1190 lines
55 KiB
Plaintext
1190 lines
55 KiB
Plaintext
PCRE2TEST(1) General Commands Manual PCRE2TEST(1)
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NAME
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pcre2test - a program for testing Perl-compatible regular expressions.
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SYNOPSIS
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pcre2test [options] [input file [output file]]
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pcre2test is a test program for the PCRE2 regular expression libraries,
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but it can also be used for experimenting with regular expressions.
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This document describes the features of the test program; for details
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of the regular expressions themselves, see the pcre2pattern documenta-
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tion. For details of the PCRE2 library function calls and their
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options, see the pcre2api documentation.
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The input for pcre2test is a sequence of regular expression patterns
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and subject strings to be matched. The output shows the result of each
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match attempt. Modifiers on the command line, the patterns, and the
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subject lines specify PCRE2 function options, control how the subject
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is processed, and what output is produced.
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As the original fairly simple PCRE library evolved, it acquired many
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different features, and as a result, the original pcretest program
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ended up with a lot of options in a messy, arcane syntax, for testing
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all the features. The move to the new PCRE2 API provided an opportunity
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to re-implement the test program as pcre2test, with a cleaner modifier
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syntax. Nevertheless, there are still many obscure modifiers, some of
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which are specifically designed for use in conjunction with the test
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script and data files that are distributed as part of PCRE2. All the
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modifiers are documented here, some without much justification, but
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many of them are unlikely to be of use except when testing the
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libraries.
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PCRE2's 8-BIT, 16-BIT AND 32-BIT LIBRARIES
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Different versions of the PCRE2 library can be built to support charac-
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ter strings that are encoded in 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit code units.
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One, two, or all three of these libraries may be simultaneously
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installed. The pcre2test program can be used to test all the libraries.
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However, its own input and output are always in 8-bit format. When
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testing the 16-bit or 32-bit libraries, patterns and subject strings
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are converted to 16- or 32-bit format before being passed to the
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library functions. Results are converted back to 8-bit code units for
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output.
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In the rest of this document, the names of library functions and struc-
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tures are given in generic form, for example, pcre_compile(). The
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actual names used in the libraries have a suffix _8, _16, or _32, as
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appropriate.
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INPUT ENCODING
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Input to pcre2test is processed line by line, either by calling the C
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library's fgets() function, or via the libreadline library (see below).
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In Unix-like environments, fgets() treats any bytes other than newline
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as data characters. However, in some Windows environments character 26
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(hex 1A) causes an immediate end of file, and no further data is read.
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For maximum portability, therefore, it is safest to avoid non-printing
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characters in pcre2test input files.
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COMMAND LINE OPTIONS
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-8 If the 8-bit library has been built, this option causes it to
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be used (this is the default). If the 8-bit library has not
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been built, this option causes an error.
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-16 If the 16-bit library has been built, this option causes it
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to be used. If only the 16-bit library has been built, this
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is the default. If the 16-bit library has not been built,
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this option causes an error.
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-32 If the 32-bit library has been built, this option causes it
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to be used. If only the 32-bit library has been built, this
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is the default. If the 32-bit library has not been built,
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this option causes an error.
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-b Behave as if each pattern has the /fullbincode modifier; the
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full internal binary form of the pattern is output after com-
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pilation.
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-C Output the version number of the PCRE2 library, and all
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available information about the optional features that are
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included, and then exit with zero exit code. All other
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options are ignored.
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-C option Output information about a specific build-time option, then
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exit. This functionality is intended for use in scripts such
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as RunTest. The following options output the value and set
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the exit code as indicated:
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ebcdic-nl the code for LF (= NL) in an EBCDIC environment:
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0x15 or 0x25
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0 if used in an ASCII environment
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exit code is always 0
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linksize the configured internal link size (2, 3, or 4)
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exit code is set to the link size
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newline the default newline setting:
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CR, LF, CRLF, ANYCRLF, or ANY
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exit code is always 0
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bsr the default setting for what \R matches:
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ANYCRLF or ANY
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exit code is always 0
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The following options output 1 for true or 0 for false, and
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set the exit code to the same value:
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ebcdic compiled for an EBCDIC environment
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jit just-in-time support is available
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pcre2-16 the 16-bit library was built
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pcre2-32 the 32-bit library was built
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pcre2-8 the 8-bit library was built
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unicode Unicode support is available
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If an unknown option is given, an error message is output;
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the exit code is 0.
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-d Behave as if each pattern has the debug modifier; the inter-
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nal form and information about the compiled pattern is output
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after compilation; -d is equivalent to -b -i.
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-dfa Behave as if each subject line has the dfa modifier; matching
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is done using the pcre2_dfa_match() function instead of the
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default pcre2_match().
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-help Output a brief summary these options and then exit.
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-i Behave as if each pattern has the /info modifier; information
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about the compiled pattern is given after compilation.
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-jit Behave as if each pattern line has the jit modifier; after
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successful compilation, each pattern is passed to the just-
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in-time compiler, if available.
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-pattern modifier-list
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Behave as if each pattern line contains the given modifiers.
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-q Do not output the version number of pcre2test at the start of
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execution.
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-S size On Unix-like systems, set the size of the run-time stack to
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size megabytes.
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-subject modifier-list
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Behave as if each subject line contains the given modifiers.
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-t Run each compile and match many times with a timer, and out-
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put the resulting times per compile or match. When JIT is
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used, separate times are given for the initial compile and
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the JIT compile. You can control the number of iterations
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that are used for timing by following -t with a number (as a
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separate item on the command line). For example, "-t 1000"
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iterates 1000 times. The default is to iterate 500,000 times.
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-tm This is like -t except that it times only the matching phase,
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not the compile phase.
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-T -TM These behave like -t and -tm, but in addition, at the end of
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a run, the total times for all compiles and matches are out-
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put.
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-version Output the PCRE2 version number and then exit.
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DESCRIPTION
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If pcre2test is given two filename arguments, it reads from the first
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and writes to the second. If the first name is "-", input is taken from
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the standard input. If pcre2test is given only one argument, it reads
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from that file and writes to stdout. Otherwise, it reads from stdin and
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writes to stdout. When the input is a terminal, it prompts for each
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line of input, using "re>" to prompt for regular expression patterns,
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and "data>" to prompt for subject lines.
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When pcre2test is built, a configuration option can specify that it
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should be linked with the libreadline or libedit library. When this is
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done, if the input is from a terminal, it is read using the readline()
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function. This provides line-editing and history facilities. The output
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from the -help option states whether or not readline() will be used.
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The program handles any number of tests, each of which consists of a
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set of input lines. Each set starts with a regular expression pattern,
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followed by any number of subject lines to be matched against that pat-
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tern. In between sets of test data, command lines that begin with a
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hash (#) character may appear. This file format, with some restric-
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tions, can also be processed by the perltest.sh script that is distrib-
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uted with PCRE2 as a means of checking that the behaviour of PCRE2 and
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Perl is the same.
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Each subject line is matched separately and independently. If you want
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to do multi-line matches, you have to use the \n escape sequence (or \r
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or \r\n, etc., depending on the newline setting) in a single line of
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input to encode the newline sequences. There is no limit on the length
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of subject lines; the input buffer is automatically extended if it is
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too small. There is a replication feature that makes it possible to
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generate long subject lines without having to supply them explicitly.
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An empty line or the end of the file signals the end of the subject
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lines for a test, at which point a new pattern or command line is
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expected if there is still input to be read.
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COMMAND LINES
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In between sets of test data, a line that begins with a hash (#) char-
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acter is interpreted as a command line. If the first character is fol-
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lowed by white space or an exclamation mark, the line is treated as a
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comment, and ignored. Otherwise, the following commands are recog-
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nized:
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#forbid_utf
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Subsequent patterns automatically have the PCRE2_NEVER_UTF and
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PCRE2_NEVER_UCP options set, which locks out the use of UTF and Unicode
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property features. This is a trigger guard that is used in test files
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to ensure that UTF/Unicode tests are not accidentally added to files
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that are used when UTF support is not included in the library. This
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effect can also be obtained by the use of #pattern; the difference is
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that #forbid_utf cannot be unset, and the automatic options are not
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displayed in pattern information, to avoid cluttering up test output.
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#pattern <modifier-list>
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This command sets a default modifier list that applies to all subse-
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quent patterns. Modifiers on a pattern can change these settings.
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#perltest
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The appearance of this line causes all subsequent modifier settings to
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be checked for compatibility with the perltest.sh script, which is used
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to confirm that Perl gives the same results as PCRE2. Also, apart from
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comment lines, none of the other command lines are permitted, because
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they and many of the modifiers are specific to pcre2test, and should
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not be used in test files that are also processed by perltest.sh. The
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#perltest command helps detect tests that are accidentally put in the
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wrong file.
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#subject <modifier-list>
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This command sets a default modifier list that applies to all subse-
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quent subject lines. Modifiers on a subject line can change these set-
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tings.
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MODIFIER SYNTAX
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Modifier lists are used with both pattern and subject lines. Items in a
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list are separated by commas and optional white space. Some modifiers
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may be given for both patterns and subject lines, whereas others are
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valid for one or the other only. Each modifier has a long name, for
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example "anchored", and some of them must be followed by an equals sign
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and a value, for example, "offset=12". Modifiers that do not take val-
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ues may be preceded by a minus sign to turn off a previous setting.
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A few of the more common modifiers can also be specified as single let-
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ters, for example "i" for "caseless". In documentation, following the
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Perl convention, these are written with a slash ("the /i modifier") for
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clarity. Abbreviated modifiers must all be concatenated in the first
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item of a modifier list. If the first item is not recognized as a long
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modifier name, it is interpreted as a sequence of these abbreviations.
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For example:
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/abc/ig,newline=cr,jit=3
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This is a pattern line whose modifier list starts with two one-letter
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modifiers (/i and /g). The lower-case abbreviated modifiers are the
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same as used in Perl.
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PATTERN SYNTAX
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A pattern line must start with one of the following characters (common
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symbols, excluding pattern meta-characters):
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/ ! " ' ` - = _ : ; , % & @ ~
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This is interpreted as the pattern's delimiter. A regular expression
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may be continued over several input lines, in which case the newline
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characters are included within it. It is possible to include the delim-
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iter within the pattern by escaping it with a backslash, for example
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/abc\/def/
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If you do this, the escape and the delimiter form part of the pattern,
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but since the delimiters are all non-alphanumeric, this does not affect
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its interpretation. If the terminating delimiter is immediately fol-
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lowed by a backslash, for example,
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/abc/\
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then a backslash is added to the end of the pattern. This is done to
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provide a way of testing the error condition that arises if a pattern
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finishes with a backslash, because
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/abc\/
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is interpreted as the first line of a pattern that starts with "abc/",
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causing pcre2test to read the next line as a continuation of the regu-
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lar expression.
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A pattern can be followed by a modifier list (details below).
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SUBJECT LINE SYNTAX
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Before each subject line is passed to pcre2_match() or
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pcre2_dfa_match(), leading and trailing white space is removed, and the
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line is scanned for backslash escapes. The following provide a means of
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encoding non-printing characters in a visible way:
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\a alarm (BEL, \x07)
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\b backspace (\x08)
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\e escape (\x27)
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\f form feed (\x0c)
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\n newline (\x0a)
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\r carriage return (\x0d)
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\t tab (\x09)
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\v vertical tab (\x0b)
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\nnn octal character (up to 3 octal digits); always
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a byte unless > 255 in UTF-8 or 16-bit or 32-bit mode
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\o{dd...} octal character (any number of octal digits}
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\xhh hexadecimal byte (up to 2 hex digits)
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\x{hh...} hexadecimal character (any number of hex digits)
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The use of \x{hh...} is not dependent on the use of the utf modifier on
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the pattern. It is recognized always. There may be any number of hexa-
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decimal digits inside the braces; invalid values provoke error mes-
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sages.
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Note that \xhh specifies one byte rather than one character in UTF-8
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mode; this makes it possible to construct invalid UTF-8 sequences for
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testing purposes. On the other hand, \x{hh} is interpreted as a UTF-8
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character in UTF-8 mode, generating more than one byte if the value is
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greater than 127. When testing the 8-bit library not in UTF-8 mode,
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\x{hh} generates one byte for values less than 256, and causes an error
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for greater values.
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In UTF-16 mode, all 4-digit \x{hhhh} values are accepted. This makes it
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possible to construct invalid UTF-16 sequences for testing purposes.
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In UTF-32 mode, all 4- to 8-digit \x{...} values are accepted. This
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makes it possible to construct invalid UTF-32 sequences for testing
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purposes.
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There is a special backslash sequence that specifies replication of one
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or more characters:
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\[<characters>]{<count>}
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This makes it possible to test long strings without having to provide
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them as part of the file. For example:
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\[abc]{4}
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is converted to "abcabcabcabc". This feature does not support nesting.
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To include a closing square bracket in the characters, code it as \x5D.
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A backslash followed by an equals sign marks the end of the subject
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string and the start of a modifier list. For example:
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abc\=notbol,notempty
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A backslash followed by any other non-alphanumeric character just
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escapes that character. A backslash followed by anything else causes an
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error. However, if the very last character in the line is a backslash
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(and there is no modifier list), it is ignored. This gives a way of
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passing an empty line as data, since a real empty line terminates the
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data input.
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PATTERN MODIFIERS
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There are three types of modifier that can appear in pattern lines, two
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of which may also be used in a #pattern command. A pattern's modifier
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list can add to or override default modifiers that were set by a previ-
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ous #pattern command.
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Setting compilation options
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The following modifiers set options for pcre2_compile(). The most com-
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mon ones have single-letter abbreviations. See pcreapi for a descrip-
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tion of their effects.
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allow_empty_class set PCRE2_ALLOW_EMPTY_CLASS
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alt_bsux set PCRE2_ALT_BSUX
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anchored set PCRE2_ANCHORED
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auto_callout set PCRE2_AUTO_CALLOUT
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/i caseless set PCRE2_CASELESS
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dollar_endonly set PCRE2_DOLLAR_ENDONLY
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/s dotall set PCRE2_DOTALL
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dupnames set PCRE2_DUPNAMES
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/x extended set PCRE2_EXTENDED
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firstline set PCRE2_FIRSTLINE
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match_unset_backref set PCRE2_MATCH_UNSET_BACKREF
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/m multiline set PCRE2_MULTILINE
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never_ucp set PCRE2_NEVER_UCP
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never_utf set PCRE2_NEVER_UTF
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no_auto_capture set PCRE2_NO_AUTO_CAPTURE
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no_auto_possess set PCRE2_NO_AUTO_POSSESS
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no_start_optimize set PCRE2_NO_START_OPTIMIZE
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no_utf_check set PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK
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ucp set PCRE2_UCP
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ungreedy set PCRE2_UNGREEDY
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utf set PCRE2_UTF
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As well as turning on the PCRE2_UTF option, the utf modifier causes all
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non-printing characters in output strings to be printed using the
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\x{hh...} notation. Otherwise, those less than 0x100 are output in hex
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without the curly brackets.
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Setting compilation controls
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The following modifiers affect the compilation process or request
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information about the pattern:
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bsr=[anycrlf|unicode] specify \R handling
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/B bincode show binary code without lengths
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debug same as info,fullbincode
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fullbincode show binary code with lengths
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/I info show info about compiled pattern
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hex pattern is coded in hexadecimal
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jit[=<number>] use JIT
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jitfast use JIT fast path
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jitverify verify JIT use
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locale=<name> use this locale
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memory show memory used
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newline=<type> set newline type
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parens_nest_limit=<n> set maximum parentheses depth
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perlcompat lock out non-Perl modifiers
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posix use the POSIX API
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stackguard=<number> test the stackguard feature
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tables=[0|1|2] select internal tables
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The effects of these modifiers are described in the following sections.
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Newline and \R handling
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The bsr modifier specifies what \R in a pattern should match. If it is
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set to "anycrlf", \R matches CR, LF, or CRLF only. If it is set to
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"unicode", \R matches any Unicode newline sequence. The default is
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specified when PCRE2 is built, with the default default being Unicode.
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The newline modifier specifies which characters are to be interpreted
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as newlines, both in the pattern and in subject lines. The type must be
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one of CR, LF, CRLF, ANYCRLF, or ANY (in upper or lower case).
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Information about a pattern
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The debug modifier is a shorthand for info,fullbincode, requesting all
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available information.
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The bincode modifier causes a representation of the compiled code to be
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output after compilation. This information does not contain length and
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offset values, which ensures that the same output is generated for dif-
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ferent internal link sizes and different code unit widths. By using
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bincode, the same regression tests can be used in different environ-
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ments.
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The fullbincode modifier, by contrast, does include length and offset
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values. This is used in a few special tests that run only for specific
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code unit widths and link sizes, and is also useful for one-off tests.
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The info modifier requests information about the compiled pattern
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(whether it is anchored, has a fixed first character, and so on). The
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information is obtained from the pcre2_pattern_info() function. Here
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are some typical examples:
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re> /(?i)(^a|^b)/m,info
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Capturing subpattern count = 1
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Compile options: multiline
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Overall options: caseless multiline
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First code unit at start or follows newline
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Subject length lower bound = 1
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re> /(?i)abc/info
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|
Capturing subpattern count = 0
|
|
Compile options: <none>
|
|
Overall options: caseless
|
|
First code unit = 'a' (caseless)
|
|
Last code unit = 'c' (caseless)
|
|
Subject length lower bound = 3
|
|
|
|
"Compile options" are those specified by modifiers; "overall options"
|
|
have added options that are taken or deduced from the pattern. If both
|
|
sets of options are the same, just a single "options" line is output;
|
|
if there are no options, the line is omitted. "First code unit" is
|
|
where any match must start; if there is more than one they are listed
|
|
as "starting code units". "Last code unit" is the last literal code
|
|
unit that must be present in any match. This is not necessarily the
|
|
last character. These lines are omitted if no starting or ending code
|
|
units are recorded.
|
|
|
|
Specifying a pattern in hex
|
|
|
|
The hex modifier specifies that the characters of the pattern are to be
|
|
interpreted as pairs of hexadecimal digits. White space is permitted
|
|
between pairs. For example:
|
|
|
|
/ab 32 59/hex
|
|
|
|
This feature is provided as a way of creating patterns that contain
|
|
binary zero and other non-printing characters. By default, pcre2test
|
|
passes patterns as zero-terminated strings to pcre2_compile(), giving
|
|
the length as PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED. However, for patterns specified in
|
|
hexadecimal, the actual length of the pattern is passed.
|
|
|
|
JIT compilation
|
|
|
|
The /jit modifier may optionally be followed by an equals sign and a
|
|
number in the range 0 to 7:
|
|
|
|
0 disable JIT
|
|
1 use JIT for normal match only
|
|
2 use JIT for soft partial match only
|
|
3 use JIT for normal match and soft partial match
|
|
4 use JIT for hard partial match only
|
|
6 use JIT for soft and hard partial match
|
|
7 all three modes
|
|
|
|
If no number is given, 7 is assumed. If JIT compilation is successful,
|
|
the compiled JIT code will automatically be used when pcre2_match() is
|
|
run for the appropriate type of match, except when incompatible run-
|
|
time options are specified. For more details, see the pcre2jit documen-
|
|
tation. See also the jitstack modifier below for a way of setting the
|
|
size of the JIT stack.
|
|
|
|
If the jitfast modifier is specified, matching is done using the JIT
|
|
"fast path" interface, pcre2_jit_match(), which skips some of the san-
|
|
ity checks that are done by pcre2_match(), and of course does not work
|
|
when JIT is not supported. If jitfast is specified without jit, jit=7
|
|
is assumed.
|
|
|
|
If the jitverify modifier is specified, information about the compiled
|
|
pattern shows whether JIT compilation was or was not successful. If
|
|
jitverify is specified without jit, jit=7 is assumed. If JIT compila-
|
|
tion is successful when jitverify is set, the text "(JIT)" is added to
|
|
the first output line after a match or non match when JIT-compiled code
|
|
was actually used in the match.
|
|
|
|
Setting a locale
|
|
|
|
The /locale modifier must specify the name of a locale, for example:
|
|
|
|
/pattern/locale=fr_FR
|
|
|
|
The given locale is set, pcre2_maketables() is called to build a set of
|
|
character tables for the locale, and this is then passed to pcre2_com-
|
|
pile() when compiling the regular expression. The same tables are used
|
|
when matching the following subject lines. The /locale modifier applies
|
|
only to the pattern on which it appears, but can be given in a #pattern
|
|
command if a default is needed. Setting a locale and alternate charac-
|
|
ter tables are mutually exclusive.
|
|
|
|
Showing pattern memory
|
|
|
|
The /memory modifier causes the size in bytes of the memory used to
|
|
hold the compiled pattern to be output. This does not include the size
|
|
of the pcre2_code block; it is just the actual compiled data. If the
|
|
pattern is subsequently passed to the JIT compiler, the size of the JIT
|
|
compiled code is also output. Here is an example:
|
|
|
|
re> /a(b)c/jit,memory
|
|
Memory allocation (code space): 21
|
|
Memory allocation (JIT code): 1910
|
|
|
|
|
|
Limiting nested parentheses
|
|
|
|
The parens_nest_limit modifier sets a limit on the depth of nested
|
|
parentheses in a pattern. Breaching the limit causes a compilation
|
|
error. The default for the library is set when PCRE2 is built, but
|
|
pcre2test sets its own default of 220, which is required for running
|
|
the standard test suite.
|
|
|
|
Using the POSIX wrapper API
|
|
|
|
The /posix modifier causes pcre2test to call PCRE2 via the POSIX wrap-
|
|
per API rather than its native API. This supports only the 8-bit
|
|
library. When the POSIX API is being used, the following pattern modi-
|
|
fiers set options for the regcomp() function:
|
|
|
|
caseless REG_ICASE
|
|
multiline REG_NEWLINE
|
|
no_auto_capture REG_NOSUB
|
|
dotall REG_DOTALL )
|
|
ungreedy REG_UNGREEDY ) These options are not part of
|
|
ucp REG_UCP ) the POSIX standard
|
|
utf REG_UTF8 )
|
|
|
|
The aftertext and allaftertext subject modifiers work as described
|
|
below. All other modifiers cause an error.
|
|
|
|
Testing the stack guard feature
|
|
|
|
The /stackguard modifier is used to test the use of pcre2_set_com-
|
|
pile_recursion_guard(), a function that is provided to enable stack
|
|
availability to be checked during compilation (see the pcre2api docu-
|
|
mentation for details). If the number specified by the modifier is
|
|
greater than zero, pcre2_set_compile_recursion_guard() is called to set
|
|
up callback from pcre2_compile() to a local function. The argument it
|
|
receives is the current nesting parenthesis depth; if this is greater
|
|
than the value given by the modifier, non-zero is returned, causing the
|
|
compilation to be aborted.
|
|
|
|
Using alternative character tables
|
|
|
|
The value specified for the /tables modifier must be one of the digits
|
|
0, 1, or 2. It causes a specific set of built-in character tables to be
|
|
passed to pcre2_compile(). This is used in the PCRE2 tests to check be-
|
|
haviour with different character tables. The digit specifies the tables
|
|
as follows:
|
|
|
|
0 do not pass any special character tables
|
|
1 the default ASCII tables, as distributed in
|
|
pcre2_chartables.c.dist
|
|
2 a set of tables defining ISO 8859 characters
|
|
|
|
In table 2, some characters whose codes are greater than 128 are iden-
|
|
tified as letters, digits, spaces, etc. Setting alternate character
|
|
tables and a locale are mutually exclusive.
|
|
|
|
Setting certain match controls
|
|
|
|
The following modifiers are really subject modifiers, and are described
|
|
below. However, they may be included in a pattern's modifier list, in
|
|
which case they are applied to every subject line that is processed
|
|
with that pattern. They do not affect the compilation process.
|
|
|
|
aftertext show text after match
|
|
allaftertext show text after captures
|
|
allcaptures show all captures
|
|
allusedtext show all consulted text
|
|
/g global global matching
|
|
mark show mark values
|
|
replace=<string> specify a replacement string
|
|
startchar show starting character when relevant
|
|
|
|
These modifiers may not appear in a #pattern command. If you want them
|
|
as defaults, set them in a #subject command.
|
|
|
|
|
|
SUBJECT MODIFIERS
|
|
|
|
The modifiers that can appear in subject lines and the #subject command
|
|
are of two types.
|
|
|
|
Setting match options
|
|
|
|
The following modifiers set options for pcre2_match() or
|
|
pcre2_dfa_match(). See pcreapi for a description of their effects.
|
|
|
|
anchored set PCRE2_ANCHORED
|
|
dfa_restart set PCRE2_DFA_RESTART
|
|
dfa_shortest set PCRE2_DFA_SHORTEST
|
|
no_utf_check set PCRE2_NO_UTF_CHECK
|
|
notbol set PCRE2_NOTBOL
|
|
notempty set PCRE2_NOTEMPTY
|
|
notempty_atstart set PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART
|
|
noteol set PCRE2_NOTEOL
|
|
partial_hard (or ph) set PCRE2_PARTIAL_HARD
|
|
partial_soft (or ps) set PCRE2_PARTIAL_SOFT
|
|
|
|
The partial matching modifiers are provided with abbreviations because
|
|
they appear frequently in tests.
|
|
|
|
If the /posix modifier was present on the pattern, causing the POSIX
|
|
wrapper API to be used, the only option-setting modifiers that have any
|
|
effect are notbol, notempty, and noteol, causing REG_NOTBOL,
|
|
REG_NOTEMPTY, and REG_NOTEOL, respectively, to be passed to regexec().
|
|
Any other modifiers cause an error.
|
|
|
|
Setting match controls
|
|
|
|
The following modifiers affect the matching process or request addi-
|
|
tional information. Some of them may also be specified on a pattern
|
|
line (see above), in which case they apply to every subject line that
|
|
is matched against that pattern.
|
|
|
|
aftertext show text after match
|
|
allaftertext show text after captures
|
|
allcaptures show all captures
|
|
allusedtext show all consulted text (non-JIT only)
|
|
altglobal alternative global matching
|
|
callout_capture show captures at callout time
|
|
callout_data=<n> set a value to pass via callouts
|
|
callout_fail=<n>[:<m>] control callout failure
|
|
callout_none do not supply a callout function
|
|
copy=<number or name> copy captured substring
|
|
dfa use pcre2_dfa_match()
|
|
find_limits find match and recursion limits
|
|
get=<number or name> extract captured substring
|
|
getall extract all captured substrings
|
|
/g global global matching
|
|
jitstack=<n> set size of JIT stack
|
|
mark show mark values
|
|
match_limit=>n> set a match limit
|
|
memory show memory usage
|
|
offset=<n> set starting offset
|
|
ovector=<n> set size of output vector
|
|
recursion_limit=<n> set a recursion limit
|
|
replace=<string> specify a replacement string
|
|
startchar show startchar when relevant
|
|
zero_terminate pass the subject as zero-terminated
|
|
|
|
The effects of these modifiers are described in the following sections.
|
|
|
|
Showing more text
|
|
|
|
The aftertext modifier requests that as well as outputting the part of
|
|
the subject string that matched the entire pattern, pcre2test should in
|
|
addition output the remainder of the subject string. This is useful for
|
|
tests where the subject contains multiple copies of the same substring.
|
|
The allaftertext modifier requests the same action for captured sub-
|
|
strings as well as the main matched substring. In each case the remain-
|
|
der is output on the following line with a plus character following the
|
|
capture number.
|
|
|
|
The allusedtext modifier requests that all the text that was consulted
|
|
during a successful pattern match by the interpreter should be shown.
|
|
This feature is not supported for JIT matching, and if requested with
|
|
JIT it is ignored (with a warning message). Setting this modifier
|
|
affects the output if there is a lookbehind at the start of a match, or
|
|
a lookahead at the end, or if \K is used in the pattern. Characters
|
|
that precede or follow the start and end of the actual match are indi-
|
|
cated in the output by '<' or '>' characters underneath them. Here is
|
|
an example:
|
|
|
|
re> /(?<=pqr)abc(?=xyz)/
|
|
data> 123pqrabcxyz456\=allusedtext
|
|
0: pqrabcxyz
|
|
<<< >>>
|
|
|
|
This shows that the matched string is "abc", with the preceding and
|
|
following strings "pqr" and "xyz" having been consulted during the
|
|
match (when processing the assertions).
|
|
|
|
The startchar modifier requests that the starting character for the
|
|
match be indicated, if it is different to the start of the matched
|
|
string. The only time when this occurs is when \K has been processed as
|
|
part of the match. In this situation, the output for the matched string
|
|
is displayed from the starting character instead of from the match
|
|
point, with circumflex characters under the earlier characters. For
|
|
example:
|
|
|
|
re> /abc\Kxyz/
|
|
data> abcxyz\=startchar
|
|
0: abcxyz
|
|
^^^
|
|
|
|
Unlike allusedtext, the startchar modifier can be used with JIT. How-
|
|
ever, these two modifiers are mutually exclusive.
|
|
|
|
Showing the value of all capture groups
|
|
|
|
The allcaptures modifier requests that the values of all potential cap-
|
|
tured parentheses be output after a match. By default, only those up to
|
|
the highest one actually used in the match are output (corresponding to
|
|
the return code from pcre2_match()). Groups that did not take part in
|
|
the match are output as "<unset>".
|
|
|
|
Testing callouts
|
|
|
|
A callout function is supplied when pcre2test calls the library match-
|
|
ing functions, unless callout_none is specified. If callout_capture is
|
|
set, the current captured groups are output when a callout occurs.
|
|
|
|
The callout_fail modifier can be given one or two numbers. If there is
|
|
only one number, 1 is returned instead of 0 when a callout of that num-
|
|
ber is reached. If two numbers are given, 1 is returned when callout
|
|
<n> is reached for the <m>th time.
|
|
|
|
The callout_data modifier can be given an unsigned or a negative num-
|
|
ber. Any value other than zero is used as a return from pcre2test's
|
|
callout function.
|
|
|
|
Finding all matches in a string
|
|
|
|
Searching for all possible matches within a subject can be requested by
|
|
the global or /altglobal modifier. After finding a match, the matching
|
|
function is called again to search the remainder of the subject. The
|
|
difference between global and altglobal is that the former uses the
|
|
start_offset argument to pcre2_match() or pcre2_dfa_match() to start
|
|
searching at a new point within the entire string (which is what Perl
|
|
does), whereas the latter passes over a shortened subject. This makes a
|
|
difference to the matching process if the pattern begins with a lookbe-
|
|
hind assertion (including \b or \B).
|
|
|
|
If an empty string is matched, the next match is done with the
|
|
PCRE2_NOTEMPTY_ATSTART and PCRE2_ANCHORED flags set, in order to search
|
|
for another, non-empty, match at the same point in the subject. If this
|
|
match fails, the start offset is advanced, and the normal match is
|
|
retried. This imitates the way Perl handles such cases when using the
|
|
/g modifier or the split() function. Normally, the start offset is
|
|
advanced by one character, but if the newline convention recognizes
|
|
CRLF as a newline, and the current character is CR followed by LF, an
|
|
advance of two characters occurs.
|
|
|
|
Testing substring extraction functions
|
|
|
|
The copy and get modifiers can be used to test the pcre2_sub-
|
|
string_copy_xxx() and pcre2_substring_get_xxx() functions. They can be
|
|
given more than once, and each can specify a group name or number, for
|
|
example:
|
|
|
|
abcd\=copy=1,copy=3,get=G1
|
|
|
|
If the #subject command is used to set default copy and/or get lists,
|
|
these can be unset by specifying a negative number to cancel all num-
|
|
bered groups and an empty name to cancel all named groups.
|
|
|
|
The getall modifier tests pcre2_substring_list_get(), which extracts
|
|
all captured substrings.
|
|
|
|
If the subject line is successfully matched, the substrings extracted
|
|
by the convenience functions are output with C, G, or L after the
|
|
string number instead of a colon. This is in addition to the normal
|
|
full list. The string length (that is, the return from the extraction
|
|
function) is given in parentheses after each substring, followed by the
|
|
name when the extraction was by name.
|
|
|
|
Testing the substitution function
|
|
|
|
If the replace modifier is set, the pcre2_substitute() function is
|
|
called instead of one of the matching functions. Unlike subject
|
|
strings, pcre2test does not process replacement strings for escape
|
|
sequences. In UTF mode, a replacement string is checked to see if it is
|
|
a valid UTF-8 string. If so, it is correctly converted to a UTF string
|
|
of the appropriate code unit width. If it is not a valid UTF-8 string,
|
|
the individual code units are copied directly. This provides a means of
|
|
passing an invalid UTF-8 string for testing purposes.
|
|
|
|
If the global modifier is set, PCRE2_SUBSTITUTE_GLOBAL is passed to
|
|
pcre2_substitute(). After a successful substitution, the modified
|
|
string is output, preceded by the number of replacements. This may be
|
|
zero if there were no matches. Here is a simple example of a substitu-
|
|
tion test:
|
|
|
|
/abc/replace=xxx
|
|
=abc=abc=
|
|
1: =xxx=abc=
|
|
=abc=abc=\=global
|
|
2: =xxx=xxx=
|
|
|
|
Subject and replacement strings should be kept relatively short for
|
|
substitution tests, as fixed-size buffers are used. To make it easy to
|
|
test for buffer overflow, if the replacement string starts with a num-
|
|
ber in square brackets, that number is passed to pcre2_substitute() as
|
|
the size of the output buffer, with the replacement string starting at
|
|
the next character. Here is an example that tests the edge case:
|
|
|
|
/abc/
|
|
123abc123\=replace=[10]XYZ
|
|
1: 123XYZ123
|
|
123abc123\=replace=[9]XYZ
|
|
Failed: error -47: no more memory
|
|
|
|
A replacement string is ignored with POSIX and DFA matching. Specifying
|
|
partial matching provokes an error return ("bad option value") from
|
|
pcre2_substitute().
|
|
|
|
Setting the JIT stack size
|
|
|
|
The jitstack modifier provides a way of setting the maximum stack size
|
|
that is used by the just-in-time optimization code. It is ignored if
|
|
JIT optimization is not being used. The value is a number of kilobytes.
|
|
Providing a stack that is larger than the default 32K is necessary only
|
|
for very complicated patterns.
|
|
|
|
Setting match and recursion limits
|
|
|
|
The match_limit and recursion_limit modifiers set the appropriate lim-
|
|
its in the match context. These values are ignored when the find_limits
|
|
modifier is specified.
|
|
|
|
Finding minimum limits
|
|
|
|
If the find_limits modifier is present, pcre2test calls pcre2_match()
|
|
several times, setting different values in the match context via
|
|
pcre2_set_match_limit() and pcre2_set_recursion_limit() until it finds
|
|
the minimum values for each parameter that allow pcre2_match() to com-
|
|
plete without error.
|
|
|
|
If JIT is being used, only the match limit is relevant. If DFA matching
|
|
is being used, neither limit is relevant, and this modifier is ignored
|
|
(with a warning message).
|
|
|
|
The match_limit number is a measure of the amount of backtracking that
|
|
takes place, and learning the minimum value can be instructive. For
|
|
most simple matches, the number is quite small, but for patterns with
|
|
very large numbers of matching possibilities, it can become large very
|
|
quickly with increasing length of subject string. The
|
|
match_limit_recursion number is a measure of how much stack (or, if
|
|
PCRE2 is compiled with NO_RECURSE, how much heap) memory is needed to
|
|
complete the match attempt.
|
|
|
|
Showing MARK names
|
|
|
|
|
|
The mark modifier causes the names from backtracking control verbs that
|
|
are returned from calls to pcre2_match() to be displayed. If a mark is
|
|
returned for a match, non-match, or partial match, pcre2test shows it.
|
|
For a match, it is on a line by itself, tagged with "MK:". Otherwise,
|
|
it is added to the non-match message.
|
|
|
|
Showing memory usage
|
|
|
|
The memory modifier causes pcre2test to log all memory allocation and
|
|
freeing calls that occur during a match operation.
|
|
|
|
Setting a starting offset
|
|
|
|
The offset modifier sets an offset in the subject string at which
|
|
matching starts. Its value is a number of code units, not characters.
|
|
|
|
Setting the size of the output vector
|
|
|
|
The ovector modifier applies only to the subject line in which it
|
|
appears, though of course it can also be used to set a default in a
|
|
#subject command. It specifies the number of pairs of offsets that are
|
|
available for storing matching information. The default is 15.
|
|
|
|
A value of zero is useful when testing the POSIX API because it causes
|
|
regexec() to be called with a NULL capture vector. When not testing the
|
|
POSIX API, a value of zero is used to cause pcre2_match_data_cre-
|
|
ate_from_pattern() to be called, in order to create a match block of
|
|
exactly the right size for the pattern. (It is not possible to create a
|
|
match block with a zero-length ovector; there is always at least one
|
|
pair of offsets.)
|
|
|
|
Passing the subject as zero-terminated
|
|
|
|
By default, the subject string is passed to a native API matching func-
|
|
tion with its correct length. In order to test the facility for passing
|
|
a zero-terminated string, the zero_terminate modifier is provided. It
|
|
causes the length to be passed as PCRE2_ZERO_TERMINATED. (When matching
|
|
via the POSIX interface, this modifier has no effect, as there is no
|
|
facility for passing a length.)
|
|
|
|
When testing pcre2_substitute(), this modifier also has the effect of
|
|
passing the replacement string as zero-terminated.
|
|
|
|
|
|
THE ALTERNATIVE MATCHING FUNCTION
|
|
|
|
By default, pcre2test uses the standard PCRE2 matching function,
|
|
pcre2_match() to match each subject line. PCRE2 also supports an alter-
|
|
native matching function, pcre2_dfa_match(), which operates in a dif-
|
|
ferent way, and has some restrictions. The differences between the two
|
|
functions are described in the pcre2matching documentation.
|
|
|
|
If the dfa modifier is set, the alternative matching function is used.
|
|
This function finds all possible matches at a given point in the sub-
|
|
ject. If, however, the dfa_shortest modifier is set, processing stops
|
|
after the first match is found. This is always the shortest possible
|
|
match.
|
|
|
|
|
|
DEFAULT OUTPUT FROM pcre2test
|
|
|
|
This section describes the output when the normal matching function,
|
|
pcre2_match(), is being used.
|
|
|
|
When a match succeeds, pcre2test outputs the list of captured sub-
|
|
strings, starting with number 0 for the string that matched the whole
|
|
pattern. Otherwise, it outputs "No match" when the return is
|
|
PCRE2_ERROR_NOMATCH, or "Partial match:" followed by the partially
|
|
matching substring when the return is PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL. (Note that
|
|
this is the entire substring that was inspected during the partial
|
|
match; it may include characters before the actual match start if a
|
|
lookbehind assertion, \K, \b, or \B was involved.)
|
|
|
|
For any other return, pcre2test outputs the PCRE2 negative error number
|
|
and a short descriptive phrase. If the error is a failed UTF string
|
|
check, the code unit offset of the start of the failing character is
|
|
also output. Here is an example of an interactive pcre2test run.
|
|
|
|
$ pcre2test
|
|
PCRE2 version 9.00 2014-05-10
|
|
|
|
re> /^abc(\d+)/
|
|
data> abc123
|
|
0: abc123
|
|
1: 123
|
|
data> xyz
|
|
No match
|
|
|
|
Unset capturing substrings that are not followed by one that is set are
|
|
not shown by pcre2test unless the allcaptures modifier is specified. In
|
|
the following example, there are two capturing substrings, but when the
|
|
first data line is matched, the second, unset substring is not shown.
|
|
An "internal" unset substring is shown as "<unset>", as for the second
|
|
data line.
|
|
|
|
re> /(a)|(b)/
|
|
data> a
|
|
0: a
|
|
1: a
|
|
data> b
|
|
0: b
|
|
1: <unset>
|
|
2: b
|
|
|
|
If the strings contain any non-printing characters, they are output as
|
|
\xhh escapes if the value is less than 256 and UTF mode is not set.
|
|
Otherwise they are output as \x{hh...} escapes. See below for the defi-
|
|
nition of non-printing characters. If the /aftertext modifier is set,
|
|
the output for substring 0 is followed by the the rest of the subject
|
|
string, identified by "0+" like this:
|
|
|
|
re> /cat/aftertext
|
|
data> cataract
|
|
0: cat
|
|
0+ aract
|
|
|
|
If global matching is requested, the results of successive matching
|
|
attempts are output in sequence, like this:
|
|
|
|
re> /\Bi(\w\w)/g
|
|
data> Mississippi
|
|
0: iss
|
|
1: ss
|
|
0: iss
|
|
1: ss
|
|
0: ipp
|
|
1: pp
|
|
|
|
"No match" is output only if the first match attempt fails. Here is an
|
|
example of a failure message (the offset 4 that is specified by the
|
|
offset modifier is past the end of the subject string):
|
|
|
|
re> /xyz/
|
|
data> xyz\=offset=4
|
|
Error -24 (bad offset value)
|
|
|
|
Note that whereas patterns can be continued over several lines (a plain
|
|
">" prompt is used for continuations), subject lines may not. However
|
|
newlines can be included in a subject by means of the \n escape (or \r,
|
|
\r\n, etc., depending on the newline sequence setting).
|
|
|
|
|
|
OUTPUT FROM THE ALTERNATIVE MATCHING FUNCTION
|
|
|
|
When the alternative matching function, pcre2_dfa_match(), is used, the
|
|
output consists of a list of all the matches that start at the first
|
|
point in the subject where there is at least one match. For example:
|
|
|
|
re> /(tang|tangerine|tan)/
|
|
data> yellow tangerine\=dfa
|
|
0: tangerine
|
|
1: tang
|
|
2: tan
|
|
|
|
Using the normal matching function on this data finds only "tang". The
|
|
longest matching string is always given first (and numbered zero).
|
|
After a PCRE2_ERROR_PARTIAL return, the output is "Partial match:",
|
|
followed by the partially matching substring. Note that this is the
|
|
entire substring that was inspected during the partial match; it may
|
|
include characters before the actual match start if a lookbehind asser-
|
|
tion, \b, or \B was involved. (\K is not supported for DFA matching.)
|
|
|
|
If global matching is requested, the search for further matches resumes
|
|
at the end of the longest match. For example:
|
|
|
|
re> /(tang|tangerine|tan)/g
|
|
data> yellow tangerine and tangy sultana\=dfa
|
|
0: tangerine
|
|
1: tang
|
|
2: tan
|
|
0: tang
|
|
1: tan
|
|
0: tan
|
|
|
|
The alternative matching function does not support substring capture,
|
|
so the modifiers that are concerned with captured substrings are not
|
|
relevant.
|
|
|
|
|
|
RESTARTING AFTER A PARTIAL MATCH
|
|
|
|
When the alternative matching function has given the PCRE2_ERROR_PAR-
|
|
TIAL return, indicating that the subject partially matched the pattern,
|
|
you can restart the match with additional subject data by means of the
|
|
dfa_restart modifier. For example:
|
|
|
|
re> /^\d?\d(jan|feb|mar|apr|may|jun|jul|aug|sep|oct|nov|dec)\d\d$/
|
|
data> 23ja\=P,dfa
|
|
Partial match: 23ja
|
|
data> n05\=dfa,dfa_restart
|
|
0: n05
|
|
|
|
For further information about partial matching, see the pcre2partial
|
|
documentation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
CALLOUTS
|
|
|
|
If the pattern contains any callout requests, pcre2test's callout func-
|
|
tion is called during matching. This works with both matching func-
|
|
tions. By default, the called function displays the callout number, the
|
|
start and current positions in the text at the callout time, and the
|
|
next pattern item to be tested. For example:
|
|
|
|
--->pqrabcdef
|
|
0 ^ ^ \d
|
|
|
|
This output indicates that callout number 0 occurred for a match
|
|
attempt starting at the fourth character of the subject string, when
|
|
the pointer was at the seventh character, and when the next pattern
|
|
item was \d. Just one circumflex is output if the start and current
|
|
positions are the same.
|
|
|
|
Callouts numbered 255 are assumed to be automatic callouts, inserted as
|
|
a result of the /auto_callout pattern modifier. In this case, instead
|
|
of showing the callout number, the offset in the pattern, preceded by a
|
|
plus, is output. For example:
|
|
|
|
re> /\d?[A-E]\*/auto_callout
|
|
data> E*
|
|
--->E*
|
|
+0 ^ \d?
|
|
+3 ^ [A-E]
|
|
+8 ^^ \*
|
|
+10 ^ ^
|
|
0: E*
|
|
|
|
If a pattern contains (*MARK) items, an additional line is output when-
|
|
ever a change of latest mark is passed to the callout function. For
|
|
example:
|
|
|
|
re> /a(*MARK:X)bc/auto_callout
|
|
data> abc
|
|
--->abc
|
|
+0 ^ a
|
|
+1 ^^ (*MARK:X)
|
|
+10 ^^ b
|
|
Latest Mark: X
|
|
+11 ^ ^ c
|
|
+12 ^ ^
|
|
0: abc
|
|
|
|
The mark changes between matching "a" and "b", but stays the same for
|
|
the rest of the match, so nothing more is output. If, as a result of
|
|
backtracking, the mark reverts to being unset, the text "<unset>" is
|
|
output.
|
|
|
|
The callout function in pcre2test returns zero (carry on matching) by
|
|
default, but you can use a callout_fail modifier in a subject line (as
|
|
described above) to change this and other parameters of the callout.
|
|
|
|
Inserting callouts can be helpful when using pcre2test to check compli-
|
|
cated regular expressions. For further information about callouts, see
|
|
the pcre2callout documentation.
|
|
|
|
|
|
NON-PRINTING CHARACTERS
|
|
|
|
When pcre2test is outputting text in the compiled version of a pattern,
|
|
bytes other than 32-126 are always treated as non-printing characters
|
|
and are therefore shown as hex escapes.
|
|
|
|
When pcre2test is outputting text that is a matched part of a subject
|
|
string, it behaves in the same way, unless a different locale has been
|
|
set for the pattern (using the /locale modifier). In this case, the
|
|
isprint() function is used to distinguish printing and non-printing
|
|
characters.
|
|
|
|
|
|
SEE ALSO
|
|
|
|
pcre2(3), pcre2api(3), pcre2callout(3), pcre2jit, pcre2matching(3),
|
|
pcre2partial(d), pcre2pattern(3).
|
|
|
|
|
|
AUTHOR
|
|
|
|
Philip Hazel
|
|
University Computing Service
|
|
Cambridge, England.
|
|
|
|
|
|
REVISION
|
|
|
|
Last updated: 23 November 2014
|
|
Copyright (c) 1997-2014 University of Cambridge.
|