ovector is too small to hold all the captured substring offsets,
as much as possible is filled in, and the function returns a value of
zero. If captured substrings are not of interest, pcre2_match() may be
called with a match data block whose ovector is of minimum length (that
is, one pair). However, if the pattern contains back references and the
ovector is not big enough to remember the related substrings, PCRE2 has
to get additional memory for use during matching. Thus it is usually
advisable to set up a match data block containing an ovector of reason-
able size.
It is possible for capturing subpattern number n+1 to match some part
of the subject when subpattern n has not been used at all. For example,
if the string "abc" is matched against the pattern (a|(z))(bc) the
return from the function is 4, and subpatterns 1 and 3 are matched, but
2 is not. When this happens, both values in the offset pairs corre-
sponding to unused subpatterns are set to PCRE2_UNSET.
Offset values that correspond to unused subpatterns at the end of the
expression are also set to PCRE2_UNSET. For example, if the string
"abc" is matched against the pattern (abc)(x(yz)?)? subpatterns 2 and 3
are not matched. The return from the function is 2, because the high-
est used capturing subpattern number is 1. The offsets for for the sec-
ond and third capturing subpatterns (assuming the vector is large
enough, of course) are set to PCRE2_UNSET.
Elements in the ovector that do not correspond to capturing parentheses
in the pattern are never changed. That is, if a pattern contains n cap-
turing parentheses, no more than ovector[0] to ovector[2n+1] are set by
pcre2_match(). The other elements retain whatever values they previ-
ously had.
Other information about the match
PCRE2_SPTR pcre2_get_mark(pcre2_match_data *match_data);
PCRE2_SIZE pcre2_get_startchar(pcre2_match_data *match_data);
In addition to the offsets in the ovector, other information about a
match is retained in the match data block and can be retrieved by the
above functions.
When a (*MARK) name is to be passed back, pcre2_get_mark() returns a
pointer to the zero-terminated name, which is within the compiled pat-
tern. Otherwise NULL is returned. A (*MARK) name may be available
after a failed match or a partial match, as well as after a successful
one.
The offset of the character at which the successful match started is
returned by pcre2_get_startchar(). This can be different to the value
of ovector[0] if the pattern contains the \K escape sequence. Note,
however, the \K has no effect for a partial match.
Error return values from pcre2_match()
If pcre2_match() fails, it returns a negative number. This can be con-
verted to a text string by calling pcre2_get_error_message(). Negative
error codes are also returned by other functions, and are documented
with them. The codes are given names in the header file. If UTF check-
ing is in force and an invalid UTF subject string is detected, one of a
number of UTF-specific negative error codes is returned. Details are
given in the pcre2unicode page. The following are the other errors that
may be returned by pcre2_match():
PCRE2_ERROR_NOMATCH
The subject string did not match the pattern.
PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL
The subject string did not match, but it did match partially. See the
pcre2partial documentation for details of partial matching.
PCRE2_ERROR_BADMAGIC
PCRE2 stores a 4-byte "magic number" at the start of the compiled code,
to catch the case when it is passed a junk pointer. This is the error
that is returned when the magic number is not present.
PCRE2_ERROR_BADMODE
This error is given when a pattern that was compiled by the 8-bit
library is passed to a 16-bit or 32-bit library function, or vice
versa.
PCRE2_ERROR_BADOFFSET
The value of startoffset greater than the length of the subject.
PCRE2_ERROR_BADOPTION
An unrecognized bit was set in the options argument.
PCRE2_ERROR_BADUTFOFFSET
The UTF code unit sequence that was passed as a subject was checked and
found to be valid (the PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK option was not set), but the
value of startoffset did not point to the beginning of a UTF character
or the end of the subject.
PCRE2_ERROR_CALLOUT
This error is never generated by pcre2_match() itself. It is provided
for use by callout functions that want to cause pcre2_match() to return
a distinctive error code. See the pcre2callout documentation for
details.
PCRE2_ERROR_INTERNAL
An unexpected internal error has occurred. This error could be caused
by a bug in PCRE2 or by overwriting of the compiled pattern.
PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_BADOPTION
This error is returned when a pattern that was successfully studied
using JIT is being matched, but the matching mode (partial or complete
match) does not correspond to any JIT compilation mode. When the JIT
fast path function is used, this error may be also given for invalid
options. See the pcre2jit documentation for more details.
PCRE2_ERROR_JIT_STACKLIMIT
This error is returned when a pattern that was successfully studied
using JIT is being matched, but the memory available for the just-in-
time processing stack is not large enough. See the pcre2jit documenta-
tion for more details.
PCRE2_ERROR_MATCHLIMIT
The backtracking limit was reached.
PCRE2_ERROR_NOMEMORY
If a pattern contains back references, but the ovector is not big
enough to remember the referenced substrings, PCRE2 gets a block of
memory at the start of matching to use for this purpose. There are some
other special cases where extra memory is needed during matching. This
error is given when memory cannot be obtained.
PCRE2_ERROR_NULL
Either the code, subject, or match_data argument was passed as NULL.
PCRE2_ERROR_RECURSELOOP
This error is returned when pcre2_match() detects a recursion loop
within the pattern. Specifically, it means that either the whole pat-
tern or a subpattern has been called recursively for the second time at
the same position in the subject string. Some simple patterns that
might do this are detected and faulted at compile time, but more com-
plicated cases, in particular mutual recursions between two different
subpatterns, cannot be detected until run time.
PCRE2_ERROR_RECURSIONLIMIT
The internal recursion limit was reached.
EXTRACTING CAPTURED SUBSTRINGS BY NUMBER
int pcre2_substring_length_bynumber(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
unsigned int number, PCRE2_SIZE *length);
int pcre2_substring_copy_bynumber(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
unsigned int number, PCRE2_UCHAR *buffer,
PCRE2_SIZE *bufflen);
int pcre2_substring_get_bynumber(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
unsigned int number, PCRE2_UCHAR **bufferptr,
PCRE2_SIZE *bufflen);
void pcre2_substring_free(PCRE2_UCHAR *buffer);
Captured substrings can be accessed directly by using the ovector as
described above. For convenience, auxiliary functions are provided for
extracting captured substrings as new, separate, zero-terminated
strings. The functions in this section identify substrings by number.
The next section describes similar functions for extracting substrings
by name. A substring that contains a binary zero is correctly extracted
and has a further zero added on the end, but the result is not, of
course, a C string.
You can find the length in code units of a captured substring without
extracting it by calling pcre2_substring_length_bynumber(). The first
argument is a pointer to the match data block, the second is the group
number, and the third is a pointer to a variable into which the length
is placed.
The pcre2_substring_copy_bynumber() function copies one string into a
supplied buffer, whereas pcre2_substring_get_bynumber() copies it into
new memory, obtained using the same memory allocation function that was
used for the match data block. The first two arguments of these func-
tions are a pointer to the match data block and a capturing group num-
ber. A group number of zero extracts the substring that matched the
entire pattern, and higher values extract the captured substrings.
The final arguments of pcre2_substring_copy_bynumber() are a pointer to
the buffer and a pointer to a variable that contains its length in code
units. This is updated to contain the actual number of code units
used, excluding the terminating zero.
For pcre2_substring_get_bynumber() the third and fourth arguments point
to variables that are updated with a pointer to the new memory and the
number of code units that comprise the substring, again excluding the
terminating zero. When the substring is no longer needed, the memory
should be freed by calling pcre2_substring_free().
The return value from these functions is zero for success, or one of
these error codes:
PCRE2_ERROR_NOMEMORY
The buffer was too small for pcre2_substring_copy_bynumber(), or the
attempt to get memory failed for pcre2_substring_get_bynumber().
PCRE2_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING
No substring with the given number was captured. This could be because
there is no capturing group of that number in the pattern, or because
the group with that number did not participate in the match, or because
the ovector was too small to capture that group.
EXTRACTING A LIST OF ALL CAPTURED SUBSTRINGS
int pcre2_substring_list_get(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
PCRE2_UCHAR ***listptr, PCRE2_SIZE **lengthsptr);
void pcre2_substring_list_free(PCRE2_SPTR *list);
The pcre2_substring_list_get() function extracts all available sub-
strings and builds a list of pointers to them, and a second list that
contains their lengths (in code units), excluding a terminating zero
that is added to each of them. All this is done in a single block of
memory that is obtained using the same memory allocation function that
was used to get the match data block.
The address of the memory block is returned via listptr, which is also
the start of the list of string pointers. The end of the list is marked
by a NULL pointer. The address of the list of lengths is returned via
lengthsptr. If your strings do not contain binary zeros and you do not
therefore need the lengths, you may supply NULL as the lengthsptr argu-
ment to disable the creation of a list of lengths. The yield of the
function is zero if all went well, or PCRE2_ERROR_NOMEMORY if the mem-
ory block could not be obtained. When the list is no longer needed, it
should be freed by calling pcre2_substring_list_free().
If this function encounters a substring that is unset, which can happen
when capturing subpattern number n+1 matches some part of the subject,
but subpattern n has not been used at all, it returns an empty string.
This can be distinguished from a genuine zero-length substring by
inspecting the appropriate offset in the ovector, which contains
PCRE2_UNSET for unset substrings.
EXTRACTING CAPTURED SUBSTRINGS BY NAME
int pcre2_substring_number_from_name(const pcre2_code *code,
PCRE2_SPTR name);
int pcre2_substring_length_byname(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
PCRE2_SPTR name, PCRE2_SIZE *length);
int pcre2_substring_copy_byname(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
PCRE2_SPTR name, PCRE2_UCHAR *buffer, PCRE2_SIZE *bufflen);
int pcre2_substring_get_byname(pcre2_match_data *match_data,
PCRE2_SPTR name, PCRE2_UCHAR **bufferptr, PCRE2_SIZE *bufflen);
void pcre2_substring_free(PCRE2_UCHAR *buffer);
To extract a substring by name, you first have to find associated num-
ber. For example, for this pattern:
(a+)b(?<xxx>\d+)...
the number of the subpattern called "xxx" is 2. If the name is known to
be unique (PCRE2_DUPNAMES was not set), you can find the number from
the name by calling pcre2_substring_number_from_name(). The first argu-
ment is the compiled pattern, and the second is the name. The yield of
the function is the subpattern number, or PCRE2_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING if
there is no subpattern of that name.
Given the number, you can extract the substring directly, or use one of
the functions described in the previous section. For convenience, there
are also "byname" functions that correspond to the "bynumber" func-
tions, the only difference being that the second argument is a name
instead of a number. However, if PCRE2_DUPNAMES is set and there are
duplicate names, the behaviour may not be what you want (see the next
section).
Warning: If the pattern uses the (?| feature to set up multiple subpat-
terns with the same number, as described in the section on duplicate
subpattern numbers in the pcre2pattern page, you cannot use names to
distinguish the different subpatterns, because names are not included
in the compiled code. The matching process uses only numbers. For this
reason, the use of different names for subpatterns of the same number
causes an error at compile time.
DUPLICATE SUBPATTERN NAMES
int pcre2_substring_nametable_scan(const pcre2_code *code,
PCRE2_SPTR name, PCRE2_SPTR *first, PCRE2_SPTR *last);
When a pattern is compiled with the PCRE2_DUPNAMES option, names for
subpatterns are not required to be unique. Duplicate names are always
allowed for subpatterns with the same number, created by using the (?|
feature. Indeed, if such subpatterns are named, they are required to
use the same names.
Normally, patterns with duplicate names are such that in any one match,
only one of the named subpatterns participates. An example is shown in
the pcre2pattern documentation.
When duplicates are present, pcre2_substring_copy_byname() and
pcre2_substring_get_byname() return the first substring corresponding
to the given name that is set. If none are set, PCRE2_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING
is returned. The pcre2_substring_number_from_name() function returns
one of the numbers that are associated with the name, but it is not
defined which it is.
If you want to get full details of all captured substrings for a given
name, you must use the pcre2_substring_nametable_scan() function. The
first argument is the compiled pattern, and the second is the name. If
the third and fourth arguments are NULL, the function returns a group
number (it is not defined which). Otherwise, the third and fourth argu-
ments must be pointers to variables that are updated by the function.
After it has run, they point to the first and last entries in the name-
to-number table for the given name, and the function returns the length
of each entry. In both cases, PCRE2_ERROR_NOSUBSTRING is returned if
there are no entries for the given name.
The format of the name table is described above in the section entitled
Information about a pattern above. Given all the relevant entries for
the name, you can extract each of their numbers, and hence the captured
data.
FINDING ALL POSSIBLE MATCHES
The traditional matching function uses a similar algorithm to Perl,
which stops when it finds the first match, starting at a given point in
the subject. If you want to find all possible matches, or the longest
possible match at a given position, consider using the alternative
matching function (see below) instead. If you cannot use the alterna-
tive function, you can kludge it up by making use of the callout facil-
ity, which is described in the pcre2callout documentation.
What you have to do is to insert a callout right at the end of the pat-
tern. When your callout function is called, extract and save the cur-
rent matched substring. Then return 1, which forces pcre2_match() to
backtrack and try other alternatives. Ultimately, when it runs out of
matches, pcre2_match() will yield PCRE2_ERROR_NOMATCH.
MATCHING A PATTERN: THE ALTERNATIVE FUNCTION
int pcre2_dfa_match(const pcre2_code *code, PCRE2_SPTR subject,
PCRE2_SIZE length, PCRE2_SIZE startoffset,
uint32_t options, pcre2_match_data *match_data,
pcre2_match_context *mcontext,
int *workspace, PCRE2_SIZE wscount);
The function pcre2_dfa_match() is called to match a subject string
against a compiled pattern, using a matching algorithm that scans the
subject string just once, and does not backtrack. This has different
characteristics to the normal algorithm, and is not compatible with
Perl. Some of the features of PCRE2 patterns are not supported. Never-
theless, there are times when this kind of matching can be useful. For
a discussion of the two matching algorithms, and a list of features
that pcre2_dfa_match() does not support, see the pcre2matching documen-
tation.
The arguments for the pcre2_dfa_match() function are the same as for
pcre2_match(), plus two extras. The ovector within the match data block
is used in a different way, and this is described below. The other com-
mon arguments are used in the same way as for pcre2_match(), so their
description is not repeated here.
The two additional arguments provide workspace for the function. The
workspace vector should contain at least 20 elements. It is used for
keeping track of multiple paths through the pattern tree. More
workspace is needed for patterns and subjects where there are a lot of
potential matches.
Here is an example of a simple call to pcre2_dfa_match():
int wspace[20];
pcre2_match_data *md = pcre2_match_data_create(4, NULL);
int rc = pcre2_dfa_match(
re, /* result of pcre2_compile() */
"some string", /* the subject string */
11, /* the length of the subject string */
0, /* start at offset 0 in the subject */
0, /* default options */
match_data, /* the match data block */
NULL, /* a match context; NULL means use defaults */
wspace, /* working space vector */
20); /* number of elements (NOT size in bytes) */
Option bits for pcre_dfa_match()
The unused bits of the options argument for pcre2_dfa_match() must be
zero. The only bits that may be set are PCRE2_ANCHORED, PCRE2_NOTBOL,
PCRE2_NOTEOL, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY, PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART,
PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK, PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD, PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT,
PCRE2_DFA_SHORTEST, and PCRE2_DFA_RESTART. All but the last four of
these are exactly the same as for pcre2_match(), so their description
is not repeated here.
PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD
PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT
These have the same general effect as they do for pcre2_match(), but
the details are slightly different. When PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD is set for
pcre2_dfa_match(), it returns PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL if the end of the
subject is reached and there is still at least one matching possibility
that requires additional characters. This happens even if some complete
matches have already been found. When PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT is set, the
return code PCRE2_ERROR_NOMATCH is converted into PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL
if the end of the subject is reached, there have been no complete
matches, but there is still at least one matching possibility. The por-
tion of the string that was inspected when the longest partial match
was found is set as the first matching string in both cases. There is a
more detailed discussion of partial and multi-segment matching, with
examples, in the pcre2partial documentation.
PCRE2_DFA_SHORTEST
Setting the PCRE2_DFA_SHORTEST option causes the matching algorithm to
stop as soon as it has found one match. Because of the way the alterna-
tive algorithm works, this is necessarily the shortest possible match
at the first possible matching point in the subject string.
PCRE2_DFA_RESTART
When pcre2_dfa_match() returns a partial match, it is possible to call
it again, with additional subject characters, and have it continue with
the same match. The PCRE2_DFA_RESTART option requests this action; when
it is set, the workspace and wscount options must reference the same
vector as before because data about the match so far is left in them
after a partial match. There is more discussion of this facility in the
pcre2partial documentation.
Successful returns from pcre2_dfa_match()
When pcre2_dfa_match() succeeds, it may have matched more than one sub-
string in the subject. Note, however, that all the matches from one run
of the function start at the same point in the subject. The shorter
matches are all initial substrings of the longer matches. For example,
if the pattern
<.*>
is matched against the string
This is <something> <something else> <something further> no more
the three matched strings are
<something>
<something> <something else>
<something> <something else> <something further>
On success, the yield of the function is a number greater than zero,
which is the number of matched substrings. The offsets of the sub-
strings are returned in the ovector, and can be extracted in the same
way as for pcre2_match(). They are returned in reverse order of
length; that is, the longest matching string is given first. If there
were too many matches to fit into the ovector, the yield of the func-
tion is zero, and the vector is filled with the longest matches.
NOTE: PCRE2's "auto-possessification" optimization usually applies to
character repeats at the end of a pattern (as well as internally). For
example, the pattern "a\d+" is compiled as if it were "a\d++" because
there is no point in backtracking into the repeated digits. For DFA
matching, this means that only one possible match is found. If you
really do want multiple matches in such cases, either use an ungreedy
repeat ("a\d+?") or set the PCRE2_NO_AUTO_POSSESS option when compil-
ing.
Error returns from pcre2_dfa_match()
The pcre2_dfa_match() function returns a negative number when it fails.
Many of the errors are the same as for pcre2_match(), as described
above. There are in addition the following errors that are specific to
pcre2_dfa_match():
PCRE2_ERROR_DFA_UITEM
This return is given if pcre2_dfa_match() encounters an item in the
pattern that it does not support, for instance, the use of \C or a back
reference.
PCRE2_ERROR_DFA_UCOND
This return is given if pcre2_dfa_match() encounters a condition item
that uses a back reference for the condition, or a test for recursion
in a specific group. These are not supported.
PCRE2_ERROR_DFA_WSSIZE
This return is given if pcre2_dfa_match() runs out of space in the
workspace vector.
PCRE2_ERROR_DFA_RECURSE
When a recursive subpattern is processed, the matching function calls
itself recursively, using private memory for the ovector and workspace.
This error is given if the internal ovector is not large enough. This
should be extremely rare, as a vector of size 1000 is used.
PCRE2_ERROR_DFA_BADRESTART
When pcre2_dfa_match() is called with the pcre2_dfa_RESTART option,
some plausibility checks are made on the contents of the workspace,
which should contain data about the previous partial match. If any of
these checks fail, this error is given.
SEE ALSO
pcre2build(3), pcre2libs(3), pcre2callout(3), pcre2matching(3),
pcre2partial(3), pcre2posix(3), pcre2demo(3), pcre2sample(3),
pcre2stack(3).
AUTHOR
Philip Hazel
University Computing Service
Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
REVISION
Last updated: 14 October 2014
Copyright (c) 1997-2014 University of Cambridge.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCRE2CALLOUT(3) Library Functions Manual PCRE2CALLOUT(3)
NAME
PCRE2 - Perl-compatible regular expressions (revised API)
SYNOPSIS
#include <pcre2.h>
int (*pcre2_callout)(pcre2_callout_block *);
DESCRIPTION
PCRE2 provides a feature called "callout", which is a means of tempo-
rarily passing control to the caller of PCRE2 in the middle of pattern
matching. The caller of PCRE2 provides an external function by putting
its entry point in a match context (see pcre2_set_callout()) in the
pcre2api documentation).
Within a regular expression, (?C) indicates the points at which the
external function is to be called. Different callout points can be
identified by putting a number less than 256 after the letter C. The
default value is zero. For example, this pattern has two callout
points:
(?C1)abc(?C2)def
If the PCRE2_AUTO_CALLOUT option bit is set when a pattern is compiled,
PCRE2 automatically inserts callouts, all with number 255, before each
item in the pattern. For example, if PCRE2_AUTO_CALLOUT is used with
the pattern
A(\d{2}|--)
it is processed as if it were
(?C255)A(?C255)((?C255)\d{2}(?C255)|(?C255)-(?C255)-(?C255))(?C255)
Notice that there is a callout before and after each parenthesis and
alternation bar. If the pattern contains a conditional group whose con-
dition is an assertion, an automatic callout is inserted immediately
before the condition. Such a callout may also be inserted explicitly,
for example:
(?(?C9)(?=a)ab|de)
This applies only to assertion conditions (because they are themselves
independent groups).
Automatic callouts can be used for tracking the progress of pattern
matching. The pcre2test program has a pattern qualifier (/auto_call-
out) that sets automatic callouts; when it is used, the output indi-
cates how the pattern is being matched. This is useful information when
you are trying to optimize the performance of a particular pattern.
MISSING CALLOUTS
You should be aware that, because of optimizations in the way PCRE2
compiles and matches patterns, callouts sometimes do not happen exactly
as you might expect.
At compile time, PCRE2 "auto-possessifies" repeated items when it knows
that what follows cannot be part of the repeat. For example, a+[bc] is
compiled as if it were a++[bc]. The pcre2test output when this pattern
is anchored and then applied with automatic callouts to the string
"aaaa" is:
--->aaaa
+0 ^ ^
+1 ^ a+
+3 ^ ^ [bc]
No match
This indicates that when matching [bc] fails, there is no backtracking
into a+ and therefore the callouts that would be taken for the back-
tracks do not occur. You can disable the auto-possessify feature by
passing PCRE2_NO_AUTO_POSSESS to pcre2_compile(), or starting the pat-
tern with (*NO_AUTO_POSSESS). If this is done in pcre2test (using the
/no_auto_possess qualifier), the output changes to this:
--->aaaa
+0 ^ ^
+1 ^ a+
+3 ^ ^ [bc]
+3 ^ ^ [bc]
+3 ^ ^ [bc]
+3 ^^ [bc]
No match
This time, when matching [bc] fails, the matcher backtracks into a+ and
tries again, repeatedly, until a+ itself fails.
Other optimizations that provide fast "no match" results also affect
callouts. For example, if the pattern is
ab(?C4)cd
PCRE2 knows that any matching string must contain the letter "d". If
the subject string is "abyz", the lack of "d" means that matching
doesn't ever start, and the callout is never reached. However, with
"abyd", though the result is still no match, the callout is obeyed.
PCRE2 also knows the minimum length of a matching string, and will
immediately give a "no match" return without actually running a match
if the subject is not long enough, or, for unanchored patterns, if it
has been scanned far enough.
You can disable these optimizations by passing the PCRE2_NO_START_OPTI-
MIZE option to pcre2_compile(), or by starting the pattern with
(*NO_START_OPT). This slows down the matching process, but does ensure
that callouts such as the example above are obeyed.
THE CALLOUT INTERFACE
During matching, when PCRE2 reaches a callout point, the external func-
tion that is set in the match context is called (if it is set). This
applies to both normal and DFA matching. The only argument to the call-
out function is a pointer to a pcre2_callout block. This structure con-
tains the following fields:
uint32_t version;
uint32_t callout_number;
uint32_t capture_top;
uint32_t capture_last;
void *callout_data;
PCRE2_SIZE *offset_vector;
PCRE2_SPTR mark;
PCRE2_SPTR subject;
PCRE2_SIZE subject_length;
PCRE2_SIZE start_match;
PCRE2_SIZE current_position;
PCRE2_SIZE pattern_position;
PCRE2_SIZE next_item_length;
The version field contains the version number of the block format. The
current version is 0. The version number will change in future if addi-
tional fields are added, but the intention is never to remove any of
the existing fields.
The callout_number field contains the number of the callout, as com-
piled into the pattern (that is, the number after ?C for manual call-
outs, and 255 for automatically generated callouts).
The offset_vector field is a pointer to the vector of capturing offsets
(the "ovector") that was passed to the matching function in the match
data block. When pcre2_match() is used, the contents can be inspected,
in order to extract substrings that have been matched so far, in the
same way as for extracting substrings after a match has completed. For
the DFA matching function, this field is not useful.
The subject and subject_length fields contain copies of the values that
were passed to the matching function.
The start_match field normally contains the offset within the subject
at which the current match attempt started. However, if the escape
sequence \K has been encountered, this value is changed to reflect the
modified starting point. If the pattern is not anchored, the callout
function may be called several times from the same point in the pattern
for different starting points in the subject.
The current_position field contains the offset within the subject of
the current match pointer.
When the pcre2_match() is used, the capture_top field contains one more
than the number of the highest numbered captured substring so far. If
no substrings have been captured, the value of capture_top is one. This
is always the case when the DFA functions are used, because they do not
support captured substrings.
The capture_last field contains the number of the most recently cap-
tured substring. However, when a recursion exits, the value reverts to
what it was outside the recursion, as do the values of all captured
substrings. If no substrings have been captured, the value of cap-
ture_last is 0. This is always the case for the DFA matching functions.
The callout_data field contains a value that is passed to a matching
function specifically so that it can be passed back in callouts. It is
set in the match context when the callout is set up by calling
pcre2_set_callout() (see the pcre2api documentation).
The pattern_position field contains the offset to the next item to be
matched in the pattern string.
The next_item_length field contains the length of the next item to be
matched in the pattern string. When the callout immediately precedes an
alternation bar, a closing parenthesis, or the end of the pattern, the
length is zero. When the callout precedes an opening parenthesis, the
length is that of the entire subpattern.
The pattern_position and next_item_length fields are intended to help
in distinguishing between different automatic callouts, which all have
the same callout number. However, they are set for all callouts.
In callouts from pcre2_match() the mark field contains a pointer to the
zero-terminated name of the most recently passed (*MARK), (*PRUNE), or
(*THEN) item in the match, or NULL if no such items have been passed.
Instances of (*PRUNE) or (*THEN) without a name do not obliterate a
previous (*MARK). In callouts from the DFA matching function this field
always contains NULL.
RETURN VALUES
The external callout function returns an integer to PCRE2. If the value
is zero, matching proceeds as normal. If the value is greater than
zero, matching fails at the current point, but the testing of other
matching possibilities goes ahead, just as if a lookahead assertion had
failed. If the value is less than zero, the match is abandoned, and the
matching function returns the negative value.
Negative values should normally be chosen from the set of
PCRE2_ERROR_xxx values. In particular, PCRE2_ERROR_NOMATCH forces a
standard "no match" failure. The error number PCRE2_ERROR_CALLOUT is
reserved for use by callout functions; it will never be used by PCRE2
itself.
AUTHOR
Philip Hazel
University Computing Service
Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
REVISION
Last updated: 19 October 2014
Copyright (c) 1997-2014 University of Cambridge.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PCRE2UNICODE(3) Library Functions Manual PCRE2UNICODE(3)
NAME
PCRE - Perl-compatible regular expressions (revised API)
UNICODE AND UTF SUPPORT
When PCRE2 is built with Unicode support, it acquires knowledge of Uni-
code character properties and can process text strings in UTF-8,
UTF-16, or UTF-32 format (depending on the code unit width). By
default, PCRE2 assumes that one code unit is one character. To process
a pattern as a UTF string, where a character may require more than one
code unit, you must call pcre2_compile() with the PCRE2_UTF option
flag, or the pattern must start with the sequence (*UTF). When either
of these is the case, both the pattern and any subject strings that are
matched against it are treated as UTF strings instead of strings of
individual one-code-unit characters.
If you build PCRE2 with Unicode support, the library will be bigger,
but the additional run time overhead is limited to testing the
PCRE2_UTF flag occasionally, so should not be very much.
UNICODE PROPERTY SUPPORT
When PCRE2 is built with Unicode support, the escape sequences \p{..},
\P{..}, and \X can be used. The Unicode properties that can be tested
are limited to the general category properties such as Lu for an upper
case letter or Nd for a decimal number, the Unicode script names such
as Arabic or Han, and the derived properties Any and L&. Full lists are
given in the pcre2pattern and pcre2syntax documentation. Only the short
names for properties are supported. For example, \p{L} matches a let-
ter. Its Perl synonym, \p{Letter}, is not supported. Furthermore, in
Perl, many properties may optionally be prefixed by "Is", for compati-
bility with Perl 5.6. PCRE does not support this.
WIDE CHARACTERS AND UTF MODES
Codepoints less than 256 can be specified in patterns by either braced
or unbraced hexadecimal escape sequences (for example, \x{b3} or \xb3).
Larger values have to use braced sequences. Unbraced octal code points
up to \777 are also recognized; larger ones can be coded using \o{...}.
In UTF modes, repeat quantifiers apply to complete UTF characters, not
to individual code units.
In UTF modes, the dot metacharacter matches one UTF character instead
of a single code unit.
The escape sequence \C can be used to match a single code unit, in a
UTF mode, but its use can lead to some strange effects because it
breaks up multi-unit characters (see the description of \C in the
pcre2pattern documentation). The use of \C is not supported in the
alternative matching function pcre2_dfa_exec(), nor is it supported in
UTF mode by the JIT optimization. If JIT optimization is requested for
a UTF pattern that contains \C, it will not succeed, and so the match-
ing will be carried out by the normal interpretive function.
The character escapes \b, \B, \d, \D, \s, \S, \w, and \W correctly test
characters of any code value, but, by default, the characters that
PCRE2 recognizes as digits, spaces, or word characters remain the same
set as in non-UTF mode, all with code points less than 256. This
remains true even when PCRE2 is built to include Unicode support,
because to do otherwise would slow down matching in many common cases.
Note that this also applies to \b and \B, because they are defined in
terms of \w and \W. If you want to test for a wider sense of, say,
"digit", you can use explicit Unicode property tests such as \p{Nd}.
Alternatively, if you set the PCRE2_UCP option, the way that the char-
acter escapes work is changed so that Unicode properties are used to
determine which characters match. There are more details in the section
on generic character types in the pcre2pattern documentation.
Similarly, characters that match the POSIX named character classes are
all low-valued characters, unless the PCRE2_UCP option is set.
However, the special horizontal and vertical white space matching
escapes (\h, \H, \v, and \V) do match all the appropriate Unicode char-
acters, whether or not PCRE2_UCP is set.
Case-insensitive matching in UTF mode makes use of Unicode properties.
A few Unicode characters such as Greek sigma have more than two code-
points that are case-equivalent, and these are treated as such.
VALIDITY OF UTF STRINGS
When the PCRE2_UTF option is set, the strings passed as patterns and
subjects are (by default) checked for validity on entry to the relevant
functions. If an invalid UTF string is passed, an error return is
given.
UTF-16 and UTF-32 strings can indicate their endianness by special code
knows as a byte-order mark (BOM). The PCRE2 functions do not handle
this, expecting strings to be in host byte order.
The entire string is checked before any other processing takes place.
In addition to checking the format of the string, there is a check to
ensure that all code points lie in the range U+0 to U+10FFFF, excluding
the surrogate area. The so-called "non-character" code points are not
excluded because Unicode corrigendum #9 makes it clear that they should
not be.
Characters in the "Surrogate Area" of Unicode are reserved for use by
UTF-16, where they are used in pairs to encode code points with values
greater than 0xFFFF. The code points that are encoded by UTF-16 pairs
are available independently in the UTF-8 and UTF-32 encodings. (In
other words, the whole surrogate thing is a fudge for UTF-16 which
unfortunately messes up UTF-8 and UTF-32.)
In some situations, you may already know that your strings are valid,
and therefore want to skip these checks in order to improve perfor-
mance, for example in the case of a long subject string that is being
scanned repeatedly. If you set the PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK flag at compile
time or at run time, PCRE2 assumes that the pattern or subject it is
given (respectively) contains only valid UTF code unit sequences.
Passing PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK to pcre2_compile() just disables the check
for the pattern; it does not also apply to subject strings. If you want
to disable the check for a subject string you must pass this option to
pcre2_exec() or pcre2_dfa_exec().
If you pass an invalid UTF string when PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK is set, the
result is undefined and your program may crash or loop indefinitely.
Errors in UTF-8 strings
The following negative error codes are given for invalid UTF-8 strings:
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR1
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR2
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR3
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR4
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR5
The string ends with a truncated UTF-8 character; the code specifies
how many bytes are missing (1 to 5). Although RFC 3629 restricts UTF-8
characters to be no longer than 4 bytes, the encoding scheme (origi-
nally defined by RFC 2279) allows for up to 6 bytes, and this is
checked first; hence the possibility of 4 or 5 missing bytes.
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR6
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR7
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR8
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR9
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR10
The two most significant bits of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, or 6th byte of
the character do not have the binary value 0b10 (that is, either the
most significant bit is 0, or the next bit is 1).
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR11
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR12
A character that is valid by the RFC 2279 rules is either 5 or 6 bytes
long; these code points are excluded by RFC 3629.
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR13
A 4-byte character has a value greater than 0x10fff; these code points
are excluded by RFC 3629.
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR14
A 3-byte character has a value in the range 0xd800 to 0xdfff; this
range of code points are reserved by RFC 3629 for use with UTF-16, and
so are excluded from UTF-8.
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR15
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR16
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR17
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR18
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR19
A 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6-byte character is "overlong", that is, it codes
for a value that can be represented by fewer bytes, which is invalid.
For example, the two bytes 0xc0, 0xae give the value 0x2e, whose cor-
rect coding uses just one byte.
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR20
The two most significant bits of the first byte of a character have the
binary value 0b10 (that is, the most significant bit is 1 and the sec-
ond is 0). Such a byte can only validly occur as the second or subse-
quent byte of a multi-byte character.
PCRE2_ERROR_UTF8_ERR21
The first byte of a character has the value 0xfe or 0xff. These values
can never occur in a valid UTF-8 string.
Errors in UTF-16 strings
The following negative error codes are given for invalid UTF-16
strings:
PCRE_UTF16_ERR1 Missing low surrogate at end of string
PCRE_UTF16_ERR2 Invalid low surrogate follows high surrogate
PCRE_UTF16_ERR3 Isolated low surrogate
Errors in UTF-32 strings
The following negative error codes are given for invalid UTF-32
strings:
PCRE_UTF32_ERR1 Surrogate character (range from 0xd800 to 0xdfff)
PCRE_UTF32_ERR2 Code point is greater than 0x10ffff
AUTHOR
Philip Hazel
University Computing Service
Cambridge CB2 3QH, England.
REVISION
Last updated: 16 September 2014
Copyright (c) 1997-2014 University of Cambridge.
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